


S9S§3 



gfltiaa. 



^H 



:<£« 



BBS 



^g 



, shew 55 



rare 



THE 



READABLE DICTIONARY, 



TOPICAL AND SYNONYMIC LEXICON 

CONTAINING 

SEVERAL THOUSANDS OF THE MORE USEFUL TERMS OF 
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, 

CLASSIFIED BY SUBJECTS, 



ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR AFFINITIES OF MEANING 

WITH 

ACCOMPANYING ETYMOLOGIES, DEFINITIONS, AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 

TO WHICH AEE ADDED 

I.— LISTS OF FOREIGN TEEMS AND PHEASES FREQUENTLY OCCURRING IN 
ENGLISH BOOKS. II.— A TABLE OF THE COMMON ABBREVIA- 

TIONS. III.— AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF LATIN AND 
GREEK ROOTS, WITH DERIVATIVES. 

For the Use of Schools and Private Students. 



By JOHN WILLIAMS, A. M. 



COLUMBUS, O. : 
M. C. L I L L E Y 

I860. 







Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1859, 
By JOHN WILLIAMS, 

In the Clerk's office of the District Court for the Southern District of Ohio. 

STEREOTYPED AT THE FRANKLIN TYPE FOUNDERY, CINCINNATI, 0. 



PEEFACE 



There are but few of our schools in which any attention is paid to 
definitions, and in none does this subject receive the degree of attention 
which its importance demands: nor is there more than here and there a 
oerson who, at any period of his life, has endeavored to improve his 
acquaintance with the signification of words by the use of a dictionary. 
It follows, therefore, as a consequence of this twofold neglect, that most 
persons have no other knowledge of the meaning of words than such as 
chey have acquired by observation. 

Now, those who rely solely on observation are liable to frequent 
mistakes. Persons who have often met with a word in reading are apt to 
imagine that they understand it, because it is familiar to the eye, and 
because they have, mentally, attached some kind of a meaning to it; yet, 
on examination, it may be found that they have either mistaken the 
meaning entirely, or that they have, at best, but a confused idea of the 
sense of the term. Of the young men and women of our country, there 
is hardly one in ten who can define the words fragrant, verdant, royal, 
omniscient, omnipotent, celestial, terrestrial, gratitude, fortitude, and 
hundreds of others equally common and useful. They would, if interro- 
gated, give definitions like the following: Fragrant means beautiful; 
Verdant signifies fresh ; Royal means delicious; etc., etc. The foregoing 
definitions, and hundreds of others similar to them, have actually been 
given before a Board of County Examiners, of which the author has been 
a member. 

It is important that young persons should form a habit of referring to a 
dictionary in all cases of words which they do not understand. But to 
be able to use a dictionary advantageously requires a certain amount of 
preparatory discipline. Those who have had no practice in the study of 
definitions, are apt to be confused rather than enlightened in consulting a 
common dictionar} T . The definitions themselves often need to be defined, 
and the student is frequently at a loss to make an appropriate selection 
from several different definitions of the same word. 

One object of the present work is to prepare the student for a discrim- 
inating and profitable use of the dictionary. The author trusts that his 
definitions will be found sufficiently simple and intelligible for the use of 
all pupils who are old enough to engage in the study of a class-book of 
definitions. 

Another object has been to collect and define so large a proportion of 
the most common and useful words of the language, as in. a good measure 
to supersede the necessity of using a dictionary. 

To attain these ends, the topical, instead of the alphabetical principle 
of arrangement, has been adopted. 

The following are some of the advantages of the classification of words 
I y topics : 

(iii) 



IV PREFACE. 

1. When all the leading terms relating to the same general subject are 
collected together, duly arranged, and appropriately defined, the definitions 
taken collectively constitute a brief treatise on that particular subject, and 
lend to each other a mutual interest which would be lost if the same 
definitions were disjoined by the artificial arrangement of an alphabetical 
vocabulary. 

2. The association of words, according to their affinities of meaning, or 
according to their common relation to the same central idea, assists" the 
memory, so that a collection of kindred words, with their definitions, will 
be more easily remembered than the same number of words and definitions 
that have no bond of mutual connection. Let, for instance, the various 
English terms that relate to the idea of Light be collected, arranged, and 
defined, the student will thereby be enabled to treasure up, in the space 
of an hour or two, a stock of information which would have required 
years to accumulate by consulting a dictionary, as the terms might occur 
from time to time in the course of his reading. Other subjects, as those 
of Color, Sound, Form, Number, Time, etc., might be mastered with a like 
facility ; and in the course of a few months the learner might, in this 
manner, gain some knowledge of a large proportion of the more useful 
terms of the language. 

3. A topical classification of words necessarily brings synonyms, or 
words of similar meaning, in juxtaposition. Now, it is much easier to 
learn to discriminate between words separated only by slight shades of 
difference in their meaning when they are defined and studied in connec- 
tion with each other, than when they are considered separately. 

4. The topical classification of words brings together the different terms 
derived from the same root. Now, the definition of a Latin or Greek 
root will frequently shed such a light upon a number of English terms 
derived from this root, as to render it unnecessary to define the deriva- 
tives separately, and thus an important saving of time and labor to the 
student is effected. The association of the derivatives with their root also 
aids the memory in retaining the entire family; for any one of the 
derivatives will suggest the idea of the root, and the recollection of the 
root will suggest all the derivatives with their significations. Another 
advantage of studying words in connection with their roots is, that this 
connection often gives a force and beauty to the meaning of the deriva- 
tives, which would be entirely lost in any definition that disregarded this 
connection. 

Nearly all the Latin and Greek roots from which important English 
words have been derived will be found in the present work, the most of 
them occurring more than once. The study of this volume may therefore 
serve, in some degree, as a substitute for the study of the Latin and Greek 
languages. 

The author would claim the following as points of special merit in his 
work, as compared with most other works analogous in their nature to the 
present: 

1. The connection between the meaning of roots and that of their de- 
rivatives, has, in most instances, been clearly exhibited. 

2. The connection between the primary and the secondary meanings of 
the same word has generally been traced, and the process by which one 
meaning has grown out of another has been pointed out. 

3. The faulty method of defining by synonyms has been avoided, each 
definition being given in the form of a single short sentence, descriptive of 
the meaning of the word defined. 



PREFACE. V 

4. A large proportion of the definitions are illustrated by sentences and 
phrases, showing the proper manner of using the words defined. 

5. The present is a readable book of definitions, a claim which can be 
made in behalf of no other work extant, since no dictionary or definer, 
in which the words are arranged alphabetically, can be used in any other 
way than as a book of reference. The man who undertook to read the 
dictionary through thought that the subject changed too frequently and 
too abruptly, and soon abandoned the enterprise. The young lady who 
undertook to read the same book, found the stories too short to be interest- 
ing. The topical arrangement of the present work gives connection and 
continuity to the subjects, and weaves the young lady's very short stories 
into entertaining tales of a respectable length. 

6. A common dictionary may be compared to a cabinet of minerals, in 
which the specimens are arranged according to their shape, size, or color, 
and not according to their chemical nature. The object of the present 
undertaking is to sort the specimens, and to arrange them according to 
their natural affinities, assigning to the earths, the metallic ores, and the 
precious stones distinct compartments, and appropriating a separate shelf 
to each species, with its several varieties. 

In conclusion, the author would say, that if the present volume shall be 
found adapted to give interest to what has hitherto been regarded by most 
persons as a dry branch of learning, and to induce a more general atten- 
tion to the all-important but much-neglected study of words, the object 
which prompted the preparation of the volume will have been attained. 

JOHN WILLIAMS. 

Lancasteb, 0., Jan. 2, 1860. 



EXPLANATION, 



The character }£ indicates that the word to which it is prefixed has a significa- 
tion directly opposite to that of the word which has just been defined. 



THE GREEK ALPHABET, 



Form. 


Name. 


Power. 


Form. 


Name. 


Power. 


A a 


Alpha 


a 


N v 


Nu 


n 


B (3, 6 


Beta 


b 


■s ? 


Xi 


X 


Ty 


Gamma 


g 


o 


Omicron 


o short 


A 6 


Delta 


d 


n tc 


Pi 


P 


E e 


Epsilon 


e short 


p ftP 


Bho 


r 


z c 


Zeta 


z 


2 c, f 


Sigma 


s 


H V 


Eta 


e long 


T r, 7 


Tau 


t 


e #, o 


Theta 


th 


T v 


Upsilon 


u 


i i 


Iota 


i 


<£ 9 


Phi 


ph 


K K 


Kappa 


k 


X * 


Chi 


ch 


A I 


Lamda 


1 


•^ ib 


Psi 


ps 


M fi 


Mu 


m 


o) 


Omega 


o long 



CONTRACTIONS. 
Lit, literal, or literally. I Freq., frequentative. 

Fig., figurative, or figuratively. I Dim., diminutive. 



INDEX 



Abandon, 109. 
Abandoned, 220. 
Abase, 47. 
Abash, 271. 
Abbacy, 237. 
Abbess, 237. 
Abbey, 237. 
Abbot, 237. 
Abbreviate, 54. 
Abdicate, 169. 
Abdomen, 120. 
Abduction, 108. 
Abecedarian, 279. 
Abet, 221. 
Abettor, 221. 
Abhor, 268. 
Abide, 111. 
Ability, 291. 
Abject, 104. 
Ablactation, 135. 
Able, 290. 
Ablution, 37-310. 
Abode, 111. 
Abominate, 268. 
Aboriginal, 95. 
Aborigines, 95. 
Abound, 37. 
Abrade, 25. 
Abrasion, 25. 
Abridge, 54. 
Abridgment, 286. 
Abrogate, 165. 
Abrupt, 25. 
Abscess, 146. 
Abscond, 307. 
Absence, 79. 
Absent, 79. 
Absentee, 79. 
Absolution, 230. 
Absolve, 230. 
Absorbents, 133. 
Abstain, 132. 
Abstemious, 132. 
Absterge, 310. 
Abstinence, 132. 
Abstinent, 132. 
Abstract, 305. 
Abstruse, 105. 
Absurd, 245. 
Abundance, 72. 
Abundant, 37. 
Academic, 204. 
Academics, 240. 
Academician, 284. 
Academy, 284. 
Accede, 95. 
Accelerate, 110. 
Accent, 290. 
Accept, 305. 
Acceptation, 305. 
Access, 96, 
Accessible, 96. 
Accession, 96. 
Accessory, 221. 
Accident, 93. 
Acclamation, 278. 



Acclimate, 193. 
Acclivity, 51. 
Acclivous, 51. 
Accolade, 180. 
Accommodate, 300. 
Accompaniment, 82. 
Accompany, 82. 
Accomplice, 221. 
Accomplish, 301. 
Accord, 289. 
Account, 190, 222, 276. 
Accountable, 222. 
Accountant, 190. 
Accouter, 175. 
Accouterments, 175. 
Accretion, 22. 
Acrue, 74. 
Accubation, 51. 
Accumbent, 51. 
Accuracy, 262. 
Accurate, 262. 
Accurateness, 262. 
Accuse, 220. 
Acephalous, 115. 
Acerb, 20. 
Ache, 261. 
Achieve, 301. 
Achievement, 301. 
Acetic, 19. 
Acid, 19-203. 
Acidify, 19. 
Acidulate, 19. 
Acidulous, 19. 
Acknowledge, 229. 
Acknowledgment, 265. 
Acme, 143. 
Acoustic, 127. 
Acoustics, 127. 
Acquaint, 248. 
Acquaintance, 24S. 
Acquiesce, 111. 
Acquire, 249, 
Acquirement, 249. 
Acquisition, 249. 
Acquisitiveness, 273. 
Acquit, 220. 
Across, 59. 
Act, 165-288. 
Action, 168-178. 
Active, 110. 
Aculeate, 28. 
Acumen, 27-254. 
Acuminate, 27. 
Acute, 13-27. 
Acuteness, 254. 
Adapt, 299. 
Adaptation, 299. 
Addict, 27. 
Address, 274. 
Addresses, 154. 
Adduce, 108. 
Adept, 204. 
Adhere, 22. 
Adherent, 22. 
Adhesion, 22. 
Adipose, 137. 



Adjective, 283. 
Adjoin, 32. 
Adjunct, 32. 
Adjure, 169. 
Adjust, 299. 
Adjutant, 176. 
Adjuvant, 302. 
Administer, 170. 
Administrator, 190. 
Admit, 109. 
Admonish, 222. 
Adopt, 255. 
Adoration, 232. 
Adroit, 303. 
Adulation, 225. 
Adulterate, 310. 
Adultery, 156. 
Advance, 177. 
Advent, 97. 
Adventitious, 97. 
Adventure, 293. 
Adverb, 283. 
Adversary, 268. 
Adverse, 104. 
Adversity, 104. 
Advert, 103. 
Advertence, 103. 
Advertency, 103. 
Advice, 25*6. 
Advise, 256. 
Advocate, 278. 
Aerated, 44. 
Mollis, 217. 
Aeriform, 44. 
Aerolite, 44. 
Aeronaut, 44. 
Aeronautics, 44, 
Aerostat, 44. 
Aerostatic, 44. 
Aerostation, 44. 
Afar, 82. 
Affable, 275. 
Affectation, 264. 
Affections, 259. 
Affiance, 155, 
Affidavit, 170. 
Affiliate, 158. 
Affinity, 159. 
Affirm, 276. 
Affix, 111. 
Afflict, 31-263. 
Affluence, 35. 
Affluent, 35. 
Afflux, 35. 
Affray, 259. 
Affright, 270. 
Affront, 267. 
Affuse, 36. 
Afraid, 270. 
Again, 91. 
Age, 87. 
Aged, 87. 
Agent, 303. 
Aggrandize, 70. 
Aggravate, 46. 
Aggregate, 82. 



Agile, 110. 
Agility, 110. 
Agitate, 93. 
Ago, 85. 
Agony, 261. 
Agree, 300. 
Agreeable, 260. 
Ague, 144. 
Aid, 302. 
Aidecamp, 176. 
Ail, 142. 
Ailment, 142. 
Air, 42-290. 
Alarm, 270. 
Albino, 7. 
Album, 7. 
Albumen, 7. 
Alchemy, 203. 
Alcoran, 231. 
Alert, 296. 
Alexandrine, 287. 
Alien, 163. 
Alienate. 264. 
Alike, 299. 
Aliment, 128. 
Alimentary, 128. 
Alimentation, 128. 
All, 72. 
Allay, 262. 
Allegiance, 33. 
Allegory, 283. 
Alleviate, 46. 
Alliance, 159. 
Alliteration, 279. 
Alloy, 202. 
Allure, 257. 
Ally, 33-159. 
Almanac, 90. 
Almoner, 265. 
Alms, 184-265. 
Aloft, 47. 
Along, 59. 
Alpha, 279. 
Alphabet, 279. 
Altar, 233. 
Alter, 300. 
Alterant, 300. 
Alterative, 300. 
Altercate, 266. 
Alternative, 152. 
Allimetry, 76. 
Altitude, 55. 
Aluminium, 202. 
Amalgam, 202. 
Amalgamate, 202. 
Amativeness, 154. 
Amatory, 154. 
Amaurosis, 148. 
Ambidextrous, 62. 
Ambassador, 170. 
Ambiguous, 62. 
Amble, 98. 
Ambrosia, 218. 
Ambrosial, 19. 
Ambuscade, 308. 
Ambush, 30S. 

(i) 



INDEX. 



Amenable, 222. 
Amerce, 224. 
Amethyst, 206. 
Amicable, 264 
Amity, 264. 
Ammunition, 175. 
Amnesty, 251. 
Amorous, 154. 
Amount, 192. 
Amphibious, 62. 
Amphitheater, 289. 
Amulet, 216. 
Amuse, 260. 
Anachoret, 237. 
Anagram, 280. 
Analysis, 3i. 
Anarch, 160. 
Anarchy, 160. 
Anasarca, 149. 
Anathema, 234. 
Anatomy, 112. 
Ancestor, 157. 
Anchoret, 237. 
Ancient, 86. 
Ancients, 85. 
Anecdote, 277. 
Anelid, 210. 
Anemography, 44. 
Anemometer, 44-76. 
Anemone, 45. 
Anemoscope, 126. 
Angel, 214. 
Anger, 266. 
Angle, 54. 
Anguish, 262. 
Animadvert, 103. 
Animal, 209. 
Animalcule, 138. 
Animate, 138. 
Animated, 139. 
Animation, 139. 
Animosity, 268. 
Ankle, 112. 
Annals, 89. 
Annex, 33. 
Annihilate, 297. 
Anniversary, 89. 
Announce, 274. 
Annoy, 263. 
Annual, 89. 
Annuitant, 89. 
Annuity, 186. 
Annular, 58. 
Annunciate, 273. 
Anodyne, 152. 
Anoint, 137. 
Anonymous, 277. 
Answer, 222, 248, 300. 
Antacids, 152. 
Antagonist, 258. 
Antagonize, 258. 
Antarctic, 193. 
Antecedent, 84. 
Antidote, 84. 
Antemeridian, 84, 89. 
Antemundane, 84. 
Anterior, 84. 
Anteriority , 84. 
Anthem, 290. 
Anthrax, 147. 
Anthropology, 212. 
Anthropophagi, 212, 

129. 
Anthropophagy, 129. 
Antimony, 201. 
Antipathy, 268. 



Antipodes, 122. 
Antiquarian, 85. 
Antiquary, 85. 
Antique, 85. 
Antiquity, 85. 
Anxiety, 263. 
Aonian, 217. 
Apathy, 260. 
Aperient, 77. 
Aperture, 77. 
Aphelion, 194. 
Apogee. 196. 
Apollo, 217. 
Apologue, 275. 
Apoplexy, 147. 
Apostate. 232. 
Apostrophe, 282. 
Apothecary, 151. 
Appall, 27. 
Apparent, 126. 
Apparition, 215-126. 
Appeal, 167. 
Appear, 126. 
Appease, 173. 
Appellant, 167. 
Apellate, 167. 
Appellation, 277. 
Appellee, 167. 
Appellor, 167. 
Append, 50. 
Appendage, 50. 
Appertain, 306. 
Appetence, 272. 
Appetency, 272. 
Appetite, 272. 
Applaud, 225. 
Applause, 225. 
Apply, 30. 
Appoint, 52. 
Appraise, 184. 
Appreciate, 184. 
Apprehend, 242. 
Apprehension, 270, 306. 
Apprehensive, 270. 
Apprentice, 248. 
Apprise, 305. 
Apprize, 243. 
Approbate, 250. 
Appropriate, 183. 
Approve, 250. 
Approximate, 82. 
Appurtenance, 306. 
April, 90. 
Aquarius, 42. 
Aquatic, 42. 
Aqueduct, 42. 
Aqueous, 42, 
Arachnoid, 123. 
Arbiter, 168. 
Arbitrate, 168. 
Arbitrator, 168. 
Arbor, 207. 
Arboret, 207. 
Arborescent, 207. 
Arboriculture, 207. 
Arborist, 207. 
Arc, 57. 
Arch, 53. 
Archaeology. 276. 
Archangel, 214. 
Archbishop, 235. 
Archetype, 299. 
Architect, 304. 
Architecture, 304. 
Arctic, 193. 
Arcuate, 53. 



Ardent, 11. 
Ardor, 11. 
Argentiferous, 201 . 
Argil, 204. 
Argillaceous, 204. 
Argue, 245. 
Argus, 218. 
Arid, 38. 
Arise, 94. 
Aristocracy, 160. 
Aristocrat, 160. 
Aristocratic, 160. 
Aristocratical, 160. 
Arithmetic, 67. 
Arithmetical, 67. 
Arithmetician, 67. 
Arm, 175. 
Armada, 175. 
Armament, 175. 
Armistice, 173. 
Armor, 175. 
Armorial, 182, 
Armory, 175,182. 
Arms, 174, 182, 122. 
Army, 175. 
Aromatics, 151. 
Array, 308. 
Arrive, 102. 
Arrow, 174. 
Arsenal, 175. 
Arsenic, 202. ' 
Arson, 11, 222. 
Artery, 120. 
Arthritis, 145. 
Article, 283. 
Articulata, 209. 
Articulate, 273. 
Articulation, 112. 
Artifice, 252. 
Artillery, 174. 
Ascend, 45, 95. 
Ascendant, 199. 
Ascendency, 199. 
Ascension, 95. 
Ascent, 95. 
Ascitis, 149. 
Ascribe, 279. 
Ascription, 279. 
Ashes, 12. 
Ask, 248, 272. 
Aspect, 198, 125. 
Asperity. 54. 
Asperse, 226, 83. 
Aspirate, 281. 
Assassin, 140. 
Assassinate, 140. 
Assault, 180. 
Assemblage, 82. 
Assemble, 81. 
Assembly, 82. 
Assert, 169,276. 
Asseverate, 276. 
Assiduous, 49. 
Assist, 49, 302. 
Assizes, 167. 
Assuage, 262. 
Assurance, 251. 
Assure, 251. 
Asterisk, 194. 
Asterism, 199. 
Asteroid, 195. 
Asthma, 149. 
Asthmatic, 148. 
Astral, 194. 
Astringent, 151. 
Astrography, 198. 



Astrology, 198, 86, 275. 
Astronomy, 194. 
Asylum, 295. 
Atheist, 213. 
Atheneum, 231. 
Athwart, 59. 
Atlantean, 69. 
Atmosphere, 42. 
Atom, 70. 
Atone, 230. 
Atrabilarian, 7. 
Atramental, 7. 
Atrocious, 220. 
Atrocity, 220. 
Attach, 32. 
Attachment, 264. 
Attack, 142. 
Attempt, 302. 
Attend, 28. 
Attenuant, 21. 
Attenuate, 21, 58. 
Attest, 251. 
Attire, 308. 
Attorney, 303. 
Attract, 105. 
Attribute, 245. 
Auburn, 7. 
Auction, 187. 
Audacity, 271. 
Audible; 127. 
Audience, 127. 
Audit, 127. 
Auditor, 127. 
Auditory, 127. 
Augean, 218. 
Augeas, 218. 
Augur, 86. 
Augury, 86. 
August, 90. 
Aunt, 158. 
Aurelia, 213. 
Auricle, 120. 
Auricular, 117. 
Auriferous, 201. 
Aurist, 117. 
Aurora, 4. 
Auroral, 4. 
Auspices, 85. 
Auspicious, 85. 
Austere, 19. 
Austral, 193/ 
Authority, 161. 
Autocracy, 160. 
Autocrat, 161. 
Autograph, 280. 
Avail, 291. 
Avarice, 273. 
Aver, 276. 
Averse, 256. 
Aversion, 268. 
Aviary, 209. 
Avoid, 294. 
Award, 168. 
Awe, 271. 
Awkward, 304. 
Axis, 192. 
Aye, (a) 87. 
Azure, 8. 

Baa, 16. 

Babble, 279. 
Baccalaureate, 285. 
Bacchanal, 217. 
Bacchanalian, 217. 
Bacchus, 216. 
Bachelor, 156-285. 



INDEX. 



Ill 



Bad, 210. 
Bag, 119. 

Bait, 257. 
Bake, 12. 
Balance, 46. 
Ball, 58. 
Ballad, 290. 
Balloon, 58. 
Ballot, 58. 
Bamboozle, 253. 
Band, 33, 290. 
Bandage, 33. 
Bandit, 222. 
Bane, 143. 
Baneful, 143. 
Bank, 185. 
Banner, 177. 
Banquet, 130. 
Banter, 270. 
Bantling, 213. 
Baptism, 233. 
Bar, 168, 257. 
Barb, 112,210. 
Barbate, 114. 
Barbarous, 265. 
Barber, 112. 
Bard, 288. 
Bare, 307. 
Barium, 202. 
To Bark, 16. 
Barometer, 43. 
Baron, 172. 
Baroness, 172. 
Baronet, 172. 
Barricade, 179. 
Barrier, 179. 
Barter, 189. 
Base (n), 45,47, 55. 
Base (a), 47,219. 
Bashaw, 163. 
Bashful, 271. 
Bashfulness, 272. 
Bastiuade, 224. 
Bastinado, 224. 
Bathe, 37. 
Battalion, 176. 
Batter, 31. 
Battle, 31,177. 
Bawl, 16. 
Bay (a), 7. 
To Bay, 16. 
A Bay, 40. 
Being, 297. 
Beam, 3. 
Bear, 106. 
Beard, 112. 
Bearings, 182. 
Beast, 209. 
Beastly, 209. 
Beat, 31. 
Beatify, 261. 
Beatitude, 261. 
Beau, 154. 
Beautiful, 309. 
Beauty, 309. 
Become, 300. 
Bedaggle, 310. 
Bedlam, 254; 
Beelzebub, 214. 
Befall, 93, 293. 
Beg, 272. 
Begin, 86. 
Behold, 125. 
Beleaguer, 179. 
Believe, 251. 
Bellicose, 173. 



Bellicous, 173. 
Belloua, 173, 216. 
Belligerent, 173. 
Bell-metal, 202. 
Bellow, 16. 
Belly, 120. 
Belong, 182. 
Bemoan, 262. 
Bend, 53. 
Benedictine, 237. 
Benediction, 230. 
Benefaction, 265. 
Benefactor, 205. 
Beneficent, 265. 
Benefit, 265. 
Benevolent, 265. 
Benign, 265. 
Benignity, 265. 
Benumb, 148. 
Bequeath, 190. 
Bequest, 190. 
Beryl, 206. 
Beseech, 272. 
Beseem, 300. 
Besiege, 179. 
Bestial, 209. 
Bestiality, 209. 
Bestow, 191. 
Betroth, 155. 
Bewail, 262. 
Bibber, 131. 
Bible, 286. 
Bibliography, 280. 
Bibliomania, 2s0. 
Bicker, 266. 
Bicipital, 115. 
Biennial, 62, 89. 
Bier, 153. 
Big, 68. 
Bigamy, 156. 
Bigotry, 227. 
Bile, 132. 
Biliary, 136. 
Bilious, 136. 
Bill, 165. 
Billow, 38. 
Bind, 32. 
Binomial, 62. 
Biography, 280. 
Biped, 62. 
Bird, 209. 
Bisect, 62. 
Bishop, 235. 
Bishopric, 235. 
Bismuth, 201. 
Bit, 70, 130. 
Bite, 130. 
Bitter, 19. 
Black, 7. 
Blackguard, 226. 
Blain, 147. 
Blame, 226. 
Blanch, 9. 
Blandish, 226. 
Blank, 7. 
Blank verse, 2S8-. 
Blarney, 226. 
Blaspheme, 229. 
Blast, 43. 
To Blast, 208. 
Blaze, 2, 11. 
Blazon, 182. 
Blazonry, 182. 
Bleach, 9. 
Bleak, 13. 
Blear, 149. 



Bleat, 16. 

Blend, 33. 

Bless, 61, 230. 

Blight, 208. 

Bloat, 71. 

Block, 58. 

Blockade, 179. 

Blockhead, 254. 

Blood, 133. 

Bloodvessel, 120. 

Blotter, 190. 

Blow (n), 31. 

To Blow, 43. 

Blue, 8. 

Blunt, 59. 

Blush, 8, 271. 

Boast, 266. 

Bode, 85. 

Boding. 85. 

Bodv, 298. 

Bog, 40. 

Boil, 147. 

To Boil, 12. 

Bold, 271. 

Bole, 205. 

Bolides, 3. 

Bolus, 151. 

Bond, 33, 259. 

Bondage, 259. 

Bone, 112. ' 

Bonfire, 10. 

Book, 286. 

Book-keeping, 190. 

Boom, 15. 

Boosy, 131. 

Bore, 41. 

Boreal, 193. 

Baron, 200. 

Bosom, 119. 

Botany, 206. 

Botch, 304. 

Both, 62. 

Bottom, 45, 47, 59, 192. 

Bound, 33, 59. 

To Bound, 100. 

Boundary, 33, 59. 

Bounden, 33. 

Bouquet, 208. 

Bourgeon, 208. 

Bourn, 59. 

Bow. 53. 

To Bow, 53. 

Bowels, 121. 

Bower, 207. 

To Box, 258. 

Boy, 213. 

Brace, 61. 

Brackish, 20. 

Brag, 266. 

Braggadocio, 266. 

Braggart, 266. 

Brahma, 231. 

Brahmin, 231. 

Brain, 123. 

Branch, 207. 

Branchlet, 207. 

Brass, 202. 

Brassart, 175. 

Brat, 213. 

Bravery, 271. 

Brawl, 266. 

Brawn, 112. 

Bray, 16. 

Brazen-faced, 271. 

Breach, 24. 

Bread, 128. 



Breadth, 54. 
Break, 24. 
Breakers, 38. 
Breakfast, 129. 
Breast, 119. 
Breastplate, 175. 
Breed, 157. 
Breeze, 43. 
Brevity, 53, 87. 
Bribe, 191. 
Bridal, 155. 
Bride, 155. 
Bridecake, 155. 
Bridegroom, 155. 
Bridemaid, 155. 
Bride's maid, 155. 
Brideman, 155. 
Bride's man, 155. 
Bridge, 103. 
Brief, 53, 87. 
Brier, 28. 
Brigade, 176. 
Brigadier, 176 
Brigadier-General, 176. 
Bright, 1. 
Brilliant, 2. 
Brindled, 7. 
Brisk, 20, 110. 
Brittle, 23. 
Broad, 54. 
Brohdignag, 69. 
To Broil, 12. 
A Broil, 207. 
Bromine, 200. 
Bronchial, 120. 
Bronchitis, 145. 
Bronchocele, 147. 
Bronze, 202. 
Brood, 213. 
Brook, 40. 
Brother, 158. 
Brotherhood, 158. 
Brown, 7. 
Browse, 129. 
Brutal, 209. 
Brutality, 209. 
Brute, 209. 
Bubble, 37. 
Buccaneer, 222. 
Buckler, 175. 
Buddhism, 231. 
Buffoon, 270. 
Build, 304. 
Bulge, 58. 
Bulk, 68. 
Bullet, 58. 
Bullion, 185. 
Bulwark, 178. 
Bunch, 67. 
Bungle, 304. 
Burden, 106, 289 
Burial, 153. 
Burlesque, 269. 
Burn, 10. 
Burnish, 54. 
Burst, 25. 
Burthen, 106. 
Bush, 207. 
Butcher, 139. 
Butter, 135. 
Buy, 187, 
Buzz, 14. 
By and-by, 84. 
By-way, 102. 

Cabin, 304. 



IV 



INDEX. 



Cabinet, 170. 
Cable, 59. 
Cackle, 17. 
Cacophony, 13. 
Cadence, 93. 
Cadmium, 202. 
Cajole, 226, 256. 
Calamity, 263. 
Calcine, 12. 
Calcium, 202. 
Calculate, 68. 
Calendar, 90. 
Calends, 90. 
Calf, 212. 
Caliph, 162. 
Caliphate, 162. 
Call, 277, 278. 
Calligraphy, 280. 
Calling, 278. 
Calliope, 217 
Calm, 11. 
Caloric, 10. 
Calorific, 16. 
Calumny, 226. 
Campaign, 180. 
Canal, 41. 
Cancel, 188. 
Cancer, 147. 
Candent, 6. 
Candid, 6, 8. 
Candidate, 6. 
Candle, 4. 
Candlestick, 4. 
Candor, 0. 
Candv, 6. 
Canine, 211. 
Canon, 174,234,236. 
Canonical, 234. 
Canonize, 234. 
Cant, 290. 
Canter, 98. 
Canticle, 290. 
Canto, 290. 
Capable, 291, 304. 
Capacious, 305. 
Capacity, 291, 305. 
Cap-a-pie, 175. 
Cape, 191. 
Caper, 100. 
Capillary, 114. 
Capital (n), 185. 
Capital (a), 115. 
Capitation, 115. 
Capitulate, 180. 
Captain, 115, 175. 
Captious, 226. 
Captive, 304. 
Capture, 304. 
Caravan, 103. 
Caravansary, 103. 
Caravansera, 103. 
Carabine, 174. 
Carbine, 174. 
Carbon, 200. 
Carbuncle, 147, 206. 
Carcass, 153. 
Cardinal (n), 236. 
Carditis, 145. 
Care, 262. 
Caress. 264. 
Cargo, 106. 
Caries, 147. 
Carious, 147. 
Carmelites, 238. 
Carmine, 8. 
Carnal, 112. 



Carnation, 8, 112. 
Carnelian, 206. 
Carneous, 112, 129. 
Carnify, 112. 
Carnivorous, 112, 129. 
Carol, 290. 
Carouse, 132. 
Carp, 226. 
Carpus, 123. 
Carry, 106. 
Cartilage, 112. 
Carve, 27. 
Cascade, 40. 
Case, 93,168. 
Casein, 135. 
Cash, 185. 
Casque, 175. 
Cast, 6, 104. 
Castigate, 223. 
Castle, 178. 
Casual, 93, 293. 
Casualty, 93. 
Catalogue, 275. 
Cataplasm, 151. 
Cataract, 40. 
Catarrh, 145. 
Catch, 306. 
Catechetical, 237, 248. 
Catechise, 237, 218. 
Catechism, 237, 248. 
Catechist, 237. 
Catechumen, 237. 
Caterpillar, 213. 
Caterwaul, 16. 
Cathartic, 152. 
Cathedral, 235, 304. 
Catholic, 234. 
Catoptrics, 126. 
Cattle, 183. 
Causation, 293. 
Cause, 168, 293. 
Caution, 296. 
Cavalcade, 211. 
Cavalier, 211. 
Cavalry, 173, 211. 
Cave, 192. 
Cavern, 192. 
Cavil, 246. 
Caw, 17. 
Cede, 169. 
Celerity, 110. 
Celestial, 194. 
Celibacy, 156. 
Cell, 21. 
Cellular, 21. 
Cement, 22. 
Cemeterv, 153. 
CembiteJ 237. 
Cenotaph, 153. 
Censer, 233. 
Censorious, 226. 
Censure. 226. 
Census, 67. 
Cent, 64. 
Centaur, 218. 
Centenarian, 66. 
Centennial, 64. 
Center, 27, 57. 
Centiped, 64. 
Centurion, 64. 
Century, 64, 89. 
Cephalic, 115. 
Cerate, 151. 
Cereal, 216. 
Cerebellum, 124. 
Cerebrum, 124. 



Ceres, 216. 
Certain, 251. 
Cerulean, 8 
Cerumen, 136. 
Cession, 169. 
Chafe, 266. 
Chaff, 208. 
Chain, 192. 
Chalcedony, 205. 
Challenge, 278. 
Chalybeate, 261. 
Champ, 130. 
Champion, 259. 
Chamsin, 44. 
Chance, 293. 
Chandelier, 4. 
Change, 300. 
Channel, 40. 
Chant, 290. 
Chaos, 216. 
Chapel, 304. 
Chaplain, 235. 
Chapter, 115, 235. 
Character, 27, 224. 
Charge, 106, 188. 
Charger, 210. 
Charity, 184, 264. 
Charlatan, 253. 
Charlatanry, 253. 
Charm, 215, 260. 
Chasm, 77. 
Chaste, 309. 
Chasten, 223. 
Chastise, 223. 
Chat, 274. 
Chattels, 183. 
Chatter, 17. 
Cheap, 184. 
Cheat, 253. 
Check, 117, 257. 
Checkered, 7. 
Cheek, 117. 
Cheep, 17. 
Cheer, 261. 
Cheese, 135. 
Chemistry, 199. 
Cherish, 264. 
Cherub, 214. 
Cherubim, 214. 
Chest, 12. 

Chevalier, 181, 211. 
Chew, 130. 
Chicken, 212. 
Chicken-hearted, 271. 
Chide, 226. 
Chilblain, 147. 
Child, 158, 213. 
Childhood, 213. 
Chime, 15. 
Chimera, 218.242. 
Chimerical, 242. 
A Chink, 24. 
To Chink, 15,21. 
Chip, 26. 

Chirography, 123. 
Chiromancy, 86. 
Chirp, 17. 
Chirrup, 17. 
Chivalric, 181. 
Chivalrous, 181. 
Chivalry, 181, 211. 
Chlorine, 200. 
Choice, 255. 
Choir, 290. 
Choke, 134. 
Cholagogue, 136. 



Choler, 266, 136. 
Cholera, 147. 
Chouse, 255. 
To Chop, 26. 
Chord, 289. 
Chorea, 148. 
Choroid, 11C. 
Chorus, 289, 290. 
Chrism, 233. 
Chromium, 202. 
Chronic, 83. 
Chronical, 83. 
Chronicle, 83. 
Chronology, 83. 
Chronometer, 83. 
Chrysalis, 201, 213. 
Chrysanthem, 201. 
Chrysolite, 206. 
Chrysoprasus, 201, 206. 
Church, 233,304. 
Chyle, 132. 
Chyme, 132. 
Cicatrix, 146. 
Cicatrize, 146. 
Ciliary, 116. 
Cimeter, 174. 
Cinders, 12. 
Cineritious, 12. 
Cinque, 63. 
Cinquefoil, 63. 
Cilia, 116. 
Circle, 56. 
Circulation, 134. 
Circumambulate, 98. 
Circumference, 57, 107 
Circumlocution, 275. 
Circumspect, 126, 296. 
Circumvallation, 179. 
Circumvent, 97. 
Circumvolution, 31. 
Cirriped, 210. 
Cistern, 41. 
Citadel, 178. 
Citizen, 163. 
Civic, 163. 
Civil, 163. 
Civilize, 163. 
Civism, 163. 
Clack, 15. 
Claim, 169, 278. 
Clamber, 94. 
Clammy, 22. 
Clamor, 278. 
Clamorous, 278, 
Clan, 159. 
Clandestine, 308. 
Clang, 14. 
Clangor, 14. 
Clank, 14. 
Clap, 15. 
Clash, 31. 
Class, 278. 
Clatter, 15. 
Clause, 78. 
Claws, 114. 
Clay, 204. 
Clean, 310. 
Clear, 5, 17, 242. 
Cleavage, 25. 
Cleave, 22 25. 
Cleft, 25. 
Clemency, 265. 
Clergy, 234. 
Clergyman, 234. 
Clerical, 234. 
Clerk, 234. 



INDEX. 



Climate, 193. 
Climb, 94. 
Clime, 193. 
Clink, 15. 
Clio, 217. 
Clip, 26. 
Cloak, 309. 
Cloister, 78, 237. 
Clonic, 148. 
Close, 78. 
To Close, 78. 
Closet, 78. 
Clot, 133. 
Clothe, 308. 
Clothes, 308. 
Clothing, 308. 
Cloud, 7, 39. 
Clown, 270. 
Clov, 129. 
Cluck, 17. 
Clump, 207. 
Cluster, 67. 
Clutch, 306. 
Coadjutor, 302. 
Coagulate, 133. 
Coagulum, 133. 
Coalesce, 22. 
Coalescence, 22. 
Coalition, 22. 
Coarse, 70. 
Coax, 256. 
Cobalt, 202. 
Code, 164. 
Coffin, 153. 
Cogitate, 243. 
Cognition, *247. 
Cognizance, 247. 
Cognizant, 247. 
Cohere, 22. 
Coherent, 22. 
Cohesion, 22. 
Cohesive, 22. 
Coin, 185. 
Colander, 36. 
Cold, 12. 
Colic, 148. 
Colitis, 145. 
Collar, 118. 
Collect, 82. 
Collection, 82. 
College, 284. 
Collision, 32. 
Colloquy, 275. 
Colonel, 176. 
Colors, 177. 
Colossal, 69. 
Colossus, 69. 
Colt, 210. 
Column, 177. 
Coma, 127. 
Comatose, 127. 
Combat, 177, 259. 
Combustible, 10. 
Combustion, 10. 
Come, 96. 
Comedy, 288. 
Comely, 309. 
Comet, 197. 
Comfort, 261. 
Comic, 269, 288. 
Comical, 269, 288. 
Command, 225. 
Commence, 86. 
Comment, 243. 
Commentary, 243. 
Commerce, 189. 



Commissary, 177. 
Commiserate, 205. 
Commissioner, 303. 
Commit, 109. 
Commodious, 300. 
Commodity, 189, 300. 
Commons, 171. 
Commonwealth, 1G3. 
Communion, 233, 234. 
Communism, 189. 
Commute, 300. 
Company, 67, 82, 175. 
Compare, 244. 
Comparison, 281. 
Compassion, 265. 
Compatible, 300. 
Compel, 106, 258. 
Compendium, 50, 286. 
Compensate, 46, 223. 
Compete, 269. 
Competence, 73. 
Competitor, 269. 
Compilation, 286. 
Complain, 262. 
Complaint, 142. 
Complete, 77. 
Complex, 30. 
Complexion, 7. 
Complicate, 30. 
Complicity, 30. 
Compliment, 225. 
Comply, 256. 
Comport, 106. 
Compose, 79. 
Composite, 68. 
Composition, 286. 
Compound, 79. 
Comprehend, 242, 306. 
Compress, 32, 71. 
Comprise, 305. 
Compulsion, 106. 
Compunction, 229. 
Compurgation, 229. 
Compute, 68. 
Concave, 54. 
Conceal, 307. 
Concede, 169. 
Conceited, 266. 
Conceive, 244. 
Concentrate, 57. 
Concentric, 57. 
Conception, 244. 
Concern, 262. 
Concert, 258, 290. 
Conchology, 210. 
Concise, 26. 
Conclave, 236. 
Conclude, 78. 
Conclusion, 245. 
Concord, 289. 
Concrescence, 22. 
Concrete, 22, 74. 
Concretion, 22, 74. 
Concur, 99. 
Concurrent, 99. 
Concussion, 93. 
Condemn, 226. 
Condense, 21, 71. 
Condescend, 95. 
Condiment, 20. 
Conduce, 108. 
Conducive, 108. 
Conduct, 108. 
Cone, 57. 
Confection, 151. 
Confer, 106. 



Conference, 107. 

Confess, 229. 

Confirmation, 233. 

Confiscate, 186. 

Conflagration, 11. 

Conflict, 31, 259. 

Confluence, 35. 

Confluent, 35. 

Conflux, 35. 

Conform, 60. 

Conformable, GO. 

Conformation, 60. 

Conformity, 60. 

Confound," 34, 36. 

Confront, 116. 

Confuse, 34, 36. 

Confute, 216. 

Congeal, 13. 

Congelation, 13. 

Conglobate, 58. 

Conglomerate, 22. 

Congratulate, 260. 

Congregate, 82. 

Congregation, 82, 236. 

Congregationalism, 236. 

Congress, 82, !»9, 165. 

Congruous, 299. 

Congruity, 300. 

Conjecture, 104. 

Conjoin, 32. 

Conjugal, 155. 

Conjunction, 32, 198, 
284. 

Conjuncture, 32. 

Conjure', 169. 

Conjure, 169, 215. 

Conjurer, 215. 

Conuect, 33. 

Connubial, 1.55. 

Conquer, 178, 219. 

Conquest, 178. 

Consanguinity, 133, 
159. 

Conscience, 246. 
Conscientious, 246. 
Conscious, 246. 

Conscript, 280. 
Conscription, 280. 
Consecrate, 228. 
Consecration, 233. 
Consequence, 108, 293. 
Consequent, 108. 
Consider, 243. 
Consist, 48. 
Consistence, 48. 
Consistency, 48. 
Consistent, 48, 300. 
Consistory, 236. 
Consolation, 261. 
Console, 261. 
Consonance, 13. 
Consonant, 13. 
Consort, 155. 
Conspicuous, 126. 
Constable, 168. 
Constant, 48. 
Constellation, 194. 
Consternation, 270. 
Constituent, 165, 303. 
Constrain, 29, 258. 
Constraint, 258. 
Constrict, 29. 
Constringe, 29. 
Construct, 304. 
Construe, 304. 
Contagion, 143. 



Contagious. 143. 
Contain, 77. 
Contemn, 269. 
Contemplate, 243. 
Contemporary, 83. 
Contempt, 26*9. 
Con'tents, 77. 
Conterminous, 59. 
Con'test, 256. 
Continent, 191. 
Continual, 86. 
Continue, 86, 306. 
Continuity, 306. 
Continuous, 306. 
Contort, 29. 
Con'tract, 71. 
Contract', 71, 105. 
Contradict, 276. 
Contrary, 256. 
Contrite, 25, 229. 
Contrition, 25, 229. 
Controversy, 246. 
Controvert, 246. 
Contumely, 226. 
Convene, 81, 97, 300. 
Convenient, 97. 
Convent, 97, 237. 
Convention, 81, 97. 
Conventional, 97. 
Converse, 274. 
To Convert, 103./ 
Convex, 54. 
Convey, 106. 
Conveyance, 106. 
To Convict, 221. 
Conviction, 216. 
Convince, 246. 
Convoke, 278. 
Convolve, 31. 
Convulsion, 148. 
Coo, 17. 
Cook, 12. 
Cool, 12. 
Copper, 201. 
Copula, 245. 
Copy, 299. 
Coquet, 154. 
Coquetry, 154. 
Coquette, 154. 
Cord, 59. 
Cordate, 120. 
Cordials, 152. 
Cordiform, 120. 
Cordon, 179. 
Corn, 147. 
Cornea, 116. 
Corny, 114. 
Cornu-copise,217. 
Corona, 3. 
Coroner, 168. 
Corporal (a), 298. 
Corporal (n), 175. 
Corporate, 298. 
Corporation, 298. 
Corporeal, 298. 
Corps, 298. 
Corpse, 153, 298. 
Corpulence, 140. 
Corpulent, 140, 298. 
Corpuscle, 298. 
Correct, 52. 
Correspond, 300. 
Corroborant, 292. 
Corroborate, 292. 
Corroborative, 292. 
Corrode, 130. 



VI 



INDEX. 



Corrosion, 131. 
Corrosive,, 131. 
Corrupt, 219. 
Corse, 153. 
Coruscate, 2. 
Cosmetic, 309. 
Cost, 184. 
Costal, 119. 
Cot, 304. 
Cotemporary, 83. 
Cottage, 304. 
Cough, 134. 
Council, 170, 236. 
Counsel, 256. 
Count, 171. 
To Count, 67. 
Countenance, 116. . 
Counteract, 258. 
Counterbalance, 258. 
Counterfeit, 253. 
Countermarch, 177. 
Counterpoise, 258. 
Countervail, 258. 
Country, 191. 
County, 164. 
Couple, 61. 
Couplet, 61, 288. 
Courage, 271. 
Courier, 98. 
Course, 98. 
Courser, 210. 
Court, 166. 
To Court, 154. 
Cousin, 158. 
Cove, 40. 
Covenant, 97. 
Cover, 307. 
Covet, 272. 
Covetous, 272. 
Covetousness, 273. 
To Cow, 271. 
Coward, 271. 
Cowardice, 271. 
Cower, 271. 
Cowpox, 144. 
Cozen, 253. 
Crab, 19. 
Crabbed, 19. 
Crack, 14, 24. 
Crackle, 14. 
Crag, 205. 
Cram, 131. 
Cranial, 115. 
Craniology, 115. 
Cranium, 115. 
Crash, 15. 
Crave, 128, 272. 
Craven, 271. 
Crawl, 99. 
Crazy, 253. 
Creak, 14. 
Cream, 135. 
Create, 303. 
Creation, 303. 
Creator, 303. 
Creature, 303. 
Credence, 251. 
Credentials, 251. 
Credible, 251. 
Credit, 188. 251. 
Creditor, 188. 
Cr.-ed, 232, 251. 
Creek, 40. 
Creep, 99. 
Crepitate, 14. 
Crescent, 196. 



Crevasse, 24. 
Crevice, 24. 
Crime, 220. 
Criminal. 220. 
Criminate, 220. 
Crisis, 143. 
Critical, 143. 
Crook, 17. 
Crop, 121. 
To Crop, 129. 
To Crow, 17. 
Crowd, 67. 
Crown, 115. 
Cruel, 265. 
Crumb, 25. 
Crumble, 25. 
Crush, 24. 
Crust, 114. 
Crustacea, 114. 
Crustaceans, 210. 
Crustaceous, 114. 
Cry, 16, 278. 
Crystal, 5, 204. 
Crystallography, 204. 
Cub, 212. 
Cube, 57. 
Cubit, 51. 
Cue, 114. 
Cuirass, 175. 
Cull, 255. 
Culpable, 220. 
Culprit, 220. 
Culvert, 103. 
Cupid, 154, 216. 
Cupidity, 273. 
Cupreous, 201. 
Cur, 211. 
Curacy, 235. 
Curate, 235. 
Curative, 150. 
Curb, 257. 
Curd, 135. 
Curdle, 135. 
Cure, 150, 262. 
Curl, 114. 
Currency, 98, 185. 
Current, 85, 98, 185. 
Curse, 230. 
Curt, 53. 
Curtail, 53. 
Curvature, l 53. 
Curve, 52. 
Curvet, 100. 
Curvilinear, 55. 
Cut, 26. 
Cutaneous, 112. 
Cuticle, 112. 
Cutlass, 174. 
Cycle, 89. 
Cycloid, 56. 
Cyclopean 69. 
Cyclopic, 69. 
Cyclops, 69. 
Cylinder, 57. 
Cynic, 240. 
Cynical, 240. 
Cynics, 240. 
Cystitis, 145. 
Czar, 162. 

Dab, 31. 
Dactyl, 123. 
Dagger, 174. 
Daggle, 310. 
Dainty, 19. 
Dale, 192. 



Dam, 41, 157. 
Damage, 264. 
Damp, 38. 
Dance, 100. 
Danger, 293. 
Dangle, 50. 
Dank, 38. 
Dappled, 7. 
Dare, 271. 
Darkness, 5. 
Darling, 264. 
To Dart, 104, 174. 
Dash, 31, 104. 
Dastard, 271. 
Date, 90. 
Daughter, 158. 
Daunt, 270. 
Dav, 88. 
Daybook, 190. 
Dawn, 4. 
Dazzle, 2. 
Deacon, 236. 
Dead, 139. 
To Deal, 189. 
Dean, 236. 
Dear, 184, 264. , 
Death, 139. 
Debar, 257. 
Debase, 47. 
Debate, 246. 
Debility, 292. 
Debt, 188. 
Debtor, 188. 
Decagon, 55, 64. 
Decalogue, 275. 
Decamp, 180. 
Decapitate, 115. 
Decay, 94. 
Decease, 139. 
Deceit, 252. 
Deceive, 252. 
December, 64, 90. 
Decemvir, 64. 
Decemvirate, 64. 
Decennial, 64. 
Deception, 252. 
Decide, 255. 
Deciduous, 94. 
Decimate, 66. 
Decision, 255. 
Deck, 309. 
Declaim, 278. 
Declare, 276. 
Decline, 51. 
Declivity, 51. 
Declivous, 51. 
Decollate, 118. 
Decorate, 309. 
Decorticate, 207. 
Decrease, 74. 
Decree, 164. 
Decrement, 74. 
Decumbent, 51. 
Deduce, 108. 
Deed, 301. 
Defame, 227. 
Defecate, 94. 
Defect, 178. 
Defence, 296. 
Defend, 296. 
Defendant, 168. 
Defense, 296. 
Defer, 91, 107. 
Deference, 107. 
Deficiency, 72, 74. 
Deficient, 73. 



Deficit, 74. 
Defile, 177, 310. 
Deflagrate, 11. 
Deflect, 53. 
Deform, 60. 
Deformed, 309. 
Deformity, 60. 
Defraud, 253. 
Degenerate, 219. 
Deglutition, 131. 
Degrade, 47, 99. 
Degraded, 219. 
Degree, 99, 193, 285. 
Deify, 213. 
Deism, 231. 
Deist, 213. 
Deity, 213. 
Deiect, 104. 
Delay, 91. 
Delectable, 260. 
Delegate, 303. 
Deliberate, 244, 255. 
Delicacy, 18. 
Delicate, 18. 
Delicious, 18. 
Delight, 260. 
Delineate, 52. 
Delinquency, 222. 
Delinquent, 222. 
Delirium, 254. 
Deliver, 169. 
Delta, 279. 
Delude, 252. 
Deluge, 38. 
Delusion, 252. 
Demand, 24*. 
Dement, 241. 
Demise, 139. 
Democracy, 160, 163. 
Democrat, 160. 
Demon, 214. 
Demoniac, 214. 
Demonology, 276. 
Demulcent, 152. 
Denigrate, 8. 
Denominate, 277. 
Denomination, 277. 
Denounce, 274, 277. 
Dense, 21. 
Density, 21. 
Dental, 118. 
Dentate, 118. 
Dentals, 281. 
Denticulated, 118. 
Dentist, 118. 
Denude, 307. 
Depart, 101, 139. 
Department. 170. 
Departure, 102, 139. 
Depend, 50. 
Dependant, 50. 
Dependent, 50. 
Deplete, 77. 
Depletion, 77. 
Deplore, 262. 
Deponent, 79. 
Deport, 100. 
Deportment, 106. 
Depose, 79. 
Deposit, 79. 
Depositary, 80. 
Deposition, 170. 
Depository, 80. 
Depravation, 219. 
Deprave, 219. 
Depravity, 219. 



INDEX. 



Vll 



Deprecate, 272. 
Depreciate, 184. 
Depress, 32. 
Depression, 32. 
Deputy, 303. 
Derelict, 109. 
Dereliction, 109. 
Deride, 269. 
Derision, 269 
Dervise, 231. 
Descant, 290. 
Descend, 9, 45. 
Descendant, 157. 
Descent, 157. 
Describe, 279. 
Descry, 126. 
Desecrate, 228. 
Desert', 222. 
Des'ert (n), 130, 192. 
Deserve, 222. 
Design, 256. 
Desire, 272. 
Desist, 49. 
Despair, 273. 
Despatch, 110. 
Desperado, 273. 
Desperate, 273. 
Desperation, 273. 
Despicable, 125. 
Despise, 125, 269. 
Despondency, 273. 
Despot, 161. 
Despotic, 161. 
Despotical, 161. 
Despotism, 161. 
Desiccate, 38. 
Destinv, 294. 
Destitute, 49. 
Destitution, 102, 184. 
Destroy, 304. 
Detach, 32. 
Detachment, 176. 
Detail, 276. 
Detain, 306. 
Detect, 307. 
Deterge, 310. 
Determine, 59, 255. 
Detest, 268. 
Detonate, 14. 
Detract, 105, 227. 
Detriment, 264. 
Deuteronomy, 65. 
Deutoxide, 65. 
Develop, 307. 
Deviate, 103. 
Devil, 214. 
Devious, 103. 
Devise, 190. 
Devisee, 190. 
Devisor, 190. 
Devote, 228. 
Devotee, 228. 
Devotion, 228. 
Devour, 129. 
Devout, 228. 
Dew, 39. 
Dexterity, 303. 
Diabolical, 214. 
Diagnosis, 247. 
Diagnostic, 247. 
Diagonal, 59. 
Diagram.,280. 
Dialect, mi. 
Dialogue, 275. 
Diameter, 56. 
Diana, 217. 



Diaphanous, 5. 
Diaphoretics, 152. 
Diarrhea, 147. 
Diary, 88. 
Diction, 276. 
Die, 139. 
Diet, 128. 
Diffidence, 272. 
Diffuse, 36. 
Dig, 27. 
Digestion, 132. 
Digit, 123, 197. 
Digitate, 123. 
Digitigrade, 123. 
Digress, 99. 
Digression, 99. 
Dilapidate, 207. 
Dilate, 71. 
Diluvial, 38. 
Diluvian, 38. 
Diluvium, 38. 
Dim, 1. 
Dime, 66. 
Dimeter, 62, 2S7. 
Diminutive, 70. 
Din, 15. 
Dine, 129. 
Ding-dong, 15. 
Dingy, 7. 
Dinner, 129. 
Diocese, 235. 
Dioptrics, 125. 
Dip, 36. 
Diphthong, 62. 
Diplomacy, 170. 
Diplomatist, 170. 
To Direct, 52, 59. 
Directly, 84. 
Dirk, 174. 
Dirt, 310. 
Disaster, 263. 
Discharge, 188. 
Disciple, 248. 
Discipline, 248. 
Disclose, 78. 
Disclosure, 78. 
Discord, 289. 
Discount, 184, 189. 
Discourse, 98, 274. 
Discover, 307. 
Discredit, 251. 
Discrepant, 300. 
Discriminate, 244. 
Disdain, 269. 
Disease, 141. 
Disgrace, 227. 
Disguise, 308. 
Disgust, 129. 
Dish, 128. 
Disintegrate, 72. 
Disjoin, 32. 
Disjunctive, 32. 
Dislocate, 79, 150. 
Dismay, 270. 
Dismiss, 10S. 
Dismount, 192. 
Disorder, 141. 
Dispatch, 110. 
Dispel, 83. 
Dispensary, 46. 
Dispensation, 46. 
Dispensatory, 46. 
Dispense, 46. 
Disperse, 82, 83. 
Display, 30. 
Displease, 267. 



Disposal, 80. 
Dispose, 80. 
Disposed, 256. 
Disposition, 80, 259. 
Disquisition, 249. 
Disreputable, 224. 
Disruption, 25. 
Dissect, 26. 
Dissemble, 299. 
Disseminate, 208. 
Dissimulate, 253. 
Dissipate, 83, 187. 
Dissipated, 83. 
Dissolution, 34. 
Dissolve, 34. 
Dissonance, 13; 2S9. 
Dissonant, 13. 
Dissuade, 256. 
Dissyllable, 274. 
Distance, 82. 
Distant, 48, 82. 
Distemper, 141. 
Distend, 28, 71. 
Distich, 288. 
Distill, 35. 
Distinguish, 244. 
Distort, 30. 
Distrain, 29. 
Distress, 29, 263. 
District, 29. 
Disturb, 263. 
Ditch, 27. 
Ditty, 289. 
Diurnal, S8. 
Dive, 36. 
Diverse, 103. 
Divert, 103, 260. 
Divest, 309. 
Divination, 86. 
Divine, 213. 
To Divine, 8. 
Divinity, 213. 
Division, 176. 
Divorce, 156. 
Do, 301. 
Docile, 247. 
Doctor, 150, 248, 285. 
Doctorate, 285. 
Doctrine, 232, 248. 
Document, 248. 
Dodecagon, 55, 64. 
Dodecahedron, 57, 64. 
Dog, 211. 
Doggerel, 288. 
Dogma, 232. 
Dolt, 254. 
Dome, 304. 
Domestic, 304. 
Domesticate, 304. 
Domicile, 304. 
Dominant, 161. 
Domination, 161. 
Domineer, 161. 
Dominical, 91. 
Dominicans, 238. 
Dominion, 161. 
Donation, 190. 
Donative, 190. 
Donee, 191. 
Donor, 191. 
Dormant, 128. 
Dormitory, 128. 
Dote, 264. 
Double, 30, 62. 
Doubt, 251. 
Douse, 36. 



Dower, 156. 
Down, 112. 
Downward, 45. 
Dowry, 156. 
Doze, 127. 
Drab, 7. 
Drag, 105. 
Dragoon, 173. 
Drama, 288. 
Drapery, 309. 
Draught, 189. 
Draw, 105. 
Drawee, 189. 
Drawer, 189. 
Dread, 270. 
Dregs, 94, 310. 
Drench, 38. 
Dress, 308. 
Drink, 131. 
Drip, 35, 93. 
Drive, 105. 
Drivel, 136. 
Drizzle, 39. 
Droll, 269. 
Drone, 14. 
Droop, 50. 
Drop. 35, 93. 
Dross, 310. 
Drossy, 42, 149. 
Drove, 67. 
Drowsy, 127. 
Drub, 224. 
Drudgery, 301. 
Drug, 150. 
Druggist, 151. 
Drunk, 131. 
Dry, 38. 
Dryad, 217. 
Duad, 62. 
Dual, 62. 
Duality, 62. 
Dubious, 251. 
Ducal, 162. 
Duce, 62. 
Duchess, 171. 
Duchy, 163. 
To Duck, 36. 
Duckling, 212. 
Duct, 107. 
Ductile, 23, 107. 
Ductility, 23. 
Duds, 309. 
Due, 188. 
Duel, 17, 62, 177. 
Duet, 62, 290. 
Dug, 119. 
Duke, 162, 171. 
Dulcet, 19. 
Dulcify, 19. 
Dulcimer, 19. 
Dull, 1, 28, 59, 254. 
Dullard, 254. 
Dumb, 18. 
Dun, 7. 
Dunce, 254. 
Dunderpate, 254. 
Duodecimals, 64. 
Duodecimo, 286. 
Dupe, 253. 
Duplicate, 30, 62. 
Duplicity, 30, 62, 252. 
Durable," 86. 
Dure, 22, 86. 
Dusk, 5. 
Dust, 70. 
Duty, 222. 



Vlll 



INDEX. 



Duumviri, 62. 
Dwarf, 70. 
Dwell, 111. 
Dwindle, 71. 
Dye, 9. 
Dyke, 41. 
Dynameter, 76. 
Dynamic, 292. 
Dynamics, 292. 
Dynamometer, 76. 
Dysentery, 145. 
Dyspepsy, 147. 

Ear, 117. 

Earl, 171. 

Earn, 186. 

Earth, 191, 192, 204. 

Earthen, 204. 

Earthy, 204. 

Earwax, 136. 

Ease, 262. 

East, 192. 

Eat, 129. 

Eatable, 129. 

Eatables, 129. 

Ebb, 41. 

Ebbtide, 41. 

Ebon, 7. 

Ebriety, 132. 

Ebriosity, 132. 

Ebullition, 12. 

Eccentric, 57. 

Eccentricity, 195. 

Ecclesiastic, 234. 

Echo, 17. 

Eclipse, 197. 

Ecliptic, 195. 

Economy, 187. 

Ecstasy, 260. 

Ecstatic, 260. 

Eddy, 38. 

Edge, 59. 

Edible, 129. 

Edict, 164. 

Edifice, 304. 

Edify, 304. 

Educe, 107. 

Effect, 293. 

Effects, 183, 

Effeminacy, 212. 

Effeminate, 212. 

Effervesce, 12. 

Efflorescence, 146. 

Effluence, 35. 

Effluvium, 35. 

Efflux, 35. 

Effort, 302. 

Effulgent, 3. 

Effuse, 36. 

Effusion, 146. 

Egress, 99. 

Eight, 64. 

Either, 62. 

Eject, 104. 

Elain, 137. 

Elastic, 23. 

Elasticity, 23. 

Elbow, 112. 

Elder, 87. 

Elderly, 87. 

Elect, 255. 

Electuary, 151. 

Eleemosynary, 184, 265. 

Elegant, 309. 

Elegiac, 288. 

Elegy, 288. 



Elevate, 95. 
Elevated, 47. 
Elf, 214. 
Elfin, 214. 
Elision, 32. 
Elixir, 204. 
Ellipse, 56. 
Elocution, 275. 
Eloquent, 275. 
Elsewhere, 78. 
Elucidate, 2, 243. 
Elude, 294. 
Elusion, 294. 
Elusive, 294. 
Emaciate, 141. 
Emanate, 35. 
Emancipate, 259. 
Embassador, 170. 
Embassy, 170. 
Embellish, 309. 
Embers, 12. 
Embezzle, 221. 
Emblazon, 182. 
Embonpoint, 140. 
Embosom, 119. 
Emerald, 205. 
Emerge, 37. 
Emetic, 152. 
Emeute,171. 
Emigrant, 97. 
Emigrate, 97. 
Emollient, 23. 
Emolument, 186. 
Emotion, 260. 
Emperor, 161. 
Empire, 162. 
Empiric, 150. 
Empress, 161. 
Empty, 77. 
Emulate, 269. 
Enact, 165. 
Enamel, 117. 
Enamor, 154. 
Enamorado, 154. 
Encamp, 180. 
Enchant, 215, 260, 290. 
Enchanter, 215. 
Enchantment, 215. 
Enchantress, 215. 
Encomium, 225. 
Encore, 91. 
End, 59, 87, 255. 
Endear, 264. 
Endearment, 264. 
Endeavor, 302. 
Endemic, 143. 
Endogen, 80. 
Endow, 191. 
Endure, 22, 86. 
Enemy, 267. 
Energy, 291. 
Enervate, 292. 
Engagement, 177. 
Engrave, 27. 
Enjoin, 32. 
Enjoy, 260. 
Enlist, 176. 
Enmity, 267. 
Ennoble, 171. 
Enormous, 69. 
Enough, 72. 
Enrage, 266. 
Ensanguine, 133. 
Ensign, 175, 177. 
Enter, 190. 
Enteritis, 145. 



Enterprise, 305. 
Entertain, 260, 303. 
Enthusiast, 227. 
Enthymeme, 245. 
Entice, 257. 
Entire, 72. 
Entity, 297. 
Entomology, 210, 275. 
Entrails, 121. 
Entranced, 260. 
Entreat, 272. 
Entry, 190. 
Enumerate, 67. 
Enumeration, 273. 
Enunciate, 273. 
Envelope, 307. 
Envoy, 170. 
Envy, 125, 269. 
Eolian, 217. 
Ephemeral, 88. 
Ephemeron, 88. 
Epic, 288. 
Epicureaus, 241. 
Epidemic, 143. 
Epilepsy, 148. 
Epilogue, 275. 
Episcopacy, 235. 
Episcopal, 235. 
Episcopalian, 235. 
Episcopate, 235. 
Epispastic, 152. 
Epitaph, 153. 
Epithalamium, 156. 
Epitome, 286. 
Epoch, 90. 
Equable, 73. 
Equal, 71. 
Equanimity, 73. 
Equation, 73. 
Equator, 193. 
Equestrian, 210. 
Equerry, 211. 
Equilateral, 55, 73. 
Equilibrium, 46, 73. 
Equimultiple, 73. 
Equine, 210. 
Equinox, 73, 195. 
Equip, 175. 
Equipoise, 46, 73. 
Equiponderance, 73. 
Equitant, 210. 
Equitation, 210. 
Equity, 73, 219. 
Equivalent, 73, 184. 
Equivocal, 73. 
Equivocate, 73. 
Era, 90. 
Eradicate, 207. 
Erato, 217. 
Erect, 48, 52. 
Eremite, 237. 
Errant, 102. 
Errantry, 102. 
Erratum, 102. 
Erroneous, 102. 
Error, 102. 
Eruption, 146. 
Eruptive, 144. 
Erysipelas, 146. 
Escape, 295. 
Escharotic, 152. 
Eschew, 294. 
Esculent, 129. 
Escutcheon, 182. 
Esophagus, 121. 
Esoteric, 238. 



Esoterics, 238. 
Espousal, 155. 
Espouse, 155. 
Espy, 126. 
Esquire, 172, 181. 
Essay, 286. 
Essence, 297. 
Essential, 297. 
Establish, 48. 
Estate, 166, 183. 
Esteem, 184, 224. 
Estimate, 184. 
Estrange, 264. 
Estuary, 40. 
Eternal, 86. 
Eternity, 86. 
Etesian, 44. 
Ether, 44. 
Ethereal, 44. 
Ethic, 218. 
Ethical, 218. 
Ethics, 218. 
Etymology, 283. 
Eucharist, 233. 
Eulogy, 225. 
Euphonious, 13. 
Euphony, 13. 
Evacuate, 77. 
Evade, 96, 295. 
Evanescent, 126. 
Evangelical, 231. 
Evangelist, 231. 
Evangelize, 231. 
Evaporate, 39. 
Evasion, 96, 295. 
Evasive, 96, 295. 
Even (a), 54, 68. 
Event, 97. 
Eventual, 97. 
Eventuate, 97. 
Ever, 87. 
Everywhere, 78. 
Evidence, 251. 
Evil, 221. 
Eviscerate, 121. 
Evitable, 295. 
Evolution, 31,180. 
Evolve, 31. 
Exacerbate, 20. 
Exacerbation, 142. 
Exalt, 47, 95. 
Examine, 249. 
Exanthem, 146. 
Exasperate, 54, 267. 
Exceed, 96. 
Excellency, 172. 
Except, 305. 
Excern, 138. 
Excess, 72, 96. 
Exchange, 181. 
Exchequer, 167. 
Exclaim, 278. 
Exclude, 78. 
Exclusive, 78. 
Excogitate, 243. 
Excommunicate, 234. 
Excreate, 136. 
Excrete, 138. 
Excretion, 138. 
Excruciate, 261. 
Exculpate, 220. 
Excursion, 98. 
Excursive, 98. 
Excuse, 220. 
Execrate, 229, 230. 
Execute, 108,301. 



INDEX. 



IX 



Executor, 190. 
Exegesis, 243. 
Exemption, 1G9. 
Exequial, 153. 
Exequies, 153. 
Exertion, 302. 
Exfoliate, 208. 
Exhilarate, 261. 
Exhort, 25G. 
Exhume, 204. 
Exist, 49, 297. 
Existence, 297. 
Exit, 96. 
Exonerate, 46. 
Exorcise, 214. 
Exoteric, 238. 
Exoterics, 238 
Exotic, 238. 
Expand, 70, 186. 
Expanse, 71. 
Expect, 126. 
Expectorant, 152. 
Expectorate, 119. 
Expedite, 110. 
Expedition, 110. 
Expeditious, 110. 
Expel, 106. 
Expend, 46. 
Expenditure, 46. 
Expense, 46. 
Experience, 250. 
Experiment, 250. 
Expert, 250. 
Expertness, 303. 
Expiate, 230. 
Expiation, 230. 
Expiatory, 230. 
Expiration, 134. 
Expire, 134. 
Explain, 242. 
Expletive, 77. 
Explicate, 30. 
Explicit, 30. 
Explode, 14. 
Exploit, 106, 301. 
Explosion, 14. 
Exponent, 80. 
Expose, 80. 
Exposition, 80, 243. 
Expositor, 80, 243. 
Exposure, 80. 
Expound, 243. 
Express, 32. 
Expression, 116. 
Expurgate, 310. 
Exquisite, 249. 
Exsanguine, 133. 
Exsanguious, 133. 
Exsanguineous, 133. 
Exsanguinous, 133. 
Extant, 48. 
Extemporaneous, 83. 
Extempore, 83, 
Extemporize, 83. 
Extend, 28, 53, 70. 
Extensive, 68. 
Exterior, 80. 
External, 80. 
Extinct, 11. 
Extinguish, 11. 
Extirpate, 207. 
Extol, 95, 225. 
Extort, 30. 
To Extract, 205. 
Extraneous, 80. 
Extraordinary, 80. 

24 



Extravagant, 80, 187. 
Extrinsic, 80. 
Exuberant, 72. 
Exult, 26. 
Eye, 208. 
Eyeball, 116. 
Eyebrow, 116. 
Eyelash, 116. 
Eyelid, 116. 

Fable, 277, 283. 
Fabric, 304. 
Fabricate, 303. 
Fabulous, 277. 
Face, 60, 115, 189. 
Facial, 115. 
Eactor, 189, 303. 
Faculty, 285. 
Fag, 263, 
Faint, 271. 
To Faint, 149. 
Fainthearted, 271. 
Fair (a), 7, 219, 309. 
Fairy, 214. 
Faith, 232. 
Fakir, 231. 
Falchion, 174. 
Fall, 45, 93. 
Fallacy, 246. 
False, 252, 253. 
Falsehood, 252. 
Fame, 224. 
Family, 159. 
Famine, 130. 
Famish, 130. 
Famous, 224. 
Fanatic, 228. 
Fanciful, 242. 
Fancy, 242. 
Fandango, 100. 
Fang, 118. 
Fantasy, 242. 
Far, 82. 
Farce, 288. 
Fare, 101, 128. 
Farewell, 101. 
Farrago, 44. 
Farrow, 213. 
Fascinate, 216. 
Fascine, 179. 
Fashion, 60. 
Fast (adj), 110. 
To Fast, 130. 
Fast (a), 111. 
Fasten, 111. 
Fastness, 178. 
Fat, 137. 
Fat (adj), 140. 
Fatal, 294. 
Fatalism, 294. 
Fatality, 294. 
Fate, 294. 
Fates, 217, 294. 
Father, 156. 
Fatherly, 156. 
Fatigue, 263. 
Fatuity, 254. 
Fatuous, 254. 
Fault, 220. 
Favor, 265. 
Fawn (n), 212. 
To Fawn, 226. 
Fay, 214. 
Fear, 270. 
Fearful, 270. 
Feast, 130. 



Feathers, 114. 
Feature, 115. 
February, 90. 
Feculence, 94. 
Feculent, 94. 
Fee, 186. 
Feeble, 292. 
Feed, 128, 129 
Feel, 127. 
Feign, 253. 
Feint, 180. 
Felicitate, 261. 
Felicitv, 260. 
Felon, 147, 220. 
Felony, 220. 
Feminine, 212. 
Femoral, 122. 
Fen, 40. 
Ferocious, 265. 
Ferruginous, 201. 
Fertile, 106. 
Ferule, 224. 
Fervent, 10. 
Fervid, 10. 
Fervor, 10. 
Festal, ISO. 
Festival, 130. 
Festive, 130. 
Festivity, 130. 
Fetich, *231. 
Fetichism, 231 . 
Fetid, 21. 
Fetor, 21. 
Feud, 267. 
Fever, 143. 
Fib, 252. 
Fiber, 59. 
Fibula, 122. 
Field, 180. 
Fiend, 214. 
Fight, 177, 259. 
Figure, 60. 
To Figure, 281. 
Filament, 59. 
Filch, 221. 
File, 177. 
Filial, 158. 
Fill, 77. 
Fillet, 33. 
Fillibuster, 222. 
Fillip, 31. 
Filly, 210, 212. 
Film, 58. 
Filter, 36. 
Filth, 310. 
Finance, 186. 
Finances, 186. 
Financier, 186. 
Fine (a), 58, 70. 
Fine (n), 224. 
Finger, 123. 
Finite, 59. 
Fire, 10. 
Firearms, 174. 
Fireballs, 3. 
Firelock, 174. 
Firmament, 199. 
First, 65, 123. 
Fiscal, 186. 
Fish, 210. 
Fissile, 25. 
Fissility, 25. 
Fissure, 25. 
Fit (adj), 299. 
To Fit, 299. 
A Fit, 142. 



Five, 63. 
Fix, 111. 
Fixation, 111. 
Fixture, 111. 
Flabby, 23. 
Flaccid, 23. 
A Flag, 177. 
To Flag, 50. 
Flagellate, 223. 
Flagitious, 220. 
Flagrant, 11. 
Flambeau, 4. 
Flame, 10, 154. 
Flank, 177 
Flare, 2. 
Flash, 2. 
Flashy, 309 
Flatter, 44, 225. 
Flatulent, 44. 
Flavor, 18. 
Fledgling, 213. 
Flee, 295. 
Fleet, 110. 
Fleeting. 87. 
Flesh, 112. 
Fleshv, 140. 
Flexibility, 23. 
Flexible, 23, 53. 
Flexile, 23, 53. 
Flexion, 53. 
Flexure, 53. 
Flicker, 1. 
Flight, 100. 
Fling, 104. 
Flirt, 154. 
Flit, 100. 
Float, 36, 101. 
Flock, 67. 
Flog, 224. 
Flood, 38. 
Floodgato, 41. 
Floodtide, 41. 
Flora, 208. 
Floral, 208. 
Florid, 208. 
Florist, 208. 
Flow, 35. 
Flower, 208. 
Fluctuate, 38, 93. 
Fluency, 35. 
Fluent, 35. 
Fluid, 24. 
Fluorine, 200. 
Flush, 8. 
Flux, 35. 
Fly, 100. 
Foal, 210, 212. 
Foam, 37 
Focus, 3. 
Foe, 268. 
Fog, 39. 
Fold, 30. 
Foliaceou3, 207. 
Foliage, 208. 
Foliate, 208. 
Folio, 286. 
Follow, 108. 
Fond. 264. 
Fondle, 264. 
Food, 128. 
Fool, 254. 
Foot, 122, 287. 
Footpad, 222. 
Force, 258, 291 
Forearm, 122. 
Forehead, 116. 



INDEX. 



Forest, 207. 
Forever, 87. 
Forget, 251. 
Forgive, 230. 
Form, GO. 
Formal, 60. 
Formalist, 60. 
Formality, 60. 
Former, 84. 
Formula, 60. 
Formulary, 60. 
Forsake, 109. 
Fort, 178. 
Forte, 292. 
Forthwith, 84. 
Fortification, 178. 
Fortify, 178, 292. 
Fortitude, 292. 
Fortress, 178. 
Fortuitous, 293. 
Fortunate, 293. 
Fortune, 183, 203, 293. 
Fosse, 27. 
Fossil, 27. 
Foul, 310. 
Foundation, 47. 
Founder, 129. 
Fount, 40. 
Fountain, 40. 
Four, 63. 
Fraction, 24. 
Fractious, 68. 
Fracture, 24, 150. 
Fragile, 24. 
Fragment, 24. 
Fragrant, 20. 
Frail, 24. 
Franciscans, 238. 
Frangible, 24. 
Fraternal, 158. 
Fraternity, 158. 
Fratricide, 140, 158. 
Fraught, 106. 
Fray, 267. 
Free, 186, 191, 259. 
Freedom, 259. 
Freeze, 12, 38. 
Freight, 106. 
Frequency, 91. 
Frequent, 91. 
To Frequent, 91. 
Freshmen, 285. 
Friable, 23. 
Friar, 158, 238. 
Friday, 91. 
Friendship, 264. 
Fright, 270. 
Frighten, 270. 
Frigid, 13. 
Frisk, 100. 
Frontal, 116. 
Frost, 39. 
Frostbite, 147. 
Froth, 37. 
Fructification, 208. 
Fructify, 208. 
Frugality, 187. 
Fruit, 208. 
Fruition, 260. 
Fry, 12. 
Fuddle, 132. 
Fuel, 11. 
Fugacious, 295. 
Fugacity, 295. 
Fugitive, 295. 
Fugleman, 176. 



Fulfill, 301. 
Full, 77. 
Fume, 39, 267. 
Fumigate, 39. 
Fund, 185. 
Funds, 185. 
Funeral, 153. 
Funereal, 153. 
Fungus, 146. 
Furious, 266. 
Furniture, 183. 
Furuncle, 147. 
Fury, 217, 266. 
Fuse, 36. 
Fusible, 36. 
Fusil, 174. 
Fusion, 36. 
Future, 85. 
Futurity, 85. 

Gabble, 274. 
Gabion, 179. 
Gain, 186. 
Galaxy, 136, 198. 
Gale, 43. 
Gall, 132, 268. 
Gallant (a), 154. 
Gallant (11), 154. 
Gallantry, 154, 271. 
Gallop, 98. 
Gangrene, 146. 
Gape, 77. 
Garb, 308. 
Garment, 308. 
Garnet, 206. 
Garrison, 179. 
Garrulity, 274. 
Garrulous, 274. 
Gas, 24. 
Gasp, 134. 
Gastric, 121. 
Gastritis, 145. 
Gastronomy, 121. 
Gather, 82. 
Gathering, 82. 
Gaudy, 309. 
Gaunt, 141. 
Gay, 261, 309. 
Gaze, 125. 
Gelid, 13. 
Gem, 205. 
Genealogy, 159. 
General (adj), 278. 
A General, 176. 
Generalissimo, 176. 
Generation, 157. 
Generic, 277. 
Generical, 277. 
Genius, 214, 254. 
Genii, 214. 
Gentle, 171. 
Gentleman, 171. 
Gentry, 171. 
Genus, 277. 
Geography, 191. 
Geology, 275. 
Geometer, 76. 
Geometrician, 76. 
Geometry, 76. 
Germ, 208. 
Germinate, 238. 
Ghastly, 215. 
Ghole, 214. 
Ghost, 215. 
Ghostly, 215. 
Ghoul, 214. 



Giant, 69. 
Gibber, 274. 
Gibberish, 274. 
Gibe. 269. 
Gift, 190. 
Gigantie, 69. 
Giggle, 269. 
Girl, 213. 
Give, 190. 
Gizzard, 121. 
Glare, 2. 
Gleam, 1. 
Glen, 192. 
Glimmer, 1. 
Glimpse, 2, 125. 
Glisten, 2. 
Glister, 1. 
Glitter, 1. 
Globe, 58. 
Globose, 58. 
Globular, 58. 
Globule, 58. 
Gloom, 5. 
Glory, 3. 
Gloss, 2. 
Glossitis, 145. 
Glow, 2, 8. 
Glucinium, 202. 
Glut, 131. 
Glutinous, 21. 
Glutton, 131. 
Gnash, 131. 
Gnaw, 130. 
Gnome, 214. 
Go, 95. 

Goad, 28, 257. 
Gobble, 17. 
Goblin, 215. 
God, 213. 
Godchild, 233. 
Godfather, 233. 
Godhead, 213. 
Godmother, 233. 
Goitre, 147. 
Gold, 201. 
Goods, 183. 
Gorge, 131. 
Gorget, 175. 
Gorgon, 217. 
Gosling, 212. 
Gospel, 231. 
Gormand, 131. 
Gormandize, 131. 
Gout, 145. 
Govern, 160. 
Government, 160. 
Governor, 160. 
Gown, 309. 
Grab, 306. 
Grace, 172, 189, 265. 
Graceful, 309. 
Graces, 217. 
Gracious, 265. 
Grade, 99. 
Gradual, 99. 
Graduate, 99, 285. 
Grain, 70, 208. 
Grammar, 28. 
Graminivorous, 129. 
Grand, 69. 
Grandchild, 158. 
Grandee, 70. 
Granivorous, 129. 
Granulate, 116. 
Graphic, 280. 
Grapple, 306. 



Grasp, 306. 
Grateful, 260, 265. 
Gratify, 260. 
Gratis, 191. 
Gratitude, 265. 
Gratuitous, 191. 
Gratuity, 191. 
Gratulate, 260. 
Grave (a), 13, 45. 
Grave (n), 27, 153. 
Grave (v), 27. 
Gravel, 205. 
Gravitation, 45. 
Gravity, 46. 
Gray, 7. 
Graze, 129. 
Grazier, 129. 
Grease, 137. 
Greaves, 175. 
Greedy, 128. 
Green, 8, 209. 
Greet, 68. 
Grenadier, 174. 
Grief, 46, 262. 
Grievance, 46. 
Grieve, 262. 
GrifiBn, 218. 
Grime, 310. 
Grin, 269. 
Grind, 25. 
Gristle, 112. 
Grizzly, 7. 
Groan, 16. 
Groom, 211. 
Gross, 154. 
Grot, 192. 
Grotto, 192. 
Grounds, 310. 
Grove, 207. 
Grow, 74. 
Growl, 16. 
Growth, 74. 
A Grub, 213. 
To Grub, 27. 
Grudge, 268. 
Grum, 17. 
Grunt, 16. 
Gruntle, 16. 
Guard, 296. 
Guardian, 296. 
Guerrilla, 173. 
Guilt, 220. 
Guise, 308. 
Gulf, 40. 
Gull, 253. 
Gullet, 121. 
Gully, 192. 
Gulp, 131. 
Gum, 174. 
Gurgle, 15. 
Gush, 35. 
Gust, 43. 

Gutta Serena, 148. 
Gymnasium, 285. 
Gyrate, 92. 

Habiliments, 308. 
Habit, 140, 308. 
Habitable, 112. 
Habitate, 112. 
Habitation, 112. 
Hack, 26. 
Haggle, 26. 
Hail, 39. 
Hair, 112. 
Halberd, 174. 



INDEX. 



XI 



Hale (a), 141. 
Halloo, 16. 
Hallow, 228. 
Halo, 3. 
Hammer, 31. 
Hand, 122, 279. 
Handsome, 309. 
Handy, 303. 
Hang, 49. 
Hanger, 174. 
Hanker, 272. 
Hap, 293. 
Happen, 293. 
Happiness, 2G0. 
Happy, 293. 
Harangue, 275. 
Harass, 203. 
Harbor, 40. 
Hard, 19, 22. 
Hardihood, 271. 
Hark, 127. 
Harm, 221, 264. 
Harmattan, 44. 
Harmony, 289. 
Harness, 175. 
Harpy, 217. 
Harrier, 211. 
Haste, 109. 
Hasty, 267. 
Hate, 26S. 
Hatred, 268. 
Haughty, 47, 266. 
Haunch, 121. 
Haven, 40. 
Hawk, 136. 
Hazard, 293. 
Haze, 39. 
Hazv, 39. 
Head, 114. 
Headtand, 191. 
Headpiece, 175. 
Heal, 150. 
Health, 141, 150. 
Healthful, 141. 
Healthy, 141. 
Hear, 126. 
Hearken, 127. 
Hearty, 141. 
Heat, 9. 
Heath, 192. 
Heathenism, 231. 
Heather, 192. 
Heave, 95. 
Heaven, 194, 195. 
Heavy, 45. 
Hecatomb, 64. 
Hectic, 144. 
Heel, 122. 
Heifer, 212. 
Heinous, 220. 
Heir, 190. 
Heliocentric, 194. 
Helioscope, 194. 
Helm, 175. 
Helmet, 175. 
Help, 302. 
Hematite, 133. 
Hemistich, 288. 
Hemorrhage, 133. 
Hemorrhoids, 133. 
Hence, 78. 
Henceforth, 85. 
Hepatitis, 145. 
Heptagon, 55, 63. 
Heptarchy, 64, 160. 
Heraldry, 182. 



Herb, 206. 
Herbaceous, 206. 
Herbage, 206. 
Herbal, 206. 
Herbalist, 206. 
Herbarium, 206. 
Herbivorous, 129, 207. 
Herculean, 69. 
Herd, 67. 
Here, 78. 

Hereditament, 190. 
Hereditary, 190. 
Heresy, 232. 
Heretic, 232. 
Heritage, 190. 
Heretofore, 85. 
Hermit, 237. 
Herpetology, 275. 
Heterodox, 232. 
Heterodoxy, 232. 
Hew, 26. 
Hexagon, 55, 63. 
Hexahedron, 57, 63. 
Hexameter, 63, 76, 287. 
Hiatus, 77. 
Hide, 112, 307. 
Hierarch, 229. 
Hierarchy, 229. 
Hieroglyphic, 27. 
Hieroglyphics, 229. 
High, 45. 
Highness, 172. 
Highway, 102. 
Highwayman, 222. 
Hilarity, 261. 
Hill, 192. 
Hillock, 192. 
Hinder, 257. 
Hip, 121. 

Hippocentaur, 211. 
Hippodrome, 211. 
Hippopotamus, 211. 
Hire, 1S6. 
Hiss, 17. 
Hist, 18. 
Hit, 31. 
Hither, 78. • 
Hitherto, 85. 
Hoar, 6. 
Hoard, 273. 
Hoarse, 17. 
Hoary, 6. 
Hoax, 253. 
Hobby, 210. 
Hobgoblin, 215. 
Hocus Pocus, 253. 
Hold, 77, 305. 
Holiness, 172. 
Holy, 228. 
Home, 112. 
Homicide, 140, 212. 
Homily, 309. 
Honesty, 219. 
Honor, 172, 225. 
Honorable, 172. 
Hoof, 114. 
Hoot. 16, 17. 
Hop, 100. 
Hope, 272. 
Horizon, 50, 192. 
Horizontal, 45. 
Horn, 114. 
Horoscope, 199. 
Horror, 271. 
Hospitalers, 181. 
Host, 233. 



Hostile, 267. 
Hostility, 173, 267. 
Hostler, 211. 
Hot, 10. 
Hotel, 103. 
Hound, 211. 
Hour, 91. 
Hovel, 304. 
Howitzer, 174. 
Howl, 10. 
Huckster, 189. 
Hue, 6. 
Huge, 68. 
Hull, 208. 
Hum, 14. 
Human, 212. 
Humane, 212, 265. 
Humanity, 212, 265. 
Humble, 47, 204. 
Humbug, 253. 
Humeral, 122. 
Humerus, 122. 
Humid, 38. 
Humiliate, 47. 
Humiliation, 47. 
Humility, 47. 
Humor, 38. 
Humus, 204. 
Hundred, 64. 
Hunger, 128, 272. 
Hurl, 104. 
Hurra, 16. 
Hurrah, 16. 
Hurricane, 43. 
Hurry, 109. 
Hurt, 264. 
Husband, 155. 
To Husband, 187. 
Hush, 18. 
Hushmoney, 18. 
Husk, 208. 
Husky, 17. 
Hussar, 173. 
Hut, 304. 
Huzza, 16. 
Hyacinth, 206. 
Hydra, 218. 
Hydrate, 42. 
Hydraulics, 42. 
Hydrocephalus, 149. 
Hydrodynamics, 42. 
Hydrogen, 42. 200. 
Hydrography-, 42 
Hydrometry, 42. 
Hydropathy, 42. 
Hydrophobia, 42. 
Hydrostatics, 42. 
Hydrothorax, 149. 
Hygrometer, 38, 76. 
Hygrometry, 38. 
Hymen, 155. 
Hymeneal, 155. 
Hymenean, 155. 
Hymn, 290. 
Hyperbola, 56. 
Hyperbole, 281. 
Hypnotics, 152. 
Hypocatastasis, 282. 
Hypocrisy, 253. 
Hypocrite, 253. 
Hypothenuse, 55. 

Iambus, 287. 
Ice, 38. 
Iceberg, 39. 
Ichor, 146. 



Ichorous, 146. 
Ichthyology, 210, 275. 
Icosahedron, 57, 64. 
Idea, 241. 
Ideal, 241. 
Idealism, 241. 
Identical, 299. 
Identify, 299. 
Identity, 299. 
Ides, 90. 
Idiom, 274. 
Idiopathic, 143. 
Idiot, 254. 
Idolatry, 231. 
Igneous, 10. 
Ignis-fatuu3, 4. 
Ignite, 10. 
Ignominious, 227. 
Ignominy, 227. 
Ignoramus, 247. 
Ignorance, 247. 
Ignore, 247. 
Ill, 141, 221. 
Illness, 141. 
Illude, 252. 
Illume, 2. 
Illumine, 2. 
Illuminate, 2. 
Illusion, 252. 
Illusory, 253. 
Illustrate, 3, 243. 
Illustrious, 3. 
Imaginary, 242. 
Imagination, 242. 
Imaginative, 242. 
Imagine, 242. 
Imbecility, 292. 
Imbibe, 131, 
Imitate, 299. 
Immediate, 84. 
Immemorial, 250. 
Immense, 68. 
Immerse, 36. 
Immigrant, 97. 
Immigrate, 97. 
Immolate, 233. 
Immortal, 139. 
Immortality, 139. 
Immortalize, 139. 
Immunity, 169. 
Immutable, 301. 
Impannel, 167. 
Impart, 72. 
Impartial, 219. 
Impede, 122, 257. 
Impediment, 257. 
Impel, 105. 
Impend, 50. 
Imperative, 284. 
Imperial, 162. 
Imperious, 103. 
Impetuosity, 110. 
Impetuous, 110. 
Implement, 302. 
Implicate, 30. 
Implicit, 30. 
Implore, 272. 
Imply, 30. 
Imponderable, 46. 
Importune, 272. 
Impose, 80, 252. 
Imposition, 80, 252. 
Impost, 106. 
Impostor, 80, 252. 
Imposture, 80, 252. 
Impotence, 291. 



INDEX. 



Impotency, 291. 
Impotent, 291. 
Impoverish, 184. 
Imprecate, 230,272. 
Impudent, 271. 
Impugn, 259. 
Impulse, 105. 
Impulsive, 105. 
Impure, 309. 
Inadvertence, 6, 103. 
Inane, 77. 
Inanimate, 139. 
Inanition, 77. 
Inanity, 77. 
Inauspicious, 85. 
Incandescent, 3. 
Incantation, 215. 
Incarnate, 112. 
Incense, 11, 233. 
To Incense, 267. 
Incentive, 27. 
Inception, 305. 
Incident, 94. 
Incidental, 94. 
Incinerate, 12. 
Incipient, 86. 
Incision, 26. 
Incite, 257. 
Incline, 51. 
Inclined, 45, 256. 
Inclose, 78. 
Inclosure, 78. 
Include, 78. 
Inclusive, 78. 
Income, 185. 
Inconvenience, 263. 
Incommode, 263. 
Incorporate, 298. 
Increase, 74. 
Increment, 74. 
Incubation, 290. 
Incubus, 51, 149. 
Inculpable, 220. 
Inculpate, 220. 
Incumbent, 51. 
Incur, 98. 
Incursion, 98. 
Incurvate, 53. 
Indent, 118. 
Independent, 50. 
Index, 123. 
Indicative, 284. 
Indigence, 184. 
Indignation, 260. 
Indigo, 8. 
Indisposed, 142. 
Indisposition, 142. 
Indissoluble, 34. 
Indorser, 189. 
Indubitable, 251. 
Induce, 107, 256. 
Inducement, 107. 
Indue, 309. 
Indurate, 22. 
Inebriate, 132. 
Inebriety, 132. 
Ineffable, 275. 
Inevitable, 295. 
Infamous, 227. 
Infamy, 227. 
Infancy, 213. 
Infant, 213, 275. 
Infanticide, 140. 
Infantry, 173. 
Infatuate, 254. 
Infect, 143. 



Infection, 143. 
Infer, 107. 
Infidel, 232. 
Infidelity, 232. 
Infiltrate, 36. 
Infinite, 59. 
Infinitive, 284. 
Infinitude, 59. 
Infinity, 59. 
Infirmity, 142, 292. 
Inflame, 10. 
Inflammation, 146. 
Inflate, 71. . 
Influence, 35. 
Influx, 35. 
Inform, 60, 247. 
Informant, 247. 
Information, 247. 
Infrangible, 24. 
Infringe, 24. 
Infuriate, 266. 
Infuse, 36. 
Ingrate, 265. 
Ingredient, 33. 
Ingress, 99. 
Inhabit, 111. 
Inhabitable, 112. 
Inhabitancy, 112. 
Inhabitant, 112. 
Inhabitativeness, 112. 
Inhere, 22. 
Inherent, 22. 
Inherit, 190. 
Inheritance, 190. 
Inhume, 153, 204. 
Inimical, 267. 
Iniquitous, 219. 
Iniquity, 73, 219. 
Initial, 86. 
Initiate, 86. 
Inject, 104. 
Injury, 264. 
Inlet, 40. 
Inn, 103. 
Innocent, 221. 
Inoculate, 144, 208. 
Inquest, 167, 249. 
Inquire, 248. 
Inquiry, 248. 
Inquisition, 249. 
Inquisitive, 249. 
Insane, 253. 
Insatiable, 129. 
Insect, 26, 210. 
Insidious, 308. 
Insist, 49. 
Insolation, 194. 
Inspect, 125. 
Inspiration, 134. 
Inspire, 134. 
Install, 35. 
Instance, 48. 
Instant (a), 85. 
Instant (n), 48, 88. 
Instantaneous, 88. 
Instantly, 84. 
Instep, 122. 
Instigate, 257. 
Institute, 49. 
Institution, 49. 
Instruct, 248. 
Instrument, 302. 
Insular, 191. 
Insulate, 191. 
Insult, 100, 267. 
Insurgent, 95, 171. 



Insurrection, 95, 171. 
Intact, 127. 
Integer, 68. 
Integrity, 72. 
Integral, 72. 
Integrant, 72. 
Integrity, 219. 
Integument, 307. 
Intellect, 242. 
Intellectual, 242. 
Intelligence, 242. 
Intelligent, 242. 
Intend, 28, 256. 
Intense, 28. 
Inter, 153. 
Intercede, 96. 
Intercept, 305. 
Intercession, 95. 
Intercessor, 96. 
Intercostal, 119. 
Interest, 186. 
Interfere, 107. 
Interior, 80. 
Interjection, 284. 
Interlocutor, 275. 
Interminable, 87. 
Intermit, 109. 
Intermittent, 144. 
Intermix, 33. 
Internal, 80. 
Interpose, 80. 
Interpret, 243. 
Interrogate, 248. 
Interrogation, 148. 
Interrogatory, 148. 
Intersect, 26. 
Intersperse, 83. 
Intervene, 97. 
Intervention, 97. 
Intestate, 190. 
Intestine, 80. 
Intimidate, 270. 
Intoxicate, 131. 
Intrench, 27, 179. 
Intrepid, 271. 
Intrepidity, 271. 
Intricacy, 243. 
Intricate, 243. 
Intrinsic, 80. 
Introduce, 108. 
Intrude, 105. 
Intrusion, 105. 
Intumesce, 71. 
Intumescence, 71. 
Inundate, 37. 
Inundation, 37. 
Invade, 96. 
Invalid (a), 292. 
Invalid (n), 292. 
Invalidate, 292. 
Invasion, 96. 
Invective, 106, 226. 
Inveigh, 106, 226. 
Inverse, 103. 
Inversion, 103. 
Invert, 103. 
Invest, 179, 185, 309. 
Investigate, 249. 
Inveteracy, 87. 
Inveterate, 87. 
Invincible, 178. 
Invocation, 278. 
Invoke, 278. 
Involution, 31. 
Involve, 31. 
Invulnerable, 150. 



Iodine, 200. 
Iota, 279. 
Irascible, 267. 
Ire, 266. 
Iris, 116 
Irk, 263. 
Irksome, 263. 
Iron, 201. 
Irony, 226. 
Irradiate, 3. 
Irrefragable, 246. 
Irremediable, 150. 
Irrigate, 41. 
Irritable, 267. 
Irritate, 267. 
Islamism, 231. 
Island, 191. 
Isle, 191. 
Islet, 191. 
Isochronal, 73. 
Isosceles, 55, 73. 
Isothermal, 10, 73. 
Issue, 158. 
Isthmus, 191. 
Itch, 127. 
Itching, 272. 
Iterate, 91. 
Ivory, 118. 

Jabber, 274. 
Jacinth, 206. 
Jack-with-a-lantern, 4. 
Jade, 263. 
Jail, 224. 
Jam, 32. 
Jangle, 266. 
January, 90. 
Jargon, 274. 
Jasper, 205. 
Jaundice, 8,148. 
Jaunt, 101. 
Javelin, 174. 
Jaws, 117. 
Jealousy, 269. 
Jehovah, 213. 
Jeopardy, 293. 
Jest, 270. 
Jesuit, 238. 
Jet, 8, 36. 
Jewel, 8, 205. 
Jig, 100. 
Jilt, 154. 
Jingle, 14. 
Jocund, 261. 
Join, 32. 
Joint, 112. 
Jointure, 156. 
Joke, 270. 
Jolly, 261. 
Jot (n), 279. 
Journal, 88. 
Journey, 88, 101. 
Journeyman, 88. 
Joust, 182. 
Jovial, 261. 
Joy, 260. 
Jubilant, 261. 
Jubilee, 261. 
Judaism, 232. 
Judge, 167, 244. 
Judgment, 244. 
Judicatory, 167. 
Judicature, 167. 
Judicial, 167. 
Judiciary, 166, 168. 
Juggle, 253. 



INDEX. 



X1U 



July, 90. 
Jumble, 34. 
Jump, 100. 
Junction, 32. 
Juncture, 32. 
June, 90. 
Junior, 87. 
Juniors, 285. 
Juno, 216. 
Jupiter, 216. 
Jurat, 170. 
Juridical, 167. 
Juris-Constilt, 165. 
Jurisdiction, 167. 
Jurisprudence, 165. 
Jurist, 165. 
Juror, 167. 
Jury, 167. 
Just, 85, 182, 219. 
Justice, 1G7, 219. 
Juvenile, 87. 
Juvenility, 87. 

Keen, 59. 
Kernel, 208. 
Kill, 139. 
Kin, 159. 
Kind (a), 264. 
Kind (n), 277. 
Kindle, 11. 
Kindred, 159. 
King, 162. 
Kingdom, 162, 278. 
Kitten, 212. 
Knave, 220. 
Knee, 112. 
Kneepan, 122. 
Knighthood, 180. 
Knock, 31. 
Knout, 224. 
Know. 246. 
Knowledge, 246. 
Knuckle, 212. 
Koran, 231. 

Labial, 117. 
Labials, 281. 
Labiate, 117, 301. 
Labyrinth, 117. 
Lacerate, 25. 
Lachrymal, 136. 
Lachrymation, 136. 
Lactation, 135. 
Lacteals, 133. 
Lactescent, 135. 
Lactic, 135. 
Lactuca, 135. 
Lade, 106. 
Laden, 106. 
.Lady, 172. 
Laity, 234. 
Lake, 40. 
Lamb, 212. 
Lambkin, 212. 
Lamella, 58. 
Lamellated, 58. 
Lament, 262. 
Lamina, 58. 
Laminated, 58. 
Lamp, 4. 
Lampblack, 11. 
Lampoon, 226. 
Lance, 174. 
Land, 191. 
Landlord, 103. 
Language, 274. 



Lap, 30. 
Lapidary, 205. 
Lapidescent, 205. 
Lapse, 101. 
Larceny, 221. 
Large, 68. 
Largess, 191. 
Larva, 213. 
Lfrryngitis, 145. 
Lash, 223. 
Lassitude, 263. 
Last (a), 66. 
To Last, 86. 
Late, 85. 
Latent, 308. 
Latitude, 193. 
Laud, 225. 
Laudable, 225. 
Laudatory, 225. 
Laugh, 269. 
Lave, 37. 
Laver, 37. 
Lavish, 186.- 
Law, 164. 
Layman, 239. 
Lax, 29. 
To Lay, 79. 
Lay (n), 290. 
Lead, 107, 201. 
Leaf, 207. 
Leaflet, 207. 
League, 33. 
Lean (adj), 140. 
To Lean, 45, 51. 
Leap, 99. 
Learn, 248. 
Leave, 109. 
Lecture, 275. 
Ledger, 190. 
Lees, 94. 
Leg, 55, 121. 
Legacy, 190. 
Legal, 165. 
Legality, 165. 
Legalize, 165. 
Legatee, 190. 
Legation, 170. 
Legend, 277. 
Legerdemain, 253. 
Legion, 67. 
Legislate, 165. 
Legislative, 165. 
Legislator, 165. 
Legislature, 165. 
Legitimacy, 165. 
Legitimate, 165. 
Length, 53. 
Lengthwise, 59. 
Less, 71. 
Lethargy, 127. 
Lethe, 251. 
Lethean, 251. 
Letter, 279. 
Lettered, 279. 
Letters, 279. 
Levant, 95. 
Levee, 41. 
Level, 45, 50, 54. 
Lever, 95. 
Levigate, 25. 
Levity, 4G. 
Lexicon, 276. 
Libertine, 259. 
Liberty, 259. 
Library, 286. 
Lie, 50, 252. 



Liege, 33. 

Lieutenant, 175, 176. 
Life, 138. 
Lift, 95. 

Ligament, 33, 112, 
Ligature, 33. 
Light (n), 1. 
Light (a), 46. 
Lightning, 3. 
Lights, 119. 
To Like, 264, 299. 
Likely, 252. 
Lilliputian, 70. 
Limb, 121, 197. 
Limber, 23. 
Limit, 59. 
Line, 52, 59, 176. 
Lineage, 157. 
Lineal, 52, 157. 
Lineament, 52, 115. 
Linear, 52. 
Lingual, 118. 
Linguals, 281. 
Liniment, 151. 
Lip, 117. 
Liquid, 24. 
Liquids, 281. 
Liquidate, 188. 
Lisp, 273. 
Lists, 182. 
To List, 127, 176. 
Listen, 127. 
Litany, 232. 
Literal, 279. 
Literary, 279. 
Literati, 279. 
Literature, 279. 
Lithe, 23. 
Lithography, 205. 
Litigant, 168. 
Litigate, 168. 
Litigation, 168. 
Litigious, 168. 
Litter, 213. 
Little, 70, 71. 
Liturgy, 232. 
To Live, 111, 138. 
Lively, 261. 
Liver, 121. 
Livid, 8. 
Llanos, 191. 
Lo! 125. 
Load, 106. 
Loam, 204. 
Loathe, 194, 268. 
Local, 79. 
Locality, 79. 
Locate, 79. 
Location, 79. 
Lock, 114. 
Lockjaw, 148. 
Lofty, 47. 
Logic, 245. 
Loins, 121. 
Loll, 50. 
Long (a), 53. 
Longevity, 53. 
Longimetry, 76. 
Longing, 272. 
Longitude, 53, 193. 
Longitudinal, 59. 
Look, 125. 
Looks, 116. 
Loose, 29. 
Loquacious, 275. 
Loquacity, 275. 



Lord, 161, 172. 
Lot, 293. 
Lotion, 37. 
Loud, 13. 
Lounge, 50. 
Love, 154, 264. 
Lover, 154. 
Low, 45. 
To Low, 16. 
Lowly, 46. 
Loyal, 164. 
Loyalty, 164. 
Lozenge, 56. 
Lucid, 2. 
Lucifer, 2, 214. 
Lucrative, 186. 
Lucre, 186. 
Ludicrous, 269. 
Lug, 106. 
Lukewarm, 12. 
Lumbar, 121. 
Luminary, 2. 
Luminous, 2. 
Lump, 58. 
Lunacy, 196, 254. 
Lunar, 196. 
Lunatic, 254. 
Lunation, 196. 
Lunch, 130. 
Luncheon, 130. 
Lungs, 119. 
Lure, 257. 
Lurk, 308. 
Luscious, 18. 
Luster, 3. 
Lustral, 311. 
Lustrate, 311. 
Lustration, 311. 
Lustrous, 3. 
Lusty, 292. 
Lute, 205. 
Luxate, 150. 
Luxation, 150. 
Luxuriant, 209. 
Lymph, 133. 
Lymphatics, 133. 
Lyric, 288. 

Macerate, 37. 
Machine, 302. 
Mad, 253. 
Madam, 172. 
Magic, 215. 
Magician, 215. 
Magisterial, 161. 
Magistracy, 161. 
Magistrate, 161. 
Magnanimity, 69. 
Magnate, 69. 
Magnesia, 202. 
Magnificent, 69. 
Magnify, 69. 
Magnitude, 68, 69. 
Maid, 156. 
Mail, 175. 
Maintain, 169, 206. 
Maintenance, 306. 
Majesty, 172. 
Major, 176. 
Make, 60, 303. 
Malacology, 210. 
Malady, 142. 
Malar, 117. 
Malaria, 143. 
Malediction, 230. 
Malevolent, 268. 



XIV 



INDEX. 



Malice, 2G8. 
Malign, 268. 
Malignant, 2G8. 
Malignity, 208. 
Malleability, 23. 
Malleable, 23. 
Mammal, 119, 209. 
Mammalia, 119. 
Mammifer, 119. 
Mammiferous, 119. 
Mammoth, 69. 
Mane, 114. 
Manege, 211. 
Manes, 215. 
Maneuver, 180. 
Manganese, 202. 
Mania, 254. 
Maniac, 254. 
Maniple, 123. 
Manipulate, 123. 
Manor, 112. 
Manse, 112. 
Mansion, 12,304. 
Manslaughter, 140, 221. 
Mantle, 309. 
Manual, 122. 
Manufacture-, 122, 303. 
Manumission, 259. 
Manumit, 123, 259. 
Manuscript, 123. 
Many, 66. 
March, 90. 
To March, 98, 177. 
Marchioness, 171. 
Mare, 210. 
Market, 189. 
Marl, 204. 
Marquee, 180. 
Marquis, 171. 
Marriage, 155. 
Marry, 155. 
Mars, 216. 
Marsh, 40. 
Marshal, 168, 176. 
To Marshal, 180. 
Martial, 173, 216. 
Martyrology, 276. 
Mass, 58, 233. 
Master, 161. 
Mastery, 161. 
Masticate, 130. 
Mastiff, 211. 
Match, 11. 
Matchlock, 174. 
Material, 298. 
Materialist, 298. 
Maternal, 157. 
Maternity, 157. 
Matin, 89. 
Matins, 89, 232. 
Matricide, 140, 157. 
Matriculate, 157. 
Matrimony, 155. 
Matron, 157. 
Matter, 146. 
Maturate, 146. 
Maturation, 146. 
Mature, 208. 
Maturity, 189, 208. 
Maul, 31. 
Mausoleum, 153. 
Maw, 121. 
Maxillary, 117. 
May, 90. 
Mayor, 167. 
Meager, 140. 



Meal, 129. 
Mean, 219. 
Meander, 53. 
Means, 302. 
Measles, 144. 
Bleasure, 74, 287. 
Meat, 128. 
Medical, 150. 
Medicament, 150. 
Medicate, 150. 
Medicinal, 150. 
Medicine, 150. 
Meditate, 243. 
Medley, 34. 
Medullary, 138. 
Meet, 81. 

Melancholy, 7, 136. 
Melee, 259. 
Mellifluous, 19. 
Mellifluent, 19. 
Melody, 289. 
Melpomene, 217. 
Melt, 12. 
Membrane, 112. 
Memento, 250. 
Memoir, 250. 
Memorable, 250. 
Memorial, 250. 
Memorialize, 250. 
Memory, 250. 
Mendacious, 252. 
Mendacity, 252. 
Mental, 241. 
Mercenary, 186. 
Merchandise, 189. 
Merchant, 189. 
Mercury, 201, 217. 
Mercy, 265. 
Merge, 36. 
Meridian, 89. 
Merit, 222. 
Merriment, 261. 
Merryandrew, 270. 
Merry, 261. 
Mesentery, 121. 
Metacarpus, 123. 
Metamorphose, 61. 
Metamorphosis, 61. 
Metaphor, 282. 
Metatarsal, 122. 
Metatarsus, 122. 
Meteor, 3. 
Meter, 287. 
Metonomy, 282. 
Metropolitan, 235. 
Mew, 16. 
Miasm, 143. 
Miasma, 143. 
Microscope, 126. 
Midnight, 89. 
Miff, 266. 
Might, 291. 
Mightiness, 172. 
Migrate, 97. 
Migratory, 97. 
Mild, 265. 
Mildew, 208. 
Militant, 173. 
Military, 173. 
Militate, 173. 
Militia, 173. 
Milk, 135. 
Mill, 66. 

Millennium, 65, 89. 
Mimic, 299. 
Mimicry, 299. 



Mince, 26. 
Mine, 179, 204. 
Miner, 176. 
Mineral, 204. 
Mineralogy, 204. 
Minerva, 217. 
Mirfgle, 33. 
Minister, 170, 234. 
Minstrel, 290. 
Minstrelsy, 290. 
Mint, 185. 
Minuet, 100. 
Min'ute, 91, 193. 
Minute', 70. 
Minutiae, 70. 
Mire, 40. 
Mirth, 261. 
Misanthrope, 212. 
Misanthropist, 212. 
Misanthropy, 212, 268. 
Miscellaneous, 33. 
Miscellany, 33. 
Mischance, 264. 
Mischief, 221, 264. 
Misdemeanor, 220. 
Miser, 273. 
Misery, 262. 
Misfortune, 263. 
Mishap, 264. 
Misnomer, 277. 
Misogamy, 268. 
Miss, 172. 
Missile, 108. 
Mission, 108. 
Mist, 39. 
Mister, 172. 
Mistress, 154, 172. 
Mite, 73. 
Mitigate, 262. 
Mix, 33. 

Mixture, 33, 200. 
Mnemonic, 251. 
Mnemonics, 251. 
Mnemosyne, 251. 
Moan, 16, 262. 
Moat, 27, 179. 
Mobility, 92. 
Mobilizo, 175. 
Mock, 253, 269, 299. 
Model, 299. 
Modern, 85. 
Modesty, 271. 
Modicum, 73. 
Modify, 301. 
Mohammedanism, 230. 
Moist, 38. 
Moisture, 38. 
Mold, 60, 204. 
Molest, 263. 
Mollify, 23. 
Mollusca, 209. 
Mollusc, 209. 
Molybdenum, 201. 
Moment, 88. 
Momentary, 88. 
Monachism, 237. 
Monarch, 61. 
Monarchy, 160, 163. 
Monastery, 237. 
Monastic, 237. 
Monday, 90. 
Monetary, 185. 
Money, 185. 
Monition, 222. 
Monitor, 222. 
Monk, 237. 



Monocrasy, 61. 
Monochromatic, 61. 
Monogamy, 156. 
Monograph, 280. 
Monolith, 205. 
Monologue, 275. 
Monomania, 61, 254. 
Monopoly, 61. 
Monosyllable, 61, 274. 
Monot'heist, 213. 
Monotony, 61. 
Monsoon, 44. 
Monstrous, 69, 309. 
Month, 90, 196. 
Monument, 250. 
Moon, 196. 
Moot, 246. 
Moral, 218. 
Morality, 218. 
Morbid, 142. 
Morbific, 142. 
Mordant, 130. 
More, 71. 
Morn, 89. 
Morning, 89. 
Morpheus, 128. 
Morphine, 128. 
Morrow, 85. 
Morsel, 130. 
Mortal, 139. 
Mortality, 139. 
Mortar, 174. 
Mortification, 146. 
Mortify, 139. 
Mosque, 304. 
Mote, 70. 
Mother, 157. 
Motherhood, 157. 
Motherly, 157. 
Motion, 92. 
Motive, 92, 255. 
Mottled, 7. 
Motley, 7. 
Mound, 192. 
Mount, 192. 
To Mount, 94. 
Mountain, 192. 
Mountebank, 253. 
Mourn, 262. 
Mouth, 117. 
Move, 92. 
Movement, 92. 
Much, 71. 
Mucus, 137. 
Mud, 40. 
Mulct, 224. 
Muliebriety, 212. 
Mulish, 256. 
Multiplicity, 66. 
Multiply, 30, 66. 
Multitude, 66. 
Mum, 18. 
Mumble, 273. 
Mumps, 145. 
Munch, 130. 
Munition, 175. 
Murder, 139, 221. 
Murk, 5. 
Murky, 5. 
Murmur, 15, 262. 
Muscles, 112. 
Muse, 243. 
Muses, 217. 
Music, 289. 
Musket, 174. 
Mussulman, 231. 



INDEX. 



XV 



Mustaches, 114. 
Muster, 180. 
Musty, 20. 
Mutable, 300. 
Mutation, 300. 
Mute, 18. 
Mutes, 281. 
Mutineer, 171. 
Mutiny, 171. 
Mutter, 273. 
Myriad, 67. 
Mystery, 213. 
Mythology, 216. 

Nabob, 163. 
Nadir, 48, 193. 
Nag, 210. 
Naiad, 217. 
Nails, 114. 
Naked, 307. 
Name, 277. 
Nap, 127. 
Nape, 118. 
Narcotic, 152. 
Narrate, 276. 
Narrow, 54. 
Nasal, 117. 
Nasty, 310. 
Natant, 101. 
Natation, 101. 
Nation, 159. 
Nativity, 199. 
Naughty, 219. 
Nausea, 149. 
Nauseate, 149. 
Nauseous, 149. 
Near, 82. 
Neat, 309. 
Nebula, 198. 
Necessary, 294. 
Necessitarian, 294. 
Necessity, 294. 
Neck, 118. 

Necromancy, 87, 216. 
Necrosis, 147. 
Nectar, 218. 
Nectarine, 19. 
Need, 184. 
Nefarious, 220. 
Negro, 8. 
Neigh, 16. 
Neighbor, 82. 
Neighborhood, 82. 
Neither, 02. 
Nephew, 158. 
Nephritis, 145. 
Neptune, 216. 
Neptunian, 216. 
Nereid, 217. 
Nerve, 124. 
Nestlins, 212. 
Nettle, 267. 
Neuralgia, 149. 
New, 88. 
Nibble, 130. 
Nice, 18. 
Nickel, 202. 
Niece, 158. 
Niggard, 273. 
Niggardly, 187. 
Nigh, 82. 
Night, 89. 
Nigrescent, 8. 
Nihility, 297. 
Nimble, 170. 
Nine, 64. 



Ninny, 254. 

Ninnyhammer, 254. 

Nipple, 119. 

Nitrogen, 200. 

Nobility, 171. 

Noble, 171. 

Nocturnal, 89. 

Noddle, 115. 

Node, 196. 

Noise, 13. 

Nomenclature, 277. 

Nominal, 277. 

Nominate, 277. 

Nominative, 277. 

Nominee, 277. 

Nonagon, 55, 64. 

Nonagenarian, 66. 

Nonconformist, 60. 

Nondescript, 280. 

None, 68. 

Nones, 90. 

Noon, 89. 

North, 193. 

Northern Light, 4. 

Nose, 117. 

Nosegay, 20S. 

Nosle, 117. 

Nosology, 142, 276. 

Nostrils, 117. 

Nostrum, 150. 

Notable, 247. 

Notation, 247. 

Note, 243, 240, 289. 

Nothing, 297. 

Notice, 247. 

Notify, 247. 

Notify, 247. 

Notion, 244. 

Notoriety, 247. 

Notorious, 247. 

Nought, 297. 

Noun. 283. 

Nourish, 128. 

Nourishment, 128. 

Novel, 88. 

Novelty, 88. 

November, 64, 90. 

Novice, 88. 

Novitiate, 88. 

Now, 84. 

Nowhere, 78. 

Nozzle, 117. 

Nubile, 155. 

Nude, 307. 

Nudity, 307. 

Null, 68. 

Nullify, 68. 

Nullity, 68. 

Numb, 148. 

Number, 67. 

Numeral, 67. 

Numerate, 67. 

Numerous, 67. 

Numskull, 254. 

Nun, 237. 

Nuncio, 277. 

Nuptial, 155. 

Nurse, 128. 

Nurture, 128. 

Nut, 208. 

Nutriment, 128. 

Nutrition, 128. 

Nutritious, 128. 

Nymph, 217. 
I 
I Oath, 169. 



Obscure, 5. 
Obdurate, 22. 
Obit, 139. 
Obituary, 139. 
Ob'ject, 104, 255. 
Object', 104. 
Oblate, 58. 
Oblation, 232. 
Obligate, 33, 188. 
Obligation, 188. 
Oblige, 33, 258. 
Oblique, 51, 59. 
Obliterate, 279. 
Oblivion, 251. 
Oblivious, 251. 
Obloquy, 226. 
Obscure, 242. 
Obsequies, 153. 
Obsequious, 108. 
Obstacle, 48, 257. 
Obstinate, 256. 
Obstruct, 257. 
Obtain, 306. 
Obtrude, 105. 
Obtrusion, 105. 
Obverse, 104. 
Obviate, 103. 
Obviate, 103. 
Obvious, 103. 
Occasion, 94. 
Occasionally, 91. 
Occident, 192,194. 
Occidental, 192. 
Occipital, 115. 
Occiput, 115. 
Occult, 308. 
Occupy, 77. 
Occur, 99, 293. 
Occurrence, 99. 
Ocean, 40. 
Octagon, 55, 64. 
Octavo, 2S6. 
October, 64, 90. 
Octogenarian, 66. 
Octohedron, 57, 64. 
Ocular, 117. 
Odd, 68. 
Odious, 268. 
Odium, 268. 
Odor, 20. 
(Esophagus, 121. 
(Ezena, 147. 
Ogle, 125. 
Otfend, 220, 267. 
Offense, 220, 267. 
Offering, 157, 232. 
Often, 91. 
Ogre, 214. 
Ogress, 214. 
Oil, 137. 

Ointment, 137,151. 
Old, 87. 

Oleaginous, 138. 
Oleic, 138. 
Oleiferous, 13S 
Olympiad, 89. 
Omega, 279. 
Omen, 85. 
Ominous, 85. 
Omission, 109. 
Omit, 109. 
Omnipresence, 79. 
Omnipresent, 72, 79. 
Omniscience, 246. 
Omniscient, 72, 246. 
Omnivorous, 72, 129. 



One, 61, 91. 
Onerous, 46. 
Ooze, 35. 
Opacity, 5. 
Opakej 5. 
Open, 77. 
Opera, 290. 
Operate, 301. 
Operative, 301. 
Ophthalmia, 117, 145. 
Opiates, 152. 
Opinion, 244. 
Opponent, 79, 258. 
Oppose, 79, 258. 
Opposite, 79. 
Opposition, 79, 198. 
Oppress, 32. 
Opprobrious, 227. 
Opprobrium, 227. 
Oppugn, 246. 
Optic, 126. 
Optician, 126. 
Optics, 126. 
Option, 255. 
Optional, 255. 
Opulence, 183. 
Oral, 117. 
Orange, 8. 
Oration, 275. 
Orator, 275. 
Oratory, 275. 
Orbit, 195. 
Orchestra, 289, 290. 
Ordain, 164. 
Ordeal, 249. 
Order, 278. 
Orders, 234. 
Ordinance, 164. 
Ordinary, 236. 
Ordinance, 174. 
Ore, 204. 
Oread, 217. 
Organ, 302. 
Organize, 302. 
Orient, 95, 192. 
Oriental, 192. 
Orifice, 117. 
Origin, 95. 
Orison, 272. 
Ornament, 309. 
Ornate, 309. 
Ornithology, 209, 275. 
Orthodox, 232. 
Orthodoxy, 52, 232. 
Orthoepy, 52. 
Orthography, 52, 283. 
Osseous, 112. 
Ossification, 112. 
Ossify, 112. 
Ostensible, 28. 
Osteology, 112, 276. 
Ought, 222. 
Outcrv, 16. 
Outrage, 220. 
Outvie, 269. 
Oval, 56, 
Ovation, 178. 
Overt, 77. 
Owe, 188. 
Own. 182, 229. 
Oxygen, 200. 

Pabulum, 128. 
Pace, 98. 
Pacer, 98. 
Pacha, 163. 



XVI 



INDEX. 



Pachalic, 163. 
Pacific, 173.' 
Pacify, 173. 
Paganism, 231. 
Pagod, 304. 
Pagoda, 304. 
Pain, 261. 
Paint, 9. 
Pair, 61. 
Palace, 304. 
Palatable, 18. 
Palatals, 281. 
Palate, 117. 
Palatinate, 163. 
Palatine, 163. 
Palaver, 225. 
Pale, 8. 
Palfrey, 210. 
Paleontology, 275. 
To Pall, 20, 129. 
A Pall, 153. 
Pallid, 9. 
Palm, 123. 
Palmate, 123. 
Palmistry, 86, 123. 
Palpable, 127. 
Palsy, 148. 
Pampa, 191. 
Pamphlet, 286. 
Pamper, 130. 
Pan, 217. 
Panacea, 72, 150. 
Pancreas, 121. 
Panegyrize, 225. 
Panel, 167. 
Pang, 2G1. 
Panic, 270. 
Panoply, 175. 
Panorama, 72. 
Pant, 134. 
Pantheism, 72,231. 
Pantheist, 214. 
Pantheon, 214. 
Pantomime, 72. 
Pap, 119. 
Papacy, 236. 
Papal, 236. 
Par, 184. 
Parable, 283. 
Parabola, 56. 
Parallelogram, 56. 
Paralysis, 148. 
Parasite, 225. 
Parasol, 194. 
Pardon, 230. 
Pare, 26. 
Paregoric, 152. 
Parent, 156. 
Parhelion, 3, 194. 
Parish, 234. 
Parliament, 66. 
Parnassus, 217. 
Parochial, 234. 
Paronychia, 147. 
Paroxysm, 142. 
Parricide, 140, 157. 
Parsimony, 187. 
Parson, 234. 
Part, 71. 
Partial, 72, 219. 
Particle, 70. 
Particular, 72. 
Party, 67, 168. 
Pasquinade, 227. 
Pass, 95. 
Passion, 154, 259, 266. 



Passionate, 267. 
Past, 85. 
Pastor, 234. 
Pasturage, 129. 
Pasture, 129. 
Patella, 122. 
Paternal, 156. 
Paternity, 156. 
Path, 102. 
Pathognomic, 142. 
Pathology, 142. 
Patriarch, 156. 
Patriarchate, 160. 
Patriarchy, 160. 
Patrician, 156, 171. 
Patrimony, 157, 190. 
Patriot, 156. 
Patrol, 176. 
Patron, 157. 
Patronymic, 277. 
Patter, 15. 
Pattern, 299. 
Pauper, 184. 
Pay, 1S8. 
Payee, 189. 
Peace, 173. 
Peak, 192. 
Peal, 15. 
Pean, 290. 
Peasant, 171. 
Peasantry, 171. 
Pebble, 205. 
Peccadillo, 220. 
Pectoral, 119. 
Peculate, 221. 
Pecuniary, 185. 
Peddle, 122. 
Pedestal, 47, 122. 
Pedestrian, 122. 
Pedicel, 122. 
Pedigree, 159. 
Peduncle, 122. 
Peep, 17, 125 
Peer, 172. 
Peeress, 172. 
Pellicle, 58. 
Pellucid, 5. 
Pelt, 112. 
Peltry, 112. 
Pelvis, 121. 
Penal, 223. 
Penalty, 223. 
Penance, 233. 
Pencil, 3. 
Pendant, 50. 
Pendency, 50. 
Pendent, 50. 
Pending, 50. 
Pendulous, 50. 
Pendulum, 50. 
Penetration, 254. 
Peninsula, 191. 
Penitence, 229. 
Penitency, 229. 
Penitent, 229. 
Penitential, 229. 
Penitentiary, 224. 
Pennon, 177. 
Pension, 46,146. 
Pensive, 46. 
Pentagon, 55, 63. 
Pentameter, 63, 76, 287 
Pentateuch, 63. 
Pentecost, 66. 
Penumbra, 6. 
Penury, 184. 



Penurious, 187. 
Perambulate, 98. 
Perceive, 242. 
Perception, 242, 305. 
Percolate, 36. 
Percussion, 31. 
Peregrinate, 101. 
Perform, 60, 301. 
Perfume, 20, 39. 
Pericardium, 120. 
Pericranium, 115. 
Perigee, 196. 
Perihelion, 194. 
Peril, 293. 
Period, 8S. 
Periosteum, 112. 
Periphery, 57. 
Periphrase, 276. 
Periphrastic, 276. 
Peritoneum, 121. 
Peritonitis, 145. 
Perjure, 169. 
Perjury, 169. 
Permeable, 97. 
Permeate, 97. 
Permit, 109. 
Permute, 301. 
Permutation, 301. 
Perpendicular, 45. 
Perpetual, 86. 
Perpetuate, 86. 
Perpetuity, 87. 
Perplex, 243. 
Perquisite, 186. 
Persecute, 108. 
Persist, 49. 
Personification, 282. 
Perspective, 126. 
Perspicuous, 126. 
Perspicuity, 126. 
Perspire, 136. 
Perspiration, 136. 
Persuade, 256. 
Pertain, 306. 
Pertinacious, 256, 306. 
Pertinent, 306. 
Pertussis, 145. 
Pervade- , 96. 
Perverse, 256. 
Pervert, 103. 
Pestilence, 149. 
Pet, 266. 
Petit, 167. 
Petrifaction, 205. 
Petrify, 205. 
Petronel, 174. 
Petty, 70, 167. 
Pewter, 202. 
Phalanx, 177. 
Phalanges, 123. 
Phantasy, 242. 
Phantom, 215. 
Pharmaceutic 151. 
Pharmacy, 151. 
Phase, 196. 
Philanthropic, 212. 
Philanthropical, 212. 
Philanthropist, 212. 
Philanthropy, 212. 
Philippic, 226. 
Philter, 154. 
Phiz, 116. 
Phoebe, 217. 
Phoebus, 217. 
Phonetic, 13. 
Phonography, 13. 



Phonology, 13. 
Phosphorescent, 3. 
Phosphorus, 3, 200. 
Photography, 3. 
Photometer, 3, 76. 
Phrase, 276. 
Phraseology, 276. 
Phrenology, 241. 
Phrenitis, 241. 
Phrensy, 241. 
Physician, 150. 
Physiognomy, 115. 
Physiology, 124. 
Physiography, 206. 
Phylology, 206. 
Phytophagus, 206. 
Pick, 255. 
Picket, 179. 
Pierce, 27. 
Pierian, 217. 
Pig, 212. 
Pigment, 9. 
Pike, 174. 
Pile, 114. 
Pilfer, 221. 
Pilgrim, 101. 
Pilgrimage, 101. 
Pill, 151. 
Pillage, 221. 
Pillory, 224. 
Pilose, 114. 
Pilous, 114. 
Pinchbeck, 202. 
Pious, 228. 
Piety, 228. 
Pioneer, 176. 
Pip, 17. 
To Pipe, 17. 
Pique, 268. 
Piracy, 222. 
Pirate, 222. 
Pistol, 174. 
Piston, 43. 
Pith, 207. 
Pity, 265. 
Place, 78, 79. 
Plagiary, 221. 
Plague, 149, 263. 
Plain, 191, 242. 
Plainness, 309. 
Plait, 30. 
Plane, 54. 
Planet, 194. 
Planetoid, 195. 
Planimetry, 76. 
Plant, 206. 
Plash, 40. 
Plaster, 151. 
Plastic, 61. 
Plasticity, 61. 
Plate, 58, 201. 
Plateau, 192. 
Platinum, 201. 
Platoon, 177. 
Plaudit, 225. 
Plausible, 225. 
Play, 288. 
Plea, 168. 
Plead, 168. 
Pleasant, 260. 
Pleasantry, 270. 
Please, 260. 
Pleasure, 260. 
Plebeian, 171. 
Plenary, 77. 
Plenipotentiary,77,170. 



INDEX. 



XV11 



Plenish, 77. 
Plenitude, 77. 
Plenty, 72, 77. 
Plenum, 77. 
Plethora, 141. 
Plethoric, 141. 
Pleurisy, 145. 
Pliable, 23, 256. 
Pliant, 23. 
Plicate, 30. 
Plumage, 114. 
Plumb, 201. 
Plumber, 201. 
Plumbline, 47. 
Plume, 114. 
Plummet, 47, 201. 
Plump, 140. 
Plunder, 221. 
Plunge, 36. 
Plural, 66. 
Plurality, 66. 
Pluto, 216. 
Plutonian, 216. 
Ply, 30. 

Pneumatic, 45. 
Pneumatics, 45. 
Pneumonia, 145. 
Poach, 221. 
Podagra, 145. 
Poem, 287. 
Poesy, 287. 
Poetry, 287. 
Point, 27, 52. 
Poise, 46. 
Poison, 143. 
Pole, 192. 
Polemic, 246. 
Polemics, 246. 
Police, 160. 
Polish, 54. 
Politic, 160. 
Politician, 160. 
Polity, 160. 
Polka, 100. 
Poll, 114. 
Pollute, 310. 
Poltroon, 271. 
Polygamist, 156. 
Polygamy, 156. 
Polyglot, 66. 
Polygon, 55, 66. 
Polyhymnia, 217. 
Polynomial, 66. 
Polysyllable, 274. 
Polytheist, 213. 
Pomology, 276. 
Pond, 40. 
Ponder, 46, 243. 
Ponderous, 46. 
Poniard, 174. 
Pontiff, 235. 
Pontifical, 235. 
Pontificate, 235. 
Pony, 210. 
Poodle, 211. 
Pool, 40. 
Poor, 183. 
Pop, 14. 
Pope, 236. 
Popedom, 236. 
Pore, 21. 
Porosity, 21. 
Porous, 21. 
Portcullis, 179. 
Port-monnaie, 106. 
Portend. 28, 85. 



Portent, 85. 
Portentous, 85. 
Portion, 72. 
Portmanteau, 106. 
Position, 79. 
Positive, 252. 
Possess, 182. 
To Post, 190. 
Postdate, 84. 
Postdiluvian, 84. 
Posterior, 84. 
Posterity, 84. 
Posthumous, 153, 204. 
Postmaster, 170. 
Postmeridian, 89. 
Postpone, 80, 91. 
Posture, 79. 
Posy, 208. 
Potable, 131. . 
Potash, 202. 
Potassa, 202. 
Potation, 131. 
Potency, 291. 
Potent, 291. 
Potentate, 291. 
Potential, 291. 
Potion, 121. 
Poultice, 151. 
Poultry, 183. 
To Pound, 31. 
Pour, 36. 
Pout, 26. 
Poverty, 184. 
Powder, 70. 151. 
Power, 291. 
Practicable, 301. 
Practical, 301. 
Practice, 301. 
Prairie, 191. 
Praise, 225. 
Prance, 100. 
Prate, 274. 
Prattle, 274. 
Pray, 272. 
Preamble, 98. 
Prebend, 236. 
Prebendary, 236. 
Precarious, 272. 
Precede, 84, 96. 
Precentor, 290. 
Precession, 96. 
Precious, 184. 
Precipice, 52. 
Precipitate, 94, 109, 115, 

164. 
Precipitance, 110. 
Precipitancy, 110. 
Precipitation, 110. 
Precipitous, 52. 
Precise, 26. 
Preciseness, 26. 
Preclude, 78. 
Precocious, 209. 
Precociousness, 209. 
Precocity, 209. 
Precursor, 98. 
Precursory, 98. 
Predaceous, 221. 
Predatory, 221. 
Predecessor, 96. 
Predestination, 294. 
Predicate, 245. 
Predict, 80, 276. 
Predominate, 161. 
Preemption, 188. 
Prefer, 255. 



Proference, 255. 
Prefix, 111. 
Prehensile, 306. 
Prejudice, 264. 
Prelate, 235. 
Prem'ises, 245. 
Premiss, 245. 
Premium, 184. 
Prepense, 46. 
Preposition, 283. 
Prerogative, 169. 
Presage, 86. 
Presbyter, 236. 
Presbytery, 236. 
Prescience, 246. 
Prescient, 246. 
Prescribe, 279. 
Prescription, 279. 
Presence, 79. 
Pres'ent, 79, 84, 190. 
Present', 190. 
Presently, 84. 
Preside, 49, 162. 
Presidency, 162. 
President, 162. 
Press, 32. 
Pretend, 28, 253. 
Preterit. 96. 
Pretty, 309. 
Prevail, 257,291. 
Prevalence, 292. 
Prevalency, 292. 
Prevalent, 291. 
Prevent, 97, 257. 
Previous, 84. 
Price, 184. 
Prick, 27. 
Prickle, 28. 
Pride, 265. 
Priest, 235. 
Primacy, 235. 
Primary, 65. 
Primate, 235. 
Prime, 65, 68. 
Primeval, 65. 
Primitive, 65. 
Primogeniture, 65. 
Primrose, 65. 
Principal, 221, 303. 
Prior, 84. 
Prioress, 237. 
Priority, 84. 
Priory, 237. 
Prism, 57. 
Prismatic Colors, 6. 
Prison, 224, 305. 
Prisoner, 221, 305. 
Privilege, 169. 
Prize, 184. 
Probable, 250, 252. 
Probate, 167. 
Probation, 249. 
Probe, 249. 
Probity, 219. 
Proboscis, 117. 
Procedure, 95. 
Proceed, 95. 
Process, 95, 168. 
Procession, 95. 
Proclaim, 278. 
Proclamation, 164. 
Proclivity, 51. 
Proclivous, 51. 
Procrastinate, 91. 
Procumbent, 51. 
Prodigal, 187. 



Prodigious, 69. 
Prodigy, 85. 
Produce, 53, 107. 
Product, 107. 
Production, 107. 
Profane, 229. 
Professor, 285. 
Proffer, 107. 
Profit, 186. 
Profuse, 36, 187. 
Progenitor, 188. 
Progeny, 158. 
Prognosis, 247. 
Prognostic, 86, 247. 
Prognosticate, 86, 247. 
Programme, 280. 
Progress, 99. 
Progression, 99. 
Progressive, 99. 
Project, 104. 
Projectile, 104. 
Prolate, 58. 
Prologue, 275. 
Promenade, 98. 
Promontory, 191. 
Promote, 92. 
Promulgate, 248". 
Promulge, 248. 
Prone, 52. 
Pronoun, 283. 
Pronounce, 273. 
Proof, 245, 250. 
Propel, 105. 
Propense, 51. 
Propensity, 52. 
Proper, 300. 
Property, 182. 
Prophecy, 85. 
Prophesy, 85. 
Prophet, 85. 
Propitiate, 230. 
Propitious, 230. 
Propose, 79. 
Proposition, 245. 
Propound, 79. 
Proprietor, 1S2. 
Propriety, 300. 
Proscenium, 289. 
Proscribe, 279. 
Proscription, 280. 
Prosecute, 108. 
Proselyte, 232. 
Prosody, 283. 
Prosopopoeia, 282. 
Prospect, 125. 
Prospective, 125. 
Prosper, 272. 
Prostrate, 51. 
Protect, 295, 307. 
Protection, 295. 
Protest, 189, 276. 
Prototype, 65, 299. 
Protract, 105. 
Protrude, 105. 
Protrusion, 105. 
Proud, 266. 
Prove, 245, 250. 
Provide, 125. 
Providence, 125. 
Provident, 125. 
Province, 164. 
Provisions, 128. 
Provocation, 267. 
Provoke, 267, 278. 
Proximate, 82. 
Proximity, 82. 



XV111 



INDEX. 



Proxv, 303. 
Pry, 125. 
Psalm, 290. 
Pubescence, 112. 
Pubescent, 112. 
Publication, 218. 
Publicity, 248. 
Publish, 248. 
Puddle, 40. 
Puerile, 213. 
Puerility, 213. 
Puff, 43, 225. 
Puff up, 71. 
Pug, 117. 
Pugilism, 258. 
Pugilist, 250. 
Pugnacious, 259. 
Pugnacity, 259. 
Puissance, 292. 
Puissant, 292. 
Pull, 105. 
Pulmonary, 120. 
Pulmonic, 120. 
Pulverize, 25, 70. 
Pulverulent, 70. 
Pump, 43. 
Punctilio, 52. 
Punctilious, 52. 
Punctual, 52. 
Puncture, 27 
Punish, 223. 
Punk, 11. 
Puny, 70. 
Pup, 212. 
Pupil, 116, 285. 
Puppy, 212. 
Purchase, 187. 
Pure, 310. 
Purge, 310. 
Purity, 310. 
Purloin, 221. 
Purpose, 255. 
Purr, 16. 
Pursue, 108. 
Purulent, 146. 
Push, 105. 
Pussillanimous, 271. 
Pustule, 146. 
Put, 79. 
Puzzle, 243. 
Pygmean, 70. 
Pygmy, 70. 
Pyramid, 57. 
Pyroligneous, 10. 
Pyrometer, 10, 76. 
Pyrotechnics, 10. 

A Quack, 150, 253. 
To Quack, 17. 
Quadrant, 57. 
Quadrature, 196. 
Quadrilateral, 55, 63. 
Quadrille, 198. 
Quadrumanous, 63. 
Quadruped, 62, 209. 
Quaff, 131. 
Quagmire, 40. 
Quail, 271. 
Quako, 93, 271. 
Qualm, 149. 
Quantity, 71. 
Quarantine, 66, 141. 
Quarrel, 266. 
Quart, 66. 
Quartan, 66,144. 
Quarter, 66. 



Quartet's, 180. 
Quartermaster, 177. 
Quartette, 66, 290. 
Quarto, 286. 
Quartz, 205. 
Quaternion, 63. 
Quatrain, 288. 
Queen, 162. 
Querimonious, 262. 
Querulous, 262. 
Query, 248. 
Quest, 248. 
Question, 248. 
Quibble, 246. 
Quick, 110, 139. 
Quickly, 84. 
Quiescent, 111. 
Quiet, 111. 
Quietude, 111. 
Quill, 114. 
Quinquangular, 63. 
Quinquelateral, 63. 
Quinquennial, 63. 
Quinsy, 145. 
Quintan, 144. 
Quiver, 93. 
Quotidian, 144. 

Rabble, 171. 
Race, 41, 157, 159. 
Rack, 39, 261. 
Racket, 15. 
Racy, 20. 
Radiance, 3. 
Radiancy, 3. 
Radiant, 3. 
Radiata, 209. 
Radiate, 3. 
Radiation, 3. 
Radical, 207. 
Radicate, 207. 
Radicle, 207. 
Radius, 56, 122. 
Raa;e, 266. 
Rail, 226. 
Raillery, 270. 
Rain, 39. 
Rainbow, 3. 
Raise, 95. 
Rally, 270. 
Ramble, 102. 
Ramification, 207. 
Ramify, 207. 
Ramose, 207. 
Ramous, 207. 
Rancescent, 20. 
Rancid, 20. 
Rancor, 268. 
Random, 293. 
Range, 102. 
Rank, 20, 209. 
A Rank, 177. 
Ransack, 249. 
Ransom, 188. 
Rap, 31, 307. 
Rapid, 110. 
Rapier, 174. 
Rapine, 307. 
Rapt, 260, 307. 
Rapture, 260, 307. 
Rare, 21, 73. 
Rarely, 91. 
Rarefaction, 21. 
Rarefy, 21. 
Rascal, 220. 
Rash, 296. 



Rate, 184. 
Rational, 245. 
Rationalism, 245. 
Rationality, 245. 
Rave, 253. 
Raven, 8. 
Ravenous, 128. 
Ravine, 192. 
Ravish, 260, 307. 
Real, 297. 
Reality, 297. 
Realize, 298. 
Realm, 162. 
Rear, 177. 
Reason, 244, 255. 
To Reason, 245 
Rebel, 170. 
Rebellion, 170. 
Rebound, 100. 
Rebuke, 226. 
Rebut, 246. 
Rebutter, 169. 
Recede, 95. * 

Receive, 305. 
Recent, 85, 290. 
Receptacle,'305. 
Recess, 95. 
Recession, 95. 
Recipient, 305. 
Recite, 276. 
Reckon, 68. 
Reckoning, 222. 
Reclaim, 278. 
Recline, 51. 
Recluse, 237. 
Recognize, 247. 
Recognition, 247. 
RecoU, 100. 
Recollect, 250. 
Recommend, 225. 
Recompense, 223. 
Reconcile, 264. 
Recondite, 307. 
Reconnoissance, 247. 
Reconnoiter, 247. 
Record, 250. 
Recount, 276. 
Recourse, 99. 
Recriminate, 220. 
Recruit, 176. 
Rectangle, 56. 
Rectify, 52. 
Rectilinear, 52, 55. 
Rectitude, 52. 
Rector, 234. 
Recumbent, 51. 
Recur, 99. 
Recurrence, 99. 
Recurvate, 53. 
Red, 8. 
Redeem, 187. 
Redeemer, 188. 
Redemption, 187. 
Redintegrate, 72. 
Redolent, 20. 
Redoubtable, 270. 
Redound, 37. 
Reduce, 108. 
Redundant, 37, 73. 
Reek, 39. 
A Reel, 100. 
To Reel, 93. 
Refer, 107. 
Refine, 311. 
Reflect, 53, 244. 
Reflux, 35. 



Reform, 60. 
Refractory, 256. 
Refragable, 246. 
Refrain, 290. 
Refrigerant, 152. 
Refuge, 295. 
Refugee, 295. 
Refulgent, 2. 
Refund, 36. 
Refuse, 36. 
Refute, 246. 
Regal, 162. 
Regale, 260. 
Regalia, 162. 
Regard, 224. 
Regency, 161. 
Regent, 161, 
Regicide, 140, 162. 
Regime, 161. 
Regimen, 161. 
Regiment, 161, 176. 
Region, 191. 
Regret, 262. 
Regulars, 176. 
Rehearse, 276. 
Reiterate, 91. 
Reject, 104. 
Rejoice, 260. 
Rejoin, 32. 
Rejoinder, 32, 169. 
Relapse, 101. 
Relate, 159, 276. 
Relation, 159. 
Relative, 159. 
Relax, 29. 
Relic, 109. 
Relict, 109, 156. 
Relieve, 262. 
Religion, 227. 
Relinquish, 109. 
Relish, 128. 
Reluctant, 256. 
Relume, 2. 
Relumine, 2. 
Remain, 111. 
Remedial, 150. 
Remedy, 150. 
Remember, 250. 
Remembrance, 250. 
Remind, 250. 
Reminiscence, 250. 
Remiss, 109. 
Remission, 142, 230. 
Remit, 108, 230. 
Remittent, 144. 
Remorse, 130, 229. 
Remote, 82. 
Remunerate, 223. 
Rencounter, 178» 
Rend, 25. 
Renegade, 232. 
Renegado, 232. 
Renounce, 169. 
Renovate, 88. 
Renown, 224. 
Rent, 186. 
Repast, 130. 
Repeal, 165, 278. 
Repeat, 91. 
Repel, 105. 
Repent, 229. 
Repetition, 91. 
Repine, 262. 
Replenish, 77. 
Replete, 77. 
Replication , 30, 169, 248. 



INDEX. 



XIX 



Reply, 30, 248. 
Report, 15, 106. 
Eepose, 79, 110. 
Reprehend, 226. 
Reprehension, 226. 
Representative, 303. 
Repress, 32. 
Reprimand, 226. 
Reprisal, 305. 
Reproach, 226. 
Reprobate, 226, 250. 
Reprove, 226, 250. 
Reptile, 99, 209. 
Republic, 163. 
Repudiate, 156. 
Repugnance, 256, 259. 
Repuguant, 259. 
Repulsive, 106. 
Reputable, 224. 
Reputation, 224. 
Repute, 224. 
Request, 248, 272. 
Requiem, 111. 
Require, 249. 
Requisite, 249. 
Requisition, 249. 
Requite, 223. 
Rescind, 26. 
Rescission, 26. 
Resentment, 266. 
Reservoir, 41. 
Reside, 49, 111. 
Residence, 111. 
Resident, 111. 
Residual, 94. 
Residuary, 94. 
Residue, 94. 
Residuum, 94. 
Resign, 169. 
Resilience, 100. 
Resist, 49, 25S. 
Resolute, 34. 
Resolution, 34, 146, 255. 
Resolve, 34, 255. 
Resound, 13. 
Respect, 125, 224. 
Respiration, 134. 
Respire, 134. 
Resplendence, 2. 
Resplendency, 2. 
Resplendent, 2. 
Respond, 248. 
Response, 248. 
Responsible, 222. 
Rest, 110. 
Restitution, 49. 
Restrain, 29, 257. 
Restraint, 257. 
Restrict, 29, 257. 
Restriction, 257. 
Result, 100, 293. 
Resurrection, 95. 
Retail, 189. 
Retain, 306. 
Retaliate, 223, 268. 
Retard, 110. 
Retention, 306. 
Retina, 116. 
Retract, 105. 
Retreat, 177. 
Retribution, 222 
Retributive, 222. 
Retrograde, 99. 
Retrospect, 125. 
Reveal, 307. 
Revel. 130. 



Revelation, 307. 
Revelry, 144. 
Revenge, 268. 
Revenue, 185. 
Reverberate, 18. 
Revere, 224. 
Reverence, 172, 224. 
Reverend, 172, 224. 
Reverent, 224. 
Reverential, 224. 
Reverie, 244. 
Reverse, 104. 
Revert, 104. 
Revery, 244. 
Review, 125. 
Revile, 220, 226, 227. 
Revision, 125. 
Revoke, 278. 
Revolt, 171. 
Revolution, 92. 
Revolve, 92. 
Reward, 223. 
Rhetoric, 275. 
Rheumatism, 145. 
Rhombus, 56. 
Rhomboid, 56. 
Rhyme, 288. 
Rib, 119, 155. 
Rich, 1S3. 
Riches, 183. 
Riddle, 243. 
Ridge, 192. 
Ridicule, 269. 
Rifle, 174. 
Right, 52, 169, 219. 
Righteous, 219.1 
Rigid, 24. 
Rigor, 24. 
Rind, 207. 
Ring, 5S. 
To Ring, 14. 
Ringlet, 58, 114. 
Rinse, 311. 
Riot, 130. 
Ripe, 208. 
Ripple, 38. 
Rise, 45, 94, 192. 
Risk. 293. 
Rite, 232. 
Ritual, 232. 
Rival, 269. 
Rivo, 25. 
River, 40. 
Rivulet, 40. 
Roadster, 210. 
Roam, 102. 
Roan, 7. 
Roar, 15. 
Roast, 12. 
Rob, 221. 
Robe, 309. 
Robust, 292. 
Rock, 205. 
To Rock, 93. 
Rod, 223. 
Rodomont, 266. 
Rodomontade, 266. 
Rogue, 220. 
Roll, 31, 92. 
Root, 207. 
Rope, 59. 
Ropy, 22. 
Rotary, 92. 
Rotate, 92. 
Rough, 19, 54. 
Roundelay, 288. 



Rout, 178. 
Rove, 102. 
Royal, 162. 
Rubefacient, 8, 152. 
Rubeola, 8. 
Rubescent, 8. 
Rubicund, 8. 
Rubv, 8. 
Ruddv, 8. 
Rule, 161. 
Rumble, 15. 
Ruminate, 130. 
Rummage, 249. 
Run, 35, 98. 
To Run, 146. 
Runt, 70. 
Ruse, 252. 
Rush, 110. 
Rushlight, 4. 
Russet, 7. 
Rustle, 15. 
Ruth, 265. 
Ruthless, 265. 

Sabbath, 91. 
Saber, 174. 
Sable, 7. 
Saccharine, 19. 
Sacerdotal, 235. 
Sacrament, 228, 233. 
Sacred, 228. 
Sacrifice, 228, 232. 
Sacrilege, 228. 
Sacristan, 228. 
Safe, 295. 
Safety, 295. 
Sagacious, 254. 
Sagacity, 254. 
Sage, 254. 
Sagittal, 174: 
Sagittate, 174 
Salamander, 214. 
Salary, 186. 
Sale, 187. 
Salient, 100. 
Salifiable, 203. 
Saline, 20. 
Saliva, 136. 
Sallow, 8. 
Sally, 179. 
Salt, 203. 
Salubrious, 141. 
Salubrity, 141. 
Salve, 151. 
Salvable, 295. 
Salvage, 295. 
Salvation, 295. 
Samiel, 44. 
Sanctify, 228. 
Sanctimonious, 228. 
Sanctimony, 228. 
Sanctity, 22S. 
Sanctuary, 228. 
Sanctum, 228. 
Sanctum Sanctorum, 

228. 
Sandy, 7. 
Sane, 141. 
Sanguine, 133. 
Sanies, 146. 
Sanious, 146. 
Sanitary, 141. 
Sanity, 141. 
Sapid, 18. 
Sapient, 254. 
Sapling, 207. 



Sapor, 18. 

Sapper, 176. 

Sapphire, 205. 

Sarcasm, 226. 

Sarcoma, 147. 

Sarcophagus, 129. 

Sardine, 206. 

Sardius, 206. 

Sardonyx, 206. 

Satan, 214. 

Sate, 73, 128. 

Satiate, 73, 129. 

Satiety, 73, 129. 

Satire, 226. 

Satisfaction, 260. 

Satisfy, 73, 260. 

Saturday, 91. 

Saturn, 216. 

Savage, 265. 

Savant, 247. 

Save, 187, 295. 

Savior, 295. 

Savor, 18. 

Savory, 18. 

Say, 276. 

Scab, 46, 114. 

Scald, 12. 

Scale, 58. 

To Scale, 95. 

Scalene, 55. 

Scalp, 115. 

Scamp, 220. 

Scan, 95. 

Scandal, 227. 

Scant, 73. 

Scanty, 73. 

Scapegallows, 220. 

Scapula, 119. 

Scar, 146. 

Scarce, 73, 270. 

Scatter, 82. 

Scene, 289. 

Scent, 20. 

Scholar, 284. 

Scholastic, 284. 

School, 67, 238, 284. 

Schoolmen, 284. 

Science, 246. 

Scientific, 246 

Sciolism, 246. 

Sciolist, 246. 

Scirrhus, 147. 

Sclerotic, 116. 

Scoff, 269. 

Scold, 226, 267. 

Scorch, 12. 

Score, 68. 

Scorn, 269. 

Scoundrel, 220. 

Scour, 310. 

Scourge, 223. 

Scout, 176. 

Scranch, 130. 

Scrawl, 271. 

Scrawny, 140. 

Scream, 16. 

Screech, 16. 

Screen, 296. 

Scribble, 279. 

Scripture, 279. 

Scrub, 310. 

Scrutinize, 249. 

Scrutiny, 249. 
I Scuffle, 258. 
i Sculptor, 27. 

Sculpture, 27. 



XX 



INDEX. 



Scum, 37, 310. 
Scurrility, 226. 
Scurry, 110. 
Sea, 40. 
Search, 249. 
To Season, 20. 
Sebaceous, 137. 
Secede, 96. 
Secern, 135. 
Secession, 96. 
Seclude, 78. 
Second, 65, 193. 
Secondary, 65. 
Secret, 308. 
Secretary, 170. 
Secrete, 135, 308. 
Secretion, 135. 
Section, 26. 
Sector, 57. 
Secular, 234. 
Secure, 295. 
Security, 295. 
Sedative, 152. 
Sedentary, 49. 
Sediment, 94, 310. 
Seduce, 10S, 257. 
Seduction, 171. 
Sedulous, 49. 
See, 235. 
To See, 125. 
Seed, 158, 208. 
Seek, 248. 
Seemly, 300. 
Seer, 86. 
Seethe, 12. 
Segment, 57. 
Seignior, 162. 
Seize, 306. 
Seldom, 91. 
Select, 255. 
Selenium, 201. 
Self-conceit, 266. 
Sell, 187. 
Semblance, 299. 
Semi-transparent, 5. 
Seminary, 208, 285. 
Seminiferous, 208. 
Semivowels, 281. 
Senate, 87. 
Send, 108. 
Senior. 87. 
Seniority, 87. 
Seniors, 285. 
Sense, 244. 
Sensible, 124. 
Sensual, 124. 
Sensualist, 124. 
Sentence, 244. 
Sentiment, 244. 
Sentinel, 176. 
Sentry, 176. 
Separate, 34. 
September, 63, 90. 
Septennial, 63. 
Septentrional, 193. 
Septuagint, 66. 
Sepulcher, 153. 
Sepulture, 153. 
Sequel, 108. 
Seraph, 214. 
Serene, 172. 
Serf, '259. 
Sergeant, 175. 
Sermon, 275. 
Serpent, 99. 
Serpentine, 53. 



Serve, 130. 
Service, 130, 232. 
Servile, 259. 
Servility, 259. 
Servitude, 259. 
Set, 79, 192. 
Setaceous, 113. 
Setose, 113. 
Setous, 113. 
Settle, 94, 111,188. 
Seven, 63. 
Sever, 34. 
Sexangular, 63. 
Sexennial, 63. 
Shade, 5, 6, 216. 
Shadow, 5. 
Shaft, 114, 174. 
Shag, 114. 
Shagged, 114 
Shaggy, 114. 
Shake, 93. 
Sham, 253. 
Shame, 271. 
Shank, 122. 
Shanty, 304. 
Shape, 60. 
Sharp, 59. 
Shaster, 231. 
Shatter, 24. 
Shave, 26. 
Shear, 26. 
Shed, 36. 
Sheen, 1. 

Sheepishness, 272. 
Shell, 114, 208. 
Shelter, 296. 
Sheriff, 168. 
Shield, 175, 296 
Shift, 92. 
Shin, 122. 
Shine, 1. 
Shire, 164. 
Shiver, 93. 
Shoal, 67. 
Shock, 93. 
Shoot, 104, 207. 
Shooting Stars, 3. 
Shop, 189. 
Short, 53. 
Shortly, 84. 
Shoulder, 122. 
Shout, 16. 
Shove, 105. 
Shower, 39. 
Shrew, 267. 
Shrewd, 254. 
Shriek, 16. 
Shrill, 14. 
Shrink, 71. 
Shroud, 153. . 
Shrub, 207. 
Shrubbery, 207. 
Shudder, 92, 271. 
Shuffle, 105. 
Shun, 294. 
Shut, 78. 
Shy, 271. 
Sialogogues, 152. 
Sibilants, 281. 
Sick, 142. 
Sickly, 142. 
Sickness, 142. 
Sidereal, 88. 
Siege, 179. 
Sigh, 16, 134. 
Sight, 125. 



Silence, 18. 
Silicon, 201. 
Silly, 254. 
Silver, 201. 
Similar, 299. 
Simile, 281, 299. 
Similitude, 299. 
Simmer, 12. 
Simoon, 44. 
Simper, 269. 
Simple, 30, 254. 
Simpleton, 254. 
Simplicity, 309. 
Simulate, 253, 299. 
Sin, 219, 229. 
Sincipital, 115. 
Sinciput, 115. 
Sinew, 112. 
Sing, 289. 
Singe, 12. 
Single, 61, 156. 
Singular, 61. 
Sink, 36, 94. 
Sinuous, 53. 
Sip, 131. 
Sir, 172, 182. 
Sire, 157, 172. 
Siren, 217. 
Sirocco, 44. 
Sister, 158. 
Sit, 49. 
Site, 79. 
Situation, 79. 
Siva, 231. 
Six, 63. 
Size, 68. 
Skeleton, 112. 
Skill, 303. 
Skin, 112. 
Skip, 100. 
Skirmish, 178. 
Skittish, 271. 
Skulk, 308. 
Skull, 115. 
Sky, 194. 
Slabber, 136. 
Slack, 29. 
Slag, 12. 
Slam, 31. 
Slander, 226. 
Slant, 51, 59. 
Slap, 31. 
Slaughter, 140. 
Slave, 259. 
Slaver, 136. 
Slavery, 259.. 
Slay, 140. 
Sleep, 127. 
Sleet, 39. 

Sleight-of-hand, 253. 
Slender, 58. 
Slope, 51. 
Sloth, 110. 
Slough, 40. 
Slow, 110. 
Sluggish, 110. 
Sluice, 41. 
Slumber, 127. 
Smack, 18. 
Small, 70. 
Small -pox, 144. 
Smart, 261. 
Smatter, 247. 
Smatterer, 247. 
Smell, 20. 
Smile, 269. 



Smirch, 310. 
Smirk, 269. 
Smite, 31. 
Smoke, 11. 
Smoulder, 11. 
Smooch, 310. 
Smooth, 54. 
Smother, 134. 
Smuggle, 222. 
Smut, 310. 
Smutch. 310. 
Snag, 118. 
Snap, 14, 24, 130. 
Snappish, 130, 267. 
Snarl, 16. 
Snatch, 306. 
Sneer, 269. 
Sneeze, 134. 
Snicker, 269. 
Sniff, 134. 
Snigger, 269. . 
Snore, 134. 
Snout, 117. 
Snubnose, 117. 
Snuff, 134. 
Snuffle, 134. 
Soak, 37. 
Sob, 16. 
Sober, 132. 
Soda, 202. 
Sodden, 12. 
Sodium, 202. 
Soft, 22. 
Soil, 204. 
To Soil, 310. 
Sojourn, 111. 
Solace, 261. 
Solar, 88, 194. 
Soldier, 173. 
Solicit, 272. 
Solicitude, 262. 
Solid, 57. 
Solo, 290. 
Solstice, 195. 
Soluble, 34. 
Solution, 34. 
Solve, 34. 
Solvent, 34. 
Somber, 5. 
Somewhere, 78. 
Somnambulism, 127. 
Somniferous, 127. 
Somnolent, 127. 
Son, 158. 
Song, 289. 
Songster, 289. 
Sonnet, 288. 
Sonorous, 13. 
Soon, 84. 
Soot, 11. 
Soothe, 262. 
Soothsayer, 86. 
Sop, 131. 

Sophism, 240, 246. 
Sophisticate, 240. 
Sophists, 239. 
Sophistry, 240. 
Sophomore, 285. 
Soporific, 128. 
Sorcerer, 215. 
Sorceress, 215. 
Sorcery, 215. 
Sordes, 146. 
Sordid, 272, 310. 
Sororicide, 140, 158. 
Sorrel, 7. 



INDEX. 



XXI 



Sorrow, 262. 
Sorry, 262. 
Sort, 277. 
Sot, 132. 
Sound, 13, 40. 
Sound (adj), 141. 
Soup, 131. 
Sour, 19. 
South, 192. 
Sovereign, 162. 
Space, 70. 
Span, 61. 
Spangle, 1. 
Spauiel, 211. 
Spank, 31. 
Spare, 140. 
Spark, 12, 154. 
Sparkle, 1. 
Sparse, 83. 
Spat, 31. 
Spatter, 83. 
Speak, 274. 
Speaker, 165. 
Spear, 174. 
Specie, 185. 
Species, 277. 
Specific, 277. 
Speck, 7, 70. 
Speckled, 7. 
Spectacle, 125. 
Spectator, 125. 
Specter. 215. 
Spectral. 215. 
Speculate, 125, 244. 
Speech, 274. 
Speed, 109. 
Speedily, 84. 
Spell, 216. 
Spellbound, 216. 
Spend, 46, 186. 
Spendthrift, 187. 
Spermaceti, 137. 
Sphacelus, 146. 
Sphere, 57. 
Spheric, 58. 
Spheroid, 58. 
Spherule, 58. 
Spice, 20. 
Spicy, 20. 
Spill, 36. 
Spin, 92. 
Spine, 28, 118. 
Spiral, 53. 
Spite, 268. 
Spittle, 136. 
Spleen, 121, 268. 
Splendid, 2. 
Splendor, 2. 
Splenetic. 121. 
Split, 25. 
Spondee, 287. 
Spongy, 121. 
Sponsor, 233. 
Spontaneous, 255. 
Spook, 215. 
Sporadic, 143. 
Spot, 7. 
Spousal, 155. 
Spouse, 155. 
Spout, 35. 
Sprain, 150. 
Spread, 70. 
Sprig, 207. 
Sprightly, 261. 
Spring-tide, 41. 
Springy, 23. 



Sprinkle, 37, 83. 
Sprout, 208. 
Spume, 37. 
Spumescence, 37. 
Spumous, 37. 
Spumy, 37. 
Spur, 28. 
Sputter, 273. 
Spy, 176. 
Squabble, 267. 
Squad, 176. 
Squadron, 176. 
Squalid, 310. 
To Squall, 16. 
A Squall, 43. 
Squamose, 114. 
Squamous, 114. 
Squander, 187. 
Square, 56. 
Squawk, 17. 
Squeak, 17. 
Squeal, 17. 
Squeamish, 149. 
Squeeze, 32. 
Squint, 148. 
Squire, 181. 
Squirm, 29. 
Squirt, 35. 
Stability, 48. 
Stable, 48. 
Stablish, 48. 
Staff, 176. 
Stage, 289. 
Stagger, 93. 
Stain, 9. 
Stale, 20. 
Stalk, 207. 
Stall, 129. 
Stand, 48. 
Standard, 177. 
Stanza, 288. 
Star, 194. 
Stare, 125. 
Starve, 130. 
State, 48, 160, 164. 
To State, 276. 
Station, 48. 
Stationary, 48. 
Statue, 49. 
Statute, 49, 164. 
Stay, 111. 
Steal, 221. 
Steam, 39. 
Stear, 137. 
Stearine, 137. 
Steed, 210. 
Steel, 201. 
Steep, 37, 52. 
Stellar, 194. 
Stellate, 194. 
Stem, 207. 
Stenography, 280. 
Stentorian, 17. 
Step, 97. 
Steppes, 192. 
Stereometry, 76. 
Sternum, 119. 
Stethoscope, 119. 
Stick, 21, 27. 
Sticky, 21. 
Stiff, 24. 
Stifle, 134. 
Stigma, 227. 
Stigmatize, 227. 
Stile, 102. 
Stiletto, 174. 



Still, 35, 85, 111. 
Stimulants, 152. 
Stimulate, 257. 
Stimulus, 28. 
Sting, 28. 
Stingy, 187. 
Stipend, 186. 
Stipendiary, 186. 
Stir, 92. 
Stitch, 261. 
Stoccade, 179. 
Stock, 157, 183, 185. 
Stocks, 224. 
Stoic, 241. 
Stoical, 241. 
Stoics, 240. 
Stolid, 254. 
Stomach, 121. 
Stone, 204. 
Stop, 257. 
Store, 273. 
Storm, 43. 
To Storm, 180, 267. 
Story, 276. 
Stout, 292. 
Strabismus, 188. 
Straight, 52. 
Straightway, 84. 
Strain, 28, 36, 290. 
Strait, 40, 54. 
Strangle, 134. 
Stratagem, ISO, 252. 
Strategy, 180. 
Stray, 102. 
Streak, 7. 
Stream, 40. 
Streamer, 177. 
Strength, 291. 
Stretch, 28, 71. 
Strict, 29. 
Stricture, 29. 
Strife, 258. 
Strike, 31. 
String, 59. 
Stringent, 29. 
Strip, 307. 
Stripe, 7. 
Strive, 258, 302. 
Stroke, 31. 
Stroll, 102. 
Strong, 20, 291. 
Stronghold, 178. 
Strontium, 202. 
Structure, 304. 
Stubborn, 256. 
Stud, 211. 
Student, 285. 
Stuff, 131. 
Stumble, 93. 
Stunted, 70. 
Sty, 147. 
Suavity, 19. 
Subdue, 178. 
Sub'ject, 104, 163. 
Subject', 104, 245. 
Subjoin, 32. 
Subjunctive, 284. 
Sublunary, 197. 
Submerge, 36. 
Submission, 168. 
Submit, 109. 
Suborn, 171. 
Subscribe, 280. 
Subsequent, 84, 108. 
Subside, 94. 
Subsist, 49. 



Subsistence, 128. 
Subsoil, 204. 
Substance, 48, 298. 
Substitute, 49, 303. 
Subtract, 105. 
Subvert, 103. 
Subvocals, 281. 
Succeed, 84, 96. 
Succession, 96. 
Successor, 96. 
Succor, 9S, 302. 
Suck, 131. 
Suction, 43, 131. 
Sudorific, 136. 
Sue, 168. 
Suet, 137. 
Suffer, 107. 
Sufficient, 73. 
Suffocate, 134. 
Suffragan, 235. 
Suffuse, 36. 
Suicide, 140. 
Suit, 154, 168. 
To Suit, 299. 
Suite, 108. 
Suitor, 154. 
Sulky, 266. 
Sullen, 266. 
Sully, 310. 
Sulphur, 200. 
Sultan, 162. 
Sultry, 10. 
Sum, 185. 
Summary, 286. 
Summit, 45. 
Sumptuary, 187. 
Sumptuous, 1S7. 
Sun, 184. 
Sunday, 90. 
Sunder, 34. 
Sup, 129, 137. 
Superabundant, 73. 
Superciliary, 116. 
Supercilious, 117. 
Superfluous, 73. 
Supernumerary, 67. 
Supervise, 125. 
Supervision, 125. 
Supine, 51. 
Supper, 129, 131. 
Supplant, 93. 
Supple, 23, 256. 
Supplicate, 272. 
Suppose, 79. 
Suppress, 32. 
Suppurate, 146. 
Sure, 251. 
Surf, 38. 
Surface, 54. 
Surfeit, 129. 
Surge, 38, 95. 
Surmount, 192. 
Surprise, 305. 
Surrebutter, 169. 
Surrejoinder, 169. 
Surrender, 169, 180. 
Survey, 125. 
Suspect, 125. 
Suspend, 50. 
Sustain, 306. 
Sustenance, 128. 
Suttee, 231. 
Swaddle, 33. 
Swagger, 266. 
Swallow, 131. 
Swarm, 07. 



XX11 



INDEX. 



Swarthy, 7. 
Swath, 33. 
Swathe, 33. 
Sway, 161. 
Swear, 169. 
Sweat, 136. 
Sweep, 310. 
Sweet, 19. 
Sweetheart, 154. 
Swell, 71. 
Swelter, 10. 
Swerve, 102. 
Swift, 110. 
Swig, 131. 
Swill, 131. 
Swim, 36, 101. 
Swindle, 253. 
Swing, 50. 
Swoon, 149. 
Sword, 174. 
Sycophant, 225. 
Syllable, 274. 
Syllogism, 245. 
Sylph, 214. 
Sylphid, 214. 
Sympathy, 265. 
Symptom, 142. 
Synchronism, 83. 
Synchronize, 83. 
Syncope, 149. 
Synod, 230. 
Synonym, 277. 
Synopsis, 126. 
Syntax, 283. 
System, 238. 

Tact, 125. 
Tactics, 180. 
Tactual, 127. 
Taint, 20. 
Take, 304. 
Tale, 67, 276. 
Talent, 254. 
Talisman, 216. 
Talk, 274. 
Tallow, 137. 
Tally, 68. 
Talons, 114. 
Tan, 7. 

Tangible, 127. 
Tank, 41. 
Tantivy, 110. 
Tap, 31. 
Taper, 4. 
To Taper, 58. 
Tardy, 110. 
Tarnish, 3. 
Tarsal, 122. 
Tarsus, 122. 
Tart, 19. 
Task, 301. 
Tatter, 25. 
Tavern, 103. 
Tawdry, 309. 
Tawny, 7. 
Teach, 247. 
Tear, 25, 136. 
Tease, 263. 
Teat, 119. 
Techy, 267. 
Tedious, 263. 
Tedium, 263. 
Telegram, 280. 
Telegraph, 280. 
Telescope, 126. 
Tell, 67 276. 



Tellurium, 201. 
Temerity, 271. 
Temperance, 132. 
Temperate, 10, 132. 
Temperature, 10. 
Tempest, 43. 
Templars, 181. 
Temple, 304. 
Temples, 115. 
Temporal, 83, 115. 
Temporary, 83. 
Temporize, 83. 
Tempt, 257. 
Tenable, 305. 
Tenacious, 23, 305. 
Tenacity, 23. 
Tenant, 305. 
Tender, 24, 264. 
Tendon, 112. 
Tenement, 183, 305. 
Tenet, 180, 232, 305. 
Tenor, 305. 
Tense, 28. 
Tension, 28. 
Ten, 64. 
Tenuity, 21. 
Tepid, 10. 
Termagant, 267. 
Terminate, 59, 87. 
Terminus, 59, 87. 
Terpsichore, 217. 
Terrace, 205. 
Terreen, 205. 
Terrier, 211. 
Terrify, 270. 
Terror, 270. 
Terse, 310. 
Tertian, 66, 144. 
Tertiary, 66. 
Test, 249. 
Testacea, 114. 
Testaceous, 114. 
Testament, 190, 251. 
Testify, 251. 
Testimonial, 251. 
Testimony, 251. 
Testy, 267. 
Tetanus, 148. 
Tetrahedron, 57, 63. 
Tetrameter, 63, 287. 
Tetrarch, 63, 160. 
Tetrarchate, 63, 160. 
Tetrarchy, 63, 160. 
Thalia, 217. 
Thank, 265. 
Thaw, 12. 
Theater, 289. 
Theft, 221. 
Theism, 231. 
Theist, 213. 
Thence, 78. 
Theocracy, 161. 
Theology, 276. 
Theorem, 126. 
Theory, 126. 
There, 78. 
Thermal, 10. 
Thermometer, 10, 76. 
Thick, 58. 
Thief, 221. 
Thieve, 221. 
Thigh, 122. 
Thin, 21, 58, 140. 
Thing, 297. 
Think, 243. 
Third, 65. 



Thirst, 128, 272. 
Thither, 78. 
Thorax, 119. 
Thorium, 202. 
Thorn, 28. 
Thought, 243. 
Thousand, 65. 
Thread, 59. 
Three, 62. 
Thrift, 186. 
Thrifty, 209. 
Thrill, 127. 
Throttle, 118. 
Throw, 104. 
Thrust, 105. 
Thumb, 123. 
Thump, 31. 
Thunder, 15. 
Thursday, 91. 
Tibia, 122. 
Tickle, 127. 
Tidal, 41. 
Tide, 40. 
Tie, 33. 
Tight, 28. 
Tilt, 182. 
Time, 83. 
Timid, 270. 
Timorous, 270. 
Tin, 201. 
Tincture, 6, 18. 
Tinder, 11. 
Tinge, 6. 
Tingle, 127. 
Tink, 14. 
Tinker, 14. 
Tinkle, 14. 
Tint, 6. 
Tiny, 70. 
Tipple, 132. 
Tipsy, 132. 
Tit, 73. 

Tit-for-tat, 223. 
Titanium, 201. 
Tithe, 66. 
Titillate, 127. 
Titillation, 127. 
Titmouse, 73. 
Titter, 269. 
Tittle, 73. 
Toast, 12. 
Toe, 122. 
Toil, 301. 
Tomb, 153. 
Tome, 286, 289. 
To-morrow, 85. 
Tongue, 118, 274. 
Tonic, 148, 151. 
Tonics, 151. 
Tool, 302. 
Toot, 15. 
Tooth, 117. 
Top, 45, 59, 92. 
Topic, Topical, 79. 
Torch, 4. 
Torment, 29, 261. 
Tornado, 43. 
Torpid, 148. 
Torpor, 148. 
Torrent, 40. 
Torrid, 10. 
Torsion, 29. 
Tortile, 29. 
Tortuous, 29. 
Torture, 29, 261. 
Toss, 104. 



Total, 72. 
Totter, 93. 
Touchwood, 11. 
Touchy, 267. 
Tough, 24. 
Tour, 101. 
Tourist, 101. 
Tournament, 182. 
Tourney, 182. 
To Tower, 47. 
Township, 164. 
Trachea, 120. 
Trachitis, 145. 
Tract, 191, 286. 
Tractable, 256. 
Trade, 189. 
Tradesman, 189. 
Tradewind, 44. 
Traduce, 227. 
Traffic, 189. 
Tragedy, 288. 
Tragic, 288. 
Tragical, 288. 
Train -Oil, 137. 
Traitor, 164. 
Tramp, 98. 
Trance, 260. 
Tranquil, 111. 
Tranquilize, 111. 
Transcribe, 280. 
Transcript, 280. 
Transgress, 229. 
Transient, 87, 96. 
Transit, 95. 
Transition, 95. 
Transitory, 87, 06. 
Translucent, 2, 5. 
Transmigrate, 97. 
Transmute, 301. 
Transparent, 15. 
Transport, 260. 
To Transport, 106. 
Transpose, 80. 
Transverse, 59. 
Trapezium, 55. 
Trapezoid, 55. 
Travel, 101. 
Travesty, 270. 
Tread, 98. 
Treason, 164, 222. 
Treasure, 185. 
Treasurer, 185. 
Treasury, 185. 
Treatise, 286. 
Treble, 30, 62. 
Tree, 207. 
Trefoil, 63. 
Tremble, 93. 
Tremendous, 270. 
Tremor, 93. 
Tremulous, 93. 
Trench, 27. 
Trepidation, 271. 
Trespass, 229. 
Tresses, 114. 
Trey, 63. 
Trial, 249. 
Triangle, 55, 62. 
Tribe, 159. 
Tribunal, 168. 
Trickle, 35. 
Trident, 62. 
Triennial, 89. 
Trifle, 184. 
Trigonometry, 55, 
Trimeter, 63, 287. 



INDEX. 



XX111 



Trine, 148. 
Trinity, 62. 
Trinomial, G2. 
Trio, 62, 290. 
A Trip, 101. 
To Trip, 93. 
Triphthong, 62. 
Triple, 30, 62. 
Triplet, 62, 288. 
Triplicate, 30, 62. 
Tripod, 62, 122. 
Trisyllable, 274. 
Triturate, 25. 
Triumph, ITS, 261. 
Triumphant, 178, 261. 
Troches, 151, 287. 
Troop, 173, 176. 
Trope, 281. 
Tropical, 281. 
Tropic, 193. 
Trot, 98. 

Troubadours, 288. 
Trouble, 263. 
Trounce, 224. 
Truce, 173. 
Trundle, 92. 
Trunk, 118, 207. 
Trust, 188. 
Try, 249, 302. 
Tube, 147. 
Tuesday, 91. 
Tumble, 93. 
Tumid, 71. 
Tumor, 71, 147. 
Tune, 290. 
Tungsten, 201. 
Turbid, 310. 
Turgid, 71. 
Turgidity, 7. 
Turn, 103. 
Turnpike, 102. 
Turnstile, 102. 
Turpitude, 220. 
Tusk, 118. 
Tussle, 258. 
Tutelage, 296. 
Tutelar, 296. 
Tutelary, 296. 
Tutor, 285, 296. 
Twain, 61. 
Twang, 15, 18. 
Twelve, 64. 
Twenty, 64. 
Twig, 207. 
Twilight, 4. 
Twin, 61. 
Twine, 29. 
Twinge, 261. 
Twinkle, 1. 
Twist, 29. 
Twit, 226. 
Twitter, 17. 
Two, 61. 

Tympanum, 117. 
Typhoid, 144. 
Typhoon, 43. 
Typhus, 144. 
Tyrannic, 161. 
Tyrannical, 161. 
Tyrannize, 161. 
Tyranny, 161. 
Tyrant, 161. 

Ubiquity, 79. 
Ugly, 309. 
Ulcer, 146. 



Ulcerate, 146. 
Ulnar, 122. 
Ultimate, 66. 
Ultimatum, 66. 
Ultimo, 66, 85. 
Ultramarine, 8. 
Umbrage, 5. 
Umbrageous, 5. 
Umbrella, 5. 
Umpire, 168. 
Uncle, 158. 
Unction, 138, 233. 
Unctuous, 137. 
Unctuosity, 138. 
Understand, 242. 
Undulate, 37. 
Undulatory, 37. 
Unguent, 137, 151. 
Uniform, 60. 
Union, 61. 
Unit, 61. 
Unite, 61. 
University, 285. 
Unwell, 142. 
Unwillingness, 256. 
Upbraid, 226. 
Upright, 45, 47, 219. 
Uproar, 15. 
Upward, 45. 
Uranography, 194. 
Urania, 194, 217. 
Uranus, 194. 
Urge, 105. 
Urn, 153. 
Usher, 285. 
Utensil, 302. 
Utter, 273. 
Uvula, 118. 

Vacancy, 77. 
Vacant, 77. 
Vacate, 77. 
Vacation, 77. 
Vaccinate, 144. 
Vaccine, 144. 
Vacillate, 93. 
Vacuity, 77. 
Vacuum, 42. 
Vagabond, 102. 
Vagrancy, 102. 
Vagrant, 102. 
Vain, 266. 

Valetudinarian, 142. 
Valetudinary, 142 
Valiant, 291. 
Valid, 291. 
Valley, 192. 
Valor, 271, 291. 
Value, 184, 291. 
Valve, 43. 
Van, 177. 
Vanadium, 202. 
Vane, 114. 
Vanish, 126. 
Vanity, 266. 
Vanquish, 178. 
Vapid, 20. 
Vapor, 39. 
Vaporize, 39. 
Variety, 277. 
Varicella, 145. 
Variola, 144. 
Varioloid, 145. 
Vast, 68. 
Vaticinate, 86. 
Vaticination, 86. 



Vaunt, 266. 
Vegetate, 206. 
Vegetation, 206. 
Vehement, 106. 
Vehicle, 106. 
Veil, 307. 
Vein, 7, 120. 
Velocity, 109. 
Venal, 187. 
Vend, 187. 
Vendue, 187. 
Venerable, 224. 
Venerate, 224. 
Vengeance, 268. 
Venom, 143, 268. 
Venous, 120. 
Vent,*44. 
Ventiduct, 44. 
Ventilate, 44. 
Ventral, 120. 
Ventricle, 120. 
Venture, 293. 
Venus, 154, 216. 
Veracious, 252. 
Veracity, 252. 
Verb, 283. 
Verbal, 274. 
Verbiage, 274. 
Verbose, 274. 
Verboseness, 274. 
Verbosity, 274. 
Verdant, 8. 
Verdict, 167. 
Verdure, 8. 
Verify, 252. 
Verisimilitude, 252. 
Veritable, 252. 
Verity, 252. 
Vermilion, S. 
Verse, 103, 287. 
Versify, 287. 
Version, 103. 
Vertebra, 119. 
Vertebrate, 119, 209. 
Vertex, 55, 115. 
Vertical, 47, 115. 
Vertigo, 149. 
Vesper, 89. 
Vespers, 89, 232. 
Vestment, 309. 
Vesture, 309. 
Veteran, 176. 
Veto, 166. 
Vex, 263. 
Viaduct, 103, 107. 
Viands, 128. 
Vibrate, 92. 
Vibration, 92. 
Vicar, 235. 
Viceroy, 162. 
Vicinage, 82. 
Vicinity, 82. 
Victor, 178. 
Victory, 178. 
Victuals, 128. 
Vidette, 176. 
Vie, 269. 
View, 125. 
Vigil, 296. 
Vigilance, 296. 
Vigilant, 296. 
Vigor, 291. 
Vile, 219. 
Vilify, 220, 227. 
Villain, 220. 
Villous, 112. 



Vindicate, 169. 
Vindictive, 268. 
Vine, 207. 
Vinegar, 19. 
Violet, 8. 
Virago, 212. 
Virile, 212. 
Virility, 212. 
Virtue, 219. 
Virus, 143. 
Visage, 116. 
Viscera, 121. 
Viscerate, 121. 
Viscid, 21. 
Viscidity, 21. 
Viscosity, 22. 
Viscous, 21. 
Viscount, 171. 
Viscountess, 172. 
Vishnu, 231. 
Visible, 125. 
Vision, 125. 
Visit, 125. 
Visor, 175. 
Vital, 138. 
Vitals, 138. 
Vitalize, 138. 
Vituperate, 227. 
Vivacious, 138, 261. 
Vivacitv, 138, 261. 
Vivid, 138. 
Vivify, 138. 
Viviparous, 138. 
Vixen, 267. 
Vocal, 15. 
Vocals, 281. 
Vocative, 278. 
Vociferate, 16. 
Voice, 15. 
Void, 77. 
Volatile, 100. 
Volition, 255. 
Volley, 101. 
Voltigeur, 173. 
Volume, 286. 
Voluntary, 255. 
Volunteer, 176. 
Voracious, 129. 
Voracity, 129. 
Vortex, 38. 
Vowel, 281. 
Voyage, 101. 
Vulcan, 216. 
Vulgar, 171. 
Vulnerable, 150. 

Wag, 93. 
Wages, 186. 
Wail, 262. 
Walk, 98. 
Waltz, 100. 
Wan, 9. 
Wander, 102. 
Wane, 3, 74. 
Want, 184. 
War, 173. 
Warble, 290. 
Ward, 296. 
Wares, 189. 
Warfare, 101, 173. 
Warm, 10. 
Warmth, 10. 
Wart, 147. 
Wary, 296. 
Wash, 37, 311. 
Waspish, 267. 



INDEX. 



Waste, 187. 
Wastebook, 190. 
Watch, 296. 
Waterspout, 43. 
Waul, 16. 
Wave, 37. 
Wavelet, 37. 
Waver, 93. 
Waving, 53. 
Wax, 74. 
Way, 102. 
Wayfarer, 101. 
Weak, 292. 
Wealth, 183. 
Weapon, 174. 
Wear, 25. 
Weary, 263. 
Weasand, 120. 
Wed, 155. 
Wedding, 155. 
Wedlock, 155. 
Wednesday, 91. 
Wee, 70. 
Week, 90. 
Weep, 136, 262. 
Weigh, 46. 
Weight, 45. 
Weld, 22. 
Welfare, 101. 
Welkin, 194. 
Well, 41. 
Wen, 147. 
West. 192. 
Wet, 38. 



Wheedle, 256 
Wheeze, 134. 
Whelp, 212. 
Whence, 78. 
Where, 78. 
Whine, 16. 
Whinny, 16. 
Whip, 223. 
Whir, 14. 
Whirl, 92. 
Whirlpool, 38, 92. 
Whirlwind, 43. 
Whisker, 114. 
Whistle, 17. 
Whit, 73. 
White, 6. 
Whither, 78. • 
Whitlow, 147. 
Whittle, 26. 
Whiz, 14. 
Whole, 71, 141. 
Wholesale, 189. 
Wholesome, 141. 
Whoop, 16. 

Whooping-cough, 145. 
Wicked, 219, 229. 
Wide, 54. 
Widow, 156. 
Widower, 156. 
Wife, 155. 
Will, 190, 255. 
Will-a-wisp, 4. 
Will-o'-the-wisp, 4. 
Will -with -a- wisp, 4. 



Wilt, 20S. 
To Wind, 30, 53. 
Winding-sheet, 153. 
Windpipe, 120. 
Wing, 177. 
Wipe, 210. 
Wire, 59. 
Wisdom, 246. 
Wise, 246. 
Wish, 272. 
Witch, 215. 
Witchcraft, 215. 
Witenagemote, 166. 
Wither, 208. 
Withstand, 258. 
Witness, 251. 
Wizzard, 215. 
Woman, 212. 
Woo, 154. 
Wood, 207. 
Wool, 112. 
Word, 274. 
To Work, 286, 301. 
A Work, 286. 
Worship, 225, 232. 
Worth, 184. 
Worthy, 184. 
Wound, 150. 
Wraith, 215. 
Wrangle, 266. 
Wrangler, 266. 
Wrap, 30. 
Wrath, 266. 
Wreathe, 29. 



Wrench, 2v. 
Wrest, 29. 
Wrestle, 288. 
Wretch, 262. 
Wretchedness, 262. 
Wring, 29. 
Wrist, 212. 
Write, 279. 
Writhe, 29. 
Wrong, 29, 219. 

Yawn, 77. 
Yell, 16. 
Yellow, 8. 
Yelp, 16. 
Yeoman, 171. 
Yet, 85. 
Yield, 169. 
Yoke, 62. 
Yore, 85. 
Young, 87. 
Youth, 87, 213. 

Zenith, 48, 193. 
Zest, 128. 
Zinc, 201. 
Zirconium, 202. 
Zodiac, 197. 
Zodiacal Light, 4. 
Zone, 193. 
Zoology, 139, 275. 
Zoophyte, 139, 206, 
Zouaves, 174 



THE TOPICAL LEXICON. 



OF LIGHT. 



1. Terms significant of the various 
modifications of Light. 

LIGHT is the agent which renders 
objects visible. 

Light, in a figurative sense, is the 
information which enables us to ap- 
prehend the true nature and rela- 
tions of things. 

Note 1. — There are two theories in regard to 
the nature of light. The one theory supposes 
light to be a material fluid, emanating in minute 
particles from luminous bodies. According to 
the other theory, the sensation of light is pro- 
duced by the undulations of a subtle ether act- 
ing on the organs of sight, in a manner analo- 
gous to that in which the undulations of the air, 
acting on the organs of hearing, produce the 
sensation of sound. The latter of these theories 
is generally received by scientific men of the 
present day. 

Note 2. — Light is propagated through space 
in right lines, at the rate of 192,000 miles pep 
6econd. 

To Shine is either to emit inherent 
light, as the sun; or to reflect bor- 
rowed light, as the moon. 

A Sheen is a reflected shining. 

And the sheen of their spears was like stars on 
the sea, 

When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Gali- 
lee. — Byron. 

Beight, either emitting or reflect- 
ing light freely. The sun is bright, 
as is likewise the piece of polished 
steel that reflects his brightness. 

Dm, either emitting or reflecting a 
faint light. 

The stars shall die, the sun grow dim with 
age. — Addison. 

How is the gold become dim! — Lam. iv. 

Dell, deficient either in native or 
borrowed brightness. A lamp that 
needs trimming gives a dull light, A 
key that is not used becomes dull. 

To Flickee is to shine with a fee- 



ble and unsteady light, like the flame 
of an expiring lamp. 

To Twinkle is to shine with a 
small intermitting light 

Note. — Twinkle is a modification of winkle, 
which is a diminutive and frequentative of wink. 
When, therefore, we say that the stars twinkle, 
we compare them to little eyes that open and 
shut with great rapidity. 

To Sparkle is to shine with a re- 
semblance of sparks. A collection 
of small diamonds sparkles. Span- 
gles of frost sparkle in the sunlight. 

A Spangle is, 1. A small plate or 
boss of shining metal. 2. Any little 
thing that is very bright and spark- 
ling. 

To Spangle, or to Bespangle, is to 
adorn with spangles. 

The spacious firmament on high, 
With all the blue, ethereal sky, 
And spangled heavens, a shining frame, 
Their great Original proclaim. — Addison. 

To Gldbiee is to shine with a faint 
and tremulous light. Dying embers 
glimmer on the hearth. The early 
dawn glimmers in the east. 

To Gleam is to shoot forth small 
streams of light 

The meek-eyed morn appears, mother of dews, 
At first faint gleaming in the dappled east. — 

Thomson. 

Figuratively, we speak of a gUam 
of hope. 

To Glitter is to shine with an un- 
steady and irregular emission or re- 
flection of light. The stars glitter, 
The diamond on a lady's ring glitters. 

To Glister is to shine with a keen 
and sparkling light 

Pleasant the sun, 
When first on this delightful land he spreads 
His orient beams on herb, tree, fruit, and flower, 
Glistering with dew. — Milton. 



LIGHT. 



Gloss is the reflection of light 
from a smooth surface; as, the gloss 
of silk. 

To Glisten is to shine with a re- 
flection of light from a glossy surface. 
A well-polished boot glistens. A 
tear-drop glistens in the eye. 

To Glow is to shine with heat. A 
bar of iron glows when it is first 
withdrawn from the furnace of a 
smith's forge. 

To Glow also signifies to shine 
without heat. Certain insects glow 
in the dark. 

To Flare is to shine with a wa- 
vering light, as the flame of a lamp 
when it is agitated by the wind. 

To Flash is to send forth a sudden 
and momentary light. 

To Coruscate is to send forth 
flashes of light. Lightning corus- 
cates. 

To Blaze is to shine with a broad 
and flame-like light. 

To Dazzle is to overpower the eye 
with light. We are dazzled by the 
brightness of the sun. 

To Glare is to shine with a strong 
and offensive light. 

Here in a grotto, sheltered close from air, 
And screened in shades from day's detested glare, 
She sighs forever. — Pope. 

To Glare is also to look with fierce, 
piercing eyes. 

Note. — The glaring of the eyes depends upon 
a vivid reflection of light. 

To Beam is to send forth a strong 
and steady light; as, the beaming 
sun. 

A Glimpse is, 1. A weak, faint light; 
as, scarce a glimpse of light. — Milton. 

2. A flash of light. 

Swift as the lightning's 



they ran. — 

Milton. 

3. A transient luster. 

One glimpse of glory to thy issue give. — Bryden. 

4. A short, transitory view. 
Briller, to sparkle (Fr.) Hence, 
Brilliant, sparkling ; as a brilliant 

gem. 

Lux, light; and Luceo, to shine 
(L.) Hence, 

Lucid, bright; as, the lucid orbs 
of heaven. Fig, 1. Clear and easily 



understood ; as a lucid arrangement. 
2. Illuminated by the light of reason. 
Lunatics sometimes enjoy lucid in- 
tervals. 

Elucidate, lit, to place in a clear 
light. Hence, to render intelligible ; 
as, to elucidate an obscure passage. 

Translucent, transmitting light, but 
not transparent. A cup of China- 
ware, or a vase of alabaster is trans- 
lucent, (trans, through.) 

Lucifer, light-bearing ; as, lucifer 
matches. (L. fero, to bear. ) 

Lucifer, the Morning Star; so 
called because this star precedes 
the sun, and bears, or brings in, the 
light of day. 

Lucifer, Satan. 

Note. — In Isaiah xiv, 11, the king of Babylon 
is thus addressed : " How art thou fallen from 
Heaven, Lucifer, Son of the morning !" Ter- 
tullian and Gregory the Great understood this 
of the fall of Satan, and from this circumstance 
the name Lucifer has since been applied to Sa- 
tan. — Robiiisori's Calmet. 

Lumen, light (L.) Hence, 

Luminous, emitting light; as a 
luminous body. 

Luminary, a body that emits light. 

Illuminate, to enlighten, (or to 
cast light upon.) (il for in, upon.) 

Illume and Illumine, poetic forms 
of illuminate. 

Relume, or Relumine, to light or 
kindle again ; as to relume a dying 
lamp, (re, again.) 

Note. — Belume and Belumine are also poetical 
terms. 

Splendeo, to shine with a strong 
and vivid light. (L.) Hence, 

Splendid, very bright, either liter- 
ally or figuratively; as a splendid 
luminary; a splendid equipage; a 
splendid achievement. 

Splendor, great brightness, both 
lit. and fig.; as, the splendor of the 
sun; the splendor of noble deeds. 

Resplendent, shining with a bril- 
liant reflection of light, (re, back.) 

Resplendence or Resplendency, a 
brilliant reflection of light. 

Fulgeo, to shine with great bright- 
ness. (L.) Hence, 

Refulgent, reflecting light v*ith 
great brilliancy, (re, back.) 



LIGHT. 



Effulgent, sending forth a flood of 
light; as the effulgent orb of day. 
(ef for ex, forth.) 

Incandesco, to become white. (L.) 
Hence, 

Incandescent, glowing with a white 
heat. When a bar of iron is heated 
it first becomes red, and, as the heat 
increases, it becomes incandescent 

Luster, brightness; as, the luster 
of the sun ; the luster of silk ; the 
luster of a great name. 

Lustrous, 1. Bright, Good sparks 
and lustrous. — Shakspeare. 2. Glos- 
sy; as, lustrous locks. 

Illustrate, lit, to add luster or 
brightness. Hence, to make clear or 
intelligible by means of comments, 
examples, or pictures. (II for in, 
upon.) 

Illustrious, brightened with the 
splendor of high rank, or of great 
and noble achievements ; as, an illus- 
trious prince. 

Radius, the spoke of a wheel. (L.) 
Hence, 

Bag, (contraction of radius,) a 
single line of light ; because rays 
diverge from a luminous point like 
spokes from the hub of a wheel. 

Radiate, to send forth rays. 

Radiation, the act of sending forth 
rays. 

Radiant, sending forth copious 
rays ; as, the radiant sun. 

Radiance, or Radiancg, vivid 
brightness, caused by radiation from 
a copious source of light. 

Irradiate, to overspread an object 
or scene with rays of light, [ir for 
in, upon.) 

<Bft2 [phos], light. (Gr.) Hence, 

Phosphor, the Morning Star. (Gr. 
<P'c$to \j)hero~\, to bear.) 

Phosphorus, a chemical element, 
so called from the readiness with 
which it is rendered luminous by 
friction. 

Phosphorescent, shining with in- 
herent light, without sensible heat. 
Decayed wood is sometimes phospho- 
rescent. 

Photographg, the art of forming 
pictures by means of light. (Gr., 



yg&qu [grapho'], to draw, or de- 
lineate.) 

Photometer, an instrument for 
measuring the intensity of light. (Gr., 
/urr^iee \metreo~], to measure.) 

To Wane, is to decrease in bright- 
ness. The moon wanes nightly after 
the full. 

To Tarnish, is to diminish the lus- 
ter, as that of a piece of burnished 
silver. 

Note. — Metals tarnisli by oxydation. See Art. 
Cliemistry. 

A Beam is a body of parallel rays. 

A Pencil is a body of rays that 
either converge or diverge. 

A Focus is the common point to 
which rays converge, or from which 
they diverge. 

A Ratnbow is an arch of variously 
colored light, formed by the action 
of falling drops of rain upon the 
sun's rays. 

A Halo is a luminous circle which 
sometimes surrounds the sun or the 
moon. 

Note. — The halo is supposed to be caused by 
the action of small crystals of frozen vapor upon 
the rays of the sun or moon. 

A Corona is a small luminous cir- 
cle surrounding the sun or the moon. 

Note. — The corona is caused by the action of 
small particles of watery vapor upon the light 
of the sun or moon. (L., corona, a crown.) 

A Glory is a halo surrounding the 
head of the Savior in pictures. 

A Parhelion, or Mock-sun, is a lu- 
minous appearance resembling the 
sun, which is sometimes seen on the 
circumference of a solar halo. 

Note. — Two parlielia are usually visible at 
the same time, horizontally opposite to each 
other. (Gr. ;r»p* [para], near ; and k^^g [helios], 
the sun. 

Lightning consists in the evolu- 
tion of light by the rapid passage 
of a body of the electric fluid through 
the air. 

A Meteor is a luminous body 
either floating in, or flying rapidly 
through the air, or above it. (Gr 
/ulvtuo^o? \_meteoros~], elevated. 

Shooting Stars, Bolides, or Fire^ 
balls, are luminous bodies which 



LIGHT. 



suddenly appear in the sky, usually 
at a great night above the earth, and 
shoot through the heavens with im- 
mense velocity. (BoV-i-des, pi. of 
jSoh't [bolts'], a dart.) 

Note.— Shooting Stars sometimes consist of 
small bodies of solid matter moving through 
space, and approaching so near the earth as to 
become visible. That some shooting stars are 
solid, is known from the fact, that they some- 
times burst in the atmosphere with a loud ex- 
plosion, when either a portion or the whole of 
the meteor falls to the earth in the form of a 
shower of stones, called meteoric stones. 

At other times, a shootiny star or fireball con- 
sists of a body of light, vapory matter precipi- 
tated from the regions of space into the atmo- 
sphere, where it is ignited by friction, and is 
consumed or dissipated before it can reach the 
ground. The grandest display of meteors of this 
kind on record, was witnessed in North America, 
on the morning of the 13th of November, 1833. 
The appearance presented was that of an unin- 
terrupted shower of fire, which continued for 
several hours. These meteors are supposed to 
have had their origin in a small comet or planet- 
oid, which happened at that time to come within 
a few thousand miles of the earth. 

A third class of fireballs have their origin in 
the atmosphere, and are either electrical, or 
consist of collections of phosphorescent matter. 

The WlLL-0'-THE-WlSP, WlLL-WITH- 

a-Wisp, or Will-a-Wisp, is a lumin- 
ous vapor seen at night in marshes 
and graveyards. 

Note.— This meteor consists of phosphores- 
cent matter evolved from decaying animal and 
vegetable substances. (Wisp, a small bundle of 
lighted straw, and Will, the name of the fellow 
that carries it. 

Jack-with-a-Lantern, is the brother 
of Will-d -the- Wisp. 

Note. — Jack and Will are both naughty boys 
who delight in frightening the ignorant, and in 
leading bewildered nightfarers a long chase over 
bogs and ditches. 

Will-a-Wisp misleads nightfaring clowns 
O'er hills and sinking bogs. — Gay. 

Ignis Fatuus (plural, ignes fatui,) 
is a Latin designation of the meteor 
called the Will-d -the-Wisp. [Ignis, 
fire ; and fatuus, unreal. ) 

Twilight is the faint light which 
is reflected upon the earth before sun- 
rise and after sunset. (Twi., doubt- 
ful.) 

Dawn is the morning twilight. Fig. , 
the beginning; as, the dawn of reason 
in the mind of a child. 

An Aurora or Polar Light, is a 
luminous appearance of the sky at 
night, commonly seen in the direction 
of the pole that is nearest to the ob- 



server, and resembling the illumina- 
tion of the east which precedes the 
rising of the sun. (L., aurora, the 
dawn ) 

Auroral, pertaining to the polar 
lights. 

Aurora Borealis, the north polar 
lights. (L., borealis, northern.) 

Aurora Australis, the south polar 
lights. (L., australis, southern.) 

Northern Lights, the common Eng- 
lish name of the northern aurora. 

Note. — Auroral light is supposed to be caused 
by the action of electricity. 

The Zodiacal Light is a faint, neb- 
ulous (cloudy) aurora which accom- 
panies the sun. It has a flat lenti- 
cular (bean-shaped) form, with the 
sun in the middle, and is visible 
shortly before sunrise and soon after 
sunset, extending obliquely upward. 

Note. — Sir John Herschell conjectures that 
this light consists of the same kind of matter 
that constitutes the tail of comets. (Called zodia- 
cal, because situated in the zodiac. See Art. 
Astronomy.) 

2. Artificial Luminaries. 

A Candle is a cylinder of tallow or 
wax, with a portion of cotton thread, 
called the wick, running lengthwise 
through the middle. 

A Lamp is a small vessel in which 
oil or some other liquid is burned 
for the production of light. 

A Taper is a small wax candle. 

A Rushlight is a very small and 
feeble light, produced by burning a 
rush which has been dipped in tal- 
low. 

Note. — The rushlight is chiefly used in sick 
chambers. 

A Flambeau is a luminary having 
usually several branches, which con- 
sist of very large wicks covered with 
wax or tallow. 

Note. — Flambeaus are used in the streets at 
night, at illuminations, and in processions. 
(Fr., flamme, a flame ; and beau, beautiful.) 

A Torch is a large blazing light 
borne in the hand. 

A Candlestick is a utensil for hold- 
ing a candle. 

A Chandelier is a frame with 
branches for lights. 



DARKNESS. 



3. Relations of Bodies to Light. 

Transparent bodies permit light 
to pass so freely, that objects beyond 
may be plainly seen. (L., trans, 
through; and pareo, to appear.) 

Opake bodies are such as do not 
permit light to pass. A pane of win- 
dow glass is transparent, but a board 
is opake. 

Opacity (from opake) signifies a 
want of transparency. Blindness is 
sometimes caused by an opacity of 
the lens of the eye. 

Opake also signifies not self-lumin- 
ous. The sun is self-luminous, but 
the moon is an opake body. (L., 
opacus, shady.) 

Clear. When bodies which are 
expected to be transparent are free 
from foreign matters, discolorations, 
and whatever else may tend to im- 
pair their transparency, they are said 
to be clear, as the air when free from 
mist, smoke, or dust; and water, when 
free from impurities. 

Pellucid, perfectly transparent. 
(Pel for per, through ; and luceo, to 
shine.) 

Limpid, transparent. (Spoken only 
of liquids; as, a limpid stream.) 

Semi-transparent, imperfectly 
transparent. (Semi, half.) 

Translucent, permitting light to 
pass, but not so freely that objects 
beyond can be seen. (L., trans, 
through ; and luceo, to shine. ) 

Diaphanous, transparent. (Gr., Jm 
\dia~\, through ; and <$>*im \_phaino~], 
to shine.) 

Crystal, resembling in transpar- 
ency the mineral bodies called crys- 
tals ; as a crystal fountain. 

4. Of Darkness. 

DARKNESS is the absence of 
light. In & figurative sense darkness 
is the absence of intellectual or 
spiritual light. 

Dusk is a partial darkness. The 
dusk of the evening is the evening 
twilight. 

Gloom is darkness, either partial 
or total ; as, the gloom of a dense 
forest ; the gloom of midnight. 



Gloom, in a fig. sense, as denoting 
a state of the mind, is an absence of 
cheerfulness. 

Murk is darkness. 

Ere twice in murk and occidental damp, 
Moist Hesperus hath quenched his sleepy lamp.— 

Sliaks. 

Murky, dark. 

A murky storm, deep, low'ring o'er our heads, 
Hung imminent, that, with imperious gloom, 
Opposed itself to Cynthia's silver ray. — Addison. 

Obscure, wanting light to such a 
degree, that objects can not be plainly 
discerned. Hence, fig. 1. Not easily 
understood ; as, an obscure subject. 
2. Not noted ; as, an obscure person. 

Sombre, gloomy; as, a sombre day. 
(Sp. sombra, a shade, from L. umbra.) 

Shade consists in an absence of 
light caused by the interposition of 
an opake body between a surface, 
or empty space, and the source of 
light. 

A Shadow is a shade with a defi- 
nite outline delineated on a surface, 
the outline corresponding in form to 
the figure of the body which projects 
the shadow. 

Umbra, a shade or shadow. (L.) 
Hence, 

Umbrageous, shady ; as, an um- 
brageous forest. 

Umbrella, lit, a little shade. Hence 
a screen held in the hand as a pro- 
tection against the sun or rain. 

Umbrage. 1. Shade : 

Men, sweltering, run 
To grots and caves, and the cool umb-rage seek 
Of woven arborets. — Philips. 

2. Shadow or appearance. The 
opinion carries no show of truth nor 
umbrage of reason on its side. — 

Woodward. 

3. Offense taken at a procedure 
which we suspect as being designed 
to operate to our disadvantage. 

Note 1. — Until the suspicion becomes a cer- 
tainty, it is a mere umbra or shade. 

Note 2. — Another explanation of the figure 
implied in the use of the word umbrage, iu the 
sense of offense, is, that the cause of the offense 
casts a shadow over the mind of the offended 
party. 

The Umbra is the dark spot on 
the earth's surface in the case of a 
total eclipse of the sun. 

Note. — The diameter of the umbra cau not 



COLOR. 



exceed 200 miles, and may vary from that dia- 
meter down to nothing. 

The Penumbra is the portion of 
the earth's surface that is partially 
shaded in the case of a total 
eclipse of the sun. (L. pene, almost.) 

Note. — The diameter of the penumbra may 
vary slightly, but is usually about 4000 miles. 

The Attributes of Darkness. 

Darkness seems to be of a black color. The 
reason of this is, that, according to the theory 
of colors, blackness is owing to the non-reflection 
of light from the surfaces of bodies ; and conse- 
quent^, where no light exists to be reflected, 
nothing but seeming blackness can meet the eye. 

When we speak of a deep gloom, we refer to the 
apparent, color of the gloom, as closely approxi- 
mating to perfect blackness, deep being an epi- 
thet which, when applied to color, denotes in- 
tensity. 

When we speak of darkness as being profound, 
we present the idea of local depth, as that of a 
fathomless pit. 

When we speak of darkness as being thick, or 



gross, we represent it as a dark-colored fluid of 
great density. 

When we speak of the sun's dispelling, dispers- 
ing, or scattering darkness, we represent it as 
something analagous to a fog or mist which is 
brushed away by the rising breeze. 

When we speak of darknes as hovering or brood- 
ing over a scene, we represent it under the figure 
of a huge dark-colored fowl overshadowing the 
scene with its expanded wings. 

Egyptian darkness is a figurative 
expression, denoting the utter ab- 
sence of moral illumination among 
a people. The allusion is to the 
darkness which, in the time of Moses, 
covered the land of Egypt for the 
space of three days. 

Cimmerian darkness is such as 
was represented by the ancients as 
perpetually involving the region of 
Cimmeria, (now Crimea.) 

Sink and disperse, ye specter doubts that roll 
Cimmerian darkness on the parting soul. 

Campbell. 



OF COLOE. 



1. The Theory of Colors. 

The light of the sun is naturally white ; but 
by means of a piece of glass in the form of a 
triangular prism, the white light of the sun can 
be decomposed into seven different kinds of 
colored rays ; namely, red, orange, yellow, green, 
blue, indigo, and violet. These, according to 
Newton, are the primary colors, and all other 
colors and shades of color may be produced by 
combining these primary colors in due propor- 
tions. 

Some recent philosophers, however, hold that 
there are but three primary colors ; namely, red, 
yellow, and blue; for orange can be produced by 
combining red and yellow; green, by combining 
yellow and blue; violet, by combining red and 
blue ; and indigo is regarded as being but a modi- 
fication of blue. 

Bodies have in themselves, no color whatever ; 
but their apparent color depends upon the color 
of the rays which they reflect. If a body reflect 
all the rays of solar light, its color will seem to 
be lohite. If the body absorb all the rays and re- 
flect none, its seeming color will be black. 
White is, therefore, the union, in due proportion, 
of all the primary colors, and black is the ab- 
sence of all. If a body absorb all the rays of 
sunlight except the red, and reflect the latter, 
the seeming color of the body will be red. If 
the yellow rays alone be reflected, the body will 
seem to be yelloio. If the red and the yellow 
rays be both reflected, while the rest are ab- 
sorbed, the resulting color will be orange, which 
is. as stated above, a combination of red and 
yellow. 

The Prismatic Colors are those 
into which white light is decomposed 
by means of the prism. 



A Hue is some specific color. 

A Shade is a degree of any color. 

A Cast, Tinge, or Tincture is a 
slight degree of some color. 

A Tint is a slight superadded col- 
oring distinct from the ground, or 
principal color. 

2. The various designations of Color. 

White is the combination of all 
the prismatic colors. 

Hoar, white ; as, hoar frost. 

Hoary, white; as, hoary hairs. 

Candeo, to be white. (L.) Hence 

Candent, white with heat. 

Candy, primarily and properly, re- 
fined sugar, from its whiteness. 

Candor, a disposition to treat sub- 
jects with fairness, this disposition 
from its peculiar excellence, having 
been called by a name which signi- 
fies pure whiteness. 

Candidate, an applicant for office, 
so called, because in Ancient Rome 
aspirants for public offices were ar- 
rayed in white garments. 

Incandescence, a glowing whiteness 
caused by intense heat. 

Blanc, white. (Fr.) Hence, 



COLOR. 



Blank, not written upon, because 
the common color of paper previous 
to its being written upon, is white. 

A Blank. — 1. A void (or white) 
space on paper. 2. A paper with 
vacant (or wliite) spaces left to be 
filled. 

Albus, white. (L.) Hence, 

Album, a book originally blank, in 
which friends insert pieces as me- 
morials. 

Albumen — 1. The white of an 
egg. 2. A substance resembling the 
white of an egg, and forming a con- 
stituent part both of the animal 
fluids and solids. 

Albino, a white person belonging 
to a race of blacks. 

Black, is the absence of all color. 

Ater, black. (L.) Hence, 

Atrabilarian, affected with melan- 
choly, which the ancients attributed 
to a black bile. (L. bilis, bile.) 

Atramental, black like ink. (atra- 
mentum, ink.) 

meaan [Melan], black. Gr.) Hence 

Melancholy, mental gloom; thus 
called, because the Ancients supposed 
that mental gloom was owing to the 
existence of black bile in the system 
(X>m [chole~\, bile. 

Gray is a mixture of white and 
black, as when white and black hairs 
are mingled on the human head. 

Grizzly, somewhat gray, as the 
grizzly bear. 

A Spot is a portion of a surface 
of a different color from the sur- 
rounding portions. 

A Speck is a small spot. 

A Streak is a long, narrow space 
of a different color from the ground. 

A Stripe is a straight streak of 
uniform width. 

A Vein is a streak running through 
the substance of a solid body. 

A Cloud is an irregular space 
marked by a blending of the ground 
with other colors. 

Spotted, marked with spots. 

Speckled, marked with specks. 

Streaked, marked with streaks. 

Striped, marked with 

Yeixed. marked with veins, 



Clouded, marked with clouds. 

Brindled, marked with spots of 
different colors. 

Mottled, marked with spots of 
different colors, or shades of color, 
as if stained. 

Motley, consisting of different 
colors, as a motley coat. Hence, 
mixed, as a motley crowd. 

Dappled, marked with spots of 
different colors, or shades of color; 
as, a dappled horse. 

Checkered, marked with stripes of 
different colors crossing each other. 

Brown is a dusky color inclining 
to red. 

Kusset, of a reddish brown color ; 
as, a russet mantle. 

Auburn, of a reddish brown; as., 
auburn locks. 

Dun, partaking of brown and 
black; as, a dun horse. 

Drab, of a dull brown color. {Ap- 
plied to cloth.) 

Sorrel, of a light-red color. {Spoken 
of horses.) 

Bay, inclining to chestnut-brown. 
[Spoken of horses.) 

Roan, of a bay, sorrel, or dark 
color, with spots of gray or white 
thickly interspersed. {Spoken of 
horses. ) 

Sandy, of a yellowish red. {Spoken 
of the human hair.) 

Complexion is the color of the hu- 
man skin. 

Fair, having a light complexion. 

To Tan is to darken the complex- 
ion by exposure to the sun. 

Tawny, of a yellowish-dark color, 
like things tanned. 

Swarthy, of a dark complexion. 
The inhabitants of warm climates 
are either swarthy or black. 

Dingy, of a dirty dark color. The 
walls of a room are rendered dingy 
by smoke and dust. 

Sable, black. The negroes are 
called the sable sons of Africa. 
Sable habiliments are emblematic of 
mourning. (From the sable, an ani- 
mal with a beautifully black, and 
highly -prized fur.) 

Ebon, of a deep-black color. (From 



COLOR. 



ebony, the name of a black-colored 
wood.) 

Night, sable goddess, from her ebon throne, 
In rayless majesty now stretches forth 
Her leaden scepter o'er a slumbering world. 

Young. 

Jet is a variety of lignite, that is, 
of fossil wood, which having been 
buried for thousands of years in the 
earth, has been converted into coal. 
Jet is exceedingly black, and breaks 
with a glossy fracture. Hence, 

Jet-black, denoting the highest 
possible degree of blackness. 

Raven, characterized by the black- 
ness of the bird thus named; as, 
raven locks. 

Niger, black. (L.) Hence, 

Negro, a black person of the Afri- 
can race. 

Nigrescent, approaching to black- 
ness. 

Denigrate, to blacken. 

Red is a bright color like that of 
blood. 

Scarlet is a bright red. 

Crimson is a dark red. 

Pink is a light red, like that of the 
flower thus named. 

Roseate, rose-colored, that is, mod- 
erately red. 

Marked you her eye of heavenly blue? 
Marked you her cheek of roseate hue ? 
Her eye in liquid circles moving; 
Her cheek abashed at man's approving ; 
The one love's arrows darting round, 
The other blushing at the wound. 

Ruddy, of a reddish color, like that 
of the cheeks of a healthy child. 

Rubeo, to be red. (L.) Hence, 

Rubescent, tending to a red color. 

Rubicund, inclining to redness. 

Rubefacient, in medicine, an exter- 
nal application which produces red- 
ness of the skin. (L.facio, to make.) 

Ruby, a precious stone of a red color. 

Rubeola, the measles; thus called 
from the redness of the skin. 

Erubescence, a redness of the skin 
or surface of any thing, resembling 
the redness caused by blushing. 

Carnation is a flesh color. A cer- 
tain species of pink is, from its color, 
called the carnation. (L. caro \car- 
nis], flesh.) 



Vermilion is a bright red paint. 
Hence the term vermilion is employed 
to signify any beautiful red color. 
We speak of the vermilion of a 
maiden's lips. 

Carmine is a paint of a beautiful 
red color bordering on purple. 

A Blush is a temporary redness 
of the face caused by a sense of 
shame or abashment. 

Note.— Blushing is produced by a sudden flow 
of the blood to the vessels of the skin. 

A Flush is a sudden reddening of 
the face from mental excitement, or 
from bodily disease. 

To Glow is to be red. 

Clad in a gown that glows with Tyrian rays. — 

Dryden. 

See Arts. Light and Heat. 

Yellow is a bright color resem- 
bling that of gold. 

Jaundice is a disease thus named 
from the yellowness of the ekin by 
which it is characterized. (Fr., 
jaune, yellow.) 

Sallow, yellow, as from illness. 

Orange is a combination of red 
and yellow, like the color of the fruit 
thus named. 

Blue is the characteristic color of 
the clear sky. 

Azure is a sky-blue. 

Cerulean signifies sky-colored. 

Ultramarine is a beautiful sky- 
blue paint, formed of a mineral called 
lapis lazuli. 

Indigo is a deep-blue color like that 
of the drug. 

Livid means black-and-blue. The 
skin may become livid in conse- 
quence of a severe contusion. 

Violet is a dark-blue, inclining to 
red, like the color of the flower thus 
named. 

Green is the color of fresh foliage, 
and is a compound of yellow and blue. 

Verdant signifies green, and is 
properly applied only to the green- 
ness of vegetation; as, verdant meads. 

Verdure is the greenness of the 
fields and forests during the summer 
season. 

Pale, when applied as an epithet 
to any particular color, denotes a de- 



HEAT. 



ficiency in the degree or intensity of 
the color; as, a pale red, a pale blue. 
Pale, when applied to the counten- 
ance, denotes _ an absence of the 
freshness which is indicative of ordi- 
nary health. 

Note. — Paleness depends upon a deficiency in 
the amount of blood circulating in the small 
vessels of the skin. Protracted paleness is caused 
by ill health. A temporary paleness may be in- 
duced by a sudden emotion of fear. 

Pallidness is an excess of pale- 
ness caused by protracted sickness, 
hunger, or fatigue. 

Wanness is a ghastly paleness in- 
dicative of extreme prostration of the 
vital powers by protracted sickness 
or want of food. 

3. Terms relating to the imparting or 
changing of Colors. 
To Paint is to apply coloring mat- 
ter mixed with oil or water to the 
surface of any thing. 



Paints or Pigments are colored 
substances used in painting. 

To Dye is to color substances by 
immersing them in a watery solution 
of some coloring matter. 

To Stain is to change the color by 
the application of a coloring matter 
that enters the pores of the substance 
to which it is applied. 

To Bleach is to whiten either by 
sunlight, or by exposure to the influ- 
ence of certain vapors. 

Note. — Wax may be bleached by exposure to 
the sun's rays. Linen is bleached by alternately 
wetting and drying it, and by keeping it, in the 
meantime, spread out in the sunshine. Cotton 
goods are bleached by the action of chlorine gas. 
Straw bonnets are bleached by exposing them to 
the fumes of sulphur. 

To Blanch is a term applied to cer- 
tain processes of whitening. (Fi\, 
olanc, white.) 

Note. — Plants may be blanched by excluding 
the light from them while growing. The cheeks 
may be blanched by a sudden emotion of terror. 



OF HEAT. 



1. Terms relating to the general idea 
of Heat. 
HEAT is the cause of the sensa- 
tion which we call warmth. 

Note 1. — Two theories have been held by phi- 
losophers in regard to the nature of heat, some 
looking on it as a material fluid, and others 
maintaining that it depends on vibrations in the 
universal ether that fills all space, and pervades 
the pores even of the most dense bodies. 

Those who hold the former theory, call the ele- 
ment of heat caloric. They say that caloric exists 
in two states ; first, that of latent (hidden) caloric, 
in which the caloric is intimately combined with 
the substance of bodies, and does not affect the 
thermometer or the sensibility ; and second, 
that of free caloric, in which state the caloric 
affects the thermometer and produces sensation. 

Radiant caloric is a modification of free caloric, 
and is subject to the same laws that regulate the 
radiation and reflection of light. 

Those who hold the second theory suppose 
that heat is closely allied to light, and that the 
rays of heat differ 1 from the luminous rays of any 
particular color, in the same way that the differ- 
ently colored rays differ among themselves. 
Heat and light, they say, depend on undulations 
in the same elastic ether. The undulations 
which produce the phenomenon of blue light 
are supposed to be smaller and more rapid than 
those which give rise to the phenomenon of yel- 
low light. The undulations from which yellow 
light results, are again quicker and more limited 
in their range of motion than those from which 
red light results ; while those which give rise to 



heat are less frequent, and traverse a wider space 
than do any of the undulations on which the 
colored rays depend. 

Note 2. — Caloric, or the principle of heat, is 
the cause of fluidity. Were it not for this prin- 
ciple, all substances — even air — could exist only 
as solids. It is supposed that a due degree of 
heat would convert the most refractory solids 
into liquids, and that under some higher temper- 
ature these liquids would be changed into gases. 

Note 3. — The sources of heat are the sun, chem- 
ical action, and mechanical force. 

1. When light proceeds directly from the sun, 
the rays of light are combined with those of 
heat ; but when solar light is reflected from the 
moon, it contains no appreciable heat. 

2. Whenever substances combine with each 
other under the influence of chemical affinity, 
heat is evolved, but not always in such a degree 
as to affect the thermometer to any appreciable 
extent ; but if substances combine rapidly and 
with great energy, the heat generated is some- 
times very intense, as when water combines 
with fresh-burned lime. 

3. The modifications of mechanical action by 
which heat may be produced, are friction, (or 
rubbing,) percussion, (or striking,) and condensa- 
tion, (or pressing together.) 

1st. Friction. — Two sticks of dry wood may be 
ignited (or set on fire) by rubbing them forcibly 
together. 

2d. Percussion. — If a small piece of iron be 
placed on an anvil, and be subjected for a few 
moments to quickly-repeated strokes of a ham- 
mer, it will become hot. 

3d. Condensation.— If a piece of tinder bo 
placed at the bottom of a tube to which a piston 



10 



HEAT. 



has been adapted, and if the air in the tube be 
suddenly condensed by a heavy stroke of a ham- 
mer on the end of the piston, the heat disen- 
gaged from the air will ignite the tinder. 

Temperature is the condition of a 
substance in relation to sensible heat. 

Note. — "When the temperature of a substance 
is higher than that of my body, it feels warm, 
because, on touching it, more heat passes from 
the substance to my body, than what passes 
from my body to the substance. On the con- 
trary, when the temperature of a substance is 
lower than that of my body, it feels cold, because, 
on touching the substance, my body parts with 
more heat than it receives. 

Warm, moderately heated. 
Warmth, the sensation caused by 
heat. 

Hot, highly heated. 

Tepid, moderately warm ; as, a 
tepid bath. 

Temperate, free from the extremes 
of heat and cold ; as a temperate cli- 
mate. 

Feryeo, to boil with heat (L.) 
Hence, 

Fervor, heat; as, the fervor of a 
summer's day. Fig., great warmth 
of the kindly affections ; as, the fervor 
of love. 

Fervent, hot. {Applied both liter- 
ally and figuratively.) The elements 
shall melt with fervent heat. He was 
animated by a fervent zeal. 

Fervid, very warm; as, a fervid 
radiance ; a fervid imagination. 

Fervid on the glittering flood, 

Now the noontide radiance glows. — Cunningham. 

Sultry, excessively hot and close. 
(Spoken of the state of the atmos- 
phere.) 

To Swelter is to be overcome and 
faint with heat. 

Torreo, to roast. (L.) Hence, 

Torrid, parched with excessive 
heat; as, a torrid clime. 

Caleo, to be hot. (L.) Hence, 

Caloric, the element of heat. 

Calorific, causing heat. 

Note. — Those particular rays of solar light 
which produce heat are called calorific rays. 
(L.,/aci'o, to cause.) 

GEFMOS [thermos], warm. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Thermal, 1. Pertaining to, or pro- 
ducing heat ; as, thermal rays. 2. 
Warm or hot ; as, a thermal spring. 



Thermometer, an instrument for 
measuring heat. (Gr., pit em [_metreo~], 
to measure.) 

Isothermal, having equal degrees of 
heat. (Gi\, ta-oc \j,sos~\, equal.) 

Note. — Isothermal lines on the earth's surface 
pass through places of equal mean temperature. 

Fire is the element of heat. 

A Bonfire is a fire made as an ex- 
pression of public joy. (Fr., ton, 
good. ) 

A Balefire is a signal fire. 

Sweet Teviot, on thy silver tide 

The gloomy balefires blaze no more. — Scott. 

Ignis, fire. (L.) Hence, 
Igneous, 1. Fiery. Sparks emitted 
from burning substances are igneous 
particles. 2. Originating in the ac- 
tion of fire. 

Note. — Lavas are called igneous rocks from the 
circumstance of their having been once liquid 
from heat. 

Ignite, to set on fire. A lucifer 
match may be ignited by friction. 

nrp [Pyr], fire. (Gr.) Hence, 

Pyrometer, an instrument for mea- 
suring the intensity of the heat of 
furnaces. (Gr., [xiTstm \_metreo~\, to 
measure. 

Pyrotechnics, the art of preparing 
fire-works for public amusement. (Gr., 
™x vi1 [techne], art.) 

Pyroligneous, produced by the ac- 
tion of fire on wood. (L., lignum, 
wood. ) 

Note. — Pyroligneous acid is produced by the 
distillation of wood. 

To Burn is to change essentially 
the nature of a substance by subject- 
ing it to the action of fire. 

Comburo [combustuni], to burn. 
(L.) Hence, 

Combustion, the particular kind of 
burning which such substances as 
wood, coal, and oil undergo when 
subjected to action of fire. 

Combustible, any substance that 
may be burned after the manner of 
wood, etc. 

A Flame consists of burning va- 
por. 

To Inflame is, 1. To cause to burn 
with a flame. 2. To cause heat and 
redness in any part of an animal 
body. 3. And fig., to excite the pas- 



HEAT. 



11 



sions; as, to inflame anger, desire, 
etc. 

To Blaze is to send forth a volume 
of flame. 

To Smoulder is to burn with a 
smothered combustion, as when the 
air has not free access to the burn- 
ing matter. 

Flagro \_flagratum~], to burn with 
an accompaniment of flame. (L. ) 

Flagrant, blazing with violence. 
Used only in a Jig. sense ; as, a fla- 
grant crime. 

Note. — When we thus characterize a crime 
we imply that it is one which, by its Mazing 
enormity, is calculated to attract general notice 

Conflagration, the burning of a 
large mass or extended collection of 
combustibles ; as the burning of a 
forest or of a number of houses in a 
city. {Con, together.) 

Deflagrate, to burn with a sudden 
and sparkling combustion. Nitre, 
when thrown on burning coals, will 
deflagrate. 

Incendo [incenswn], to set on fire. 
(L.) Hence, 

In'cense, odorous spices and gums 
burnt in religious worship. 

To Incense / , to inflame with anger. 

Ardeo [arsum~], to burn with great 
heat. (L.) Hence, 

Ardent, burning ; as, an ardent 
fever; an ardent zeal ; an ar den t de- 
sire. 

Ardor, a high degree of heat ; as, 
the ardor of the sun's rays. Fig., 
Great warmth of the commendable 
affections and passions; as, the ardor 
of love; to pursue one's studies with 
ardor. 

Arson, the crime of house-burning. 

To Set on Fire is to apply fire to 
any combustible mass or substance, 
and cause combustion to begin. 

To Kindle is to cause combustion 
to begin and get under way by 
nursing the incipient flame. 

Fuel is any substance that serves 
as an aliment (or food) for fire. (Fr., 
feu, fire.) 

Tinder is scorched lint used to 
catch a spark in kindling. 

Touchwood is decayed wood that 
will take fire from a spark produced 



by striking a piece of steel against a 
flint. (So called because the touch 
of a spark will ignite it.) [tinder. 

Punk is a kind of fungus used for 

A Match is, 1. A small bit of pine 
wood with one end dipped in some 
chemical preparation that is easily 
ignited by friction. These are called 
friction matches. They have like- 
wise been called lucifer matches. 2. A 
bit of tow, cotton, etc., dipped in sul- 
phur and used in kindling. 3. A 
piece of hempen cord lighted at one 
end, and used in firing a cannon. 

To Put Out is to cause combustion 
entirely to cease. 

Extinguo [exiinctum~], to put out. 
(L.) Hence, 

Extinguish, to put out ; as, to ex- 
tinguish a candle. Figuratively, we 
may speak of extinguishing life or 
hope. 

Note. — When we speak of extinguishing life, 
we represent it under the figure of a lamp, a live 
coal, or a spark. Thus we say the lamp of life ; 
or the vital spark. 

Extinct, lit, extinguished. (Used 
chiefly in a fig. sense, as when we 
speak of life being extinct, or when 
we say that the mammoth belonged 
to a species of animals that is now 
extinct.) 

Note. — When we say that a species of animals 
is extinct, we imply that the vital fire which had 
been transmitted from generation to generation 
is gone out, and that the species has ceased to 
exist. 

2. The Products of Combustion. 

Note. — Combustibles of a vegetable or animal 
origin consist chiefly of carbon (the matter of 
charcoal) and hydrogen, (one of the elements of 
water.) In combustion the carbon unites with 
the oxygen of the atmosphere, and forms a gas 
called carbonic acid, while the hydrogen unites 
with oxygen and forms water. 

Smoke consists of imperfectly burned 
particles Avhich pass off from burning- 
matter in a visible form. 

Note. — When the combustion of wood, on, 
etc., is perfect, the mingled vapor and gas pass 
off in a transparent form, and are, consequently, 
invisible. 

Soot consists of imperfectly burned 
particles of carbonaceous matter. 

Lampblack is soot employed as a 
paint. 



12 



COLD. 



Ashes consist of the earthy, pow- 
der-like matter which remains after 
the combustion of wood or coal. 

Slag is a glassy matter sometimes 
mingled with the ashes of mineral coal. 

Embers are small coals of fire 
mixed with ashes. 

A Cinder is a portion of some ani- 
mal or vegetable substance reduced, 
by burning, to the form of a coal. 
A piece of meat may be burned to a 
cinder. 

Cinis \cineris~], ashes. (L.) Hence, 

Oineritious, resembling ashes in 
color ; as, the cineritious substance 
of the brain. 

Incinerate, to burn to ashes. 

Sparks are small particles of ig- 
nited matter emitted from bodies in 
combustion. 

Scintilla, a spark. (L.) Hence, 

Scintillate, to emit sparks. 

3. Of the action of Heat on Solids 
where the effect differs from, or falls 
short of Combustion. 

To Bake is to subject a moist sub- 
stance to a dry heat. 

Note. — Soft substances are hardened in bak- 
ing. 

To Roast is to subject a substance, 
whether moist or dry, to the action of 
a dry heat. 

Note. — We may roast potatoes, coffee, or meat. 
In metallurgy ores are sometimes roasted for the 
purpose of driving off the sulphur and other 
volatile matters with which the ore may happen 
to be combined. 

To Cook is to prepare food by means 
of heat. 

To Fry is to cook a moist substance 
in a pan without the addition of 
water. 

To Boil is to cook by immersing a 
substance in boiling water. 

To Seethe is to cook by boiling. 

Sodden, (past participle of seethe,) 
cooked by boiling. 

To Broil is to cook by placing 
over burning coals. 

To Scorch is to burn so slightly 
as not essentially to change the tex- 
ture or chemical composition of a 
substance. 

To Singe is to burn slightly and 



superficially, as in burning the nap 
of cloth or the hair of the skin. 

To Toast is slightly to scorch by 
the heat of a fire ; as to toast bread 
or cheese. 

To Parch is to render very dry 
by the action of heat. We may 
parch corn. The ground may be 
parched by the heat of the sun. We 
may be parched with thirst. 

To Scald is to affect by the appli- 
cation of hot water. 

To Calcine is to reduce by burn- 
ing to a form resembling that of 
chalk or burnt lime. Shells and 
bones may be calcined. (L., calx, 
lime.) 

To Melt is to render liquid by 
means of heat. 

To Thaw is to melt ice, or to 
soften by heat that which has been 
frozen. 

4. Of the action of Heat on Liquids. 

Boiling consists in the formation, 
by heat, of bubbles filled with vapor. 

Ebullition is the action of boiling. 
(L., ebullio, to boil, from bulla, a 
bubble.) 

To Seethe is to be in a state of 
ebullition ; as, a seething cauldron. 

To Simmer is to boil gently. 

To Effervesce is to boil without 
heat, in consequence of a rapid for- 
mation and escape of bubbles of gas. 
(L., ef for ex, forth; and ferveo, to 
boil.) 

5. Of Cold. 

COLD is the privation of heat. 

Cold is also the sensation caused 
by the escape of heat from the body. 

Cold, (adj.,) having a temperature 
much below that of our bodies. 

Cool, having a temperature slightly 
below that of our bodies. 

Lukewarm, having a temperature 
equal to that of our bodies. (Spoken 
of liquids. ) 

To Freeze, when spoken of water, 
signifies to pass from a liquid to a 
solid state, in consequence of the 
escape of caloric 

To Freeze, when spoken of animals 



SOUND. 



lo 



or plants, signifies to perish through 

intense cold. 
Frigeo, to freeze. (L.) Hence, 
Frigid, very cold; as, the frigid 

zone. 

Gelu, frost. (L.) Hence, 

Gelid, as cold as ice. (Applied to 

water. ) 

Congeal, to change into ice. 
Congelation, the act of changing 

into ice. 



Bleak, exposed by situation to 
cold -winds. 

6. The Attributes of Cold. 

When we say that the cold air, or cold wind is 
sharp, cutting, keen, or piercing, these are figura- 
tive forms of expression, in which there is an 
allnsion to cutting and piercing instruments. Tha 
figure is founded on the similarity of the sensa- 
tion caused by cold wind to the sensation caused 
by the application of the keen edge of a razor, or 
the sharp) point of a needle to the skin. 

When we speak of cold as being intense, the 
literal allusion is to the idea of a strained bow- 
string. (L., intendo [internum], to strain.) 



OF SOUXD. 



1. General Terms. 

Sound is the sensation produced 
by the vibrations of the air, or of 
any other medium with which the 
organ of hearing happens to be in 
contact. 

Note. — When a bell or other elastic body is 
struck with a hammer, a quivering motion 
called vibration, can be felt with the fingers. 
The quivering motion of the bell communicates 
a similar motion to the layer of air which is in 
contact with it ; and the first layer communi- 
cates the motion to a second; the second, to a 
third, etc. ; and thus the aerial vibrations spread 
in successive waves, which travel at the rate of 
11-12 feet per second. Xow, if a living creature 
possessing organs of hearing, should happen to 
be within the range of these atmospheric waves, 
the auditory (hearing) apparatus of the creature 
would be mechanically affected, and thus would 
the sensation of sound be produced. 

Noise is, 1. Any kind of sound 
which we are at a loss to designate 
by a name descriptive of its precise 
character. 2. Any kind of sound 
that is either excessive, out of place, 
or offensive to the listener. 

Soxo, to emit sound. (L.) Hence, 

Sonorous, emitting a free, full, and 
clear sound. 

Resound, to send back sound, (re, 
back. ) 

Consonant, lit, sounding together. 
Hence, fg., harmonizing with; as, 
consonant to reason, (con, together.) 

Consonant, a letter that can be 
distinctly sounded only in combina- 
tion with a vowel. 

Consonance, in Music, the agree- 
ment of two sounds simultaneously 
produced, the one grave and the 
other acute. — Brande. 



Dissonant, lit., sounding apart. 
Hence, discordant (dis, asunder.) 

Dissonance, a discord in music. 

$fiNH [Phone] sound. (Gr. ) Hence, 

Phonetic, representing sounds: as, 
phonetic characters. 

Phonetics, the science of sounds, 
especially those of the human voice. — 
Brande. 

Phonology. — 1. A treatise on sounds. 
2. The doctrine or science of sounds 
as uttered by the human voice in 
speech. (Gr. hcya [logos], a dis- 
course.) 

Phonography, a description of the 
laws of the human voice, or of 
sounds uttered by the organs of 
speech. (Gr. y%*$a> \_grupho], to de- 
scribe.) 

Euphony, agreeableness of sound 
in the pronunciation of letters and 
syllables. («/ \_eu], agreeable.) 

Euphonious, agreeable in sound. 

Cacophony, disagreeableness of 
sound in the pronunciation of syl- 
lables and words. (Gr. xMioc [cacos], 
ill.) 

2. Of the Qualities of Sounds. 

A Lori) sound is one that strikes 
the ear with great force. 

Acute or Sharp sounds are such 
as are produced by quick vibrations 
of the sonorous body. The tones of 
the treble string of a violin are 
acute. (L. acutus pointed, because 
such sounds have a piercing effect on 
the ear. 1 ) 

Grave sounds are produced by a 



14 



SOUND. 



slow succession of vibrations. The 
tones of the base string of a violin 
are grave. (L. gravis, heavy, because 
such sounds fall on the ear like 
heavy masses.) 

Shrill, very acute. 

Note 1. — The terms soft, smooth, rough, harsh, 
and grating, are used to denote qualities of sound; 
but primarily and literally they designate quali- 
ties affecting the sense of touch. 

Note 2. — The terms sweet and dulcet are applied 
to sounds, but, literally, they refer to a quality 
affecting the taste. 

3. Specific Sounds. 
a. Sounds of Inanimate Objects. 

To Creak is to make a shrill 
noise like that of a door turning on 
its hinges. 

To Crack is to make .a sudden, 
sharp sound, like that accompanying 
the sudden separation of the parts 
of a brittle solid. 

To Crackle is to make a succes- 
sion of slight cracking sounds, as 
when a bundle of thorns is thrown 
into the fire. (Dim. and freq. of 
crack.) 

To Crepitate is to make a small, 
crackling noise, as when a handful 
of salt is thrown into the fire. (L. 
crepito, crackle.) 

To Snap is to emit a small, sharp 
sound like that caused by the sud- 
den breaking of a brittle stick. 

To Explode is to burst with a 
loud sound. (L. explodo [explosuni], 
to utter a burst of loud sound. ) 

Explosion is, 1. The act of burst- 
ing with a loud sound. 2. A sudden 
burst of sound. 

To Detonate is to burn with a 
sudden report. (L. detono, to thun- 
der.) 

To Pop is to emit a small, quick, 
hollowish sound, like that produced 
by the sudden shooting of the cork 
from a beer bottle. 

Note. — Popping is caused by the sudden ex- 
pansion of compressed air, or of confined vapor 
or gas. 

To Whiz is to make a hissing 
sound, like that produced by passing 
the slender end of a switch rapidly 
through the air. A bullet, in passing 



over a person's head, is heard to 
whiz. 

To Buzz is to emit a sound like 
that produced by the wings of a com- 
mon fly. 

A Humming- is heavier, deeper- 
toned, and more musical than a buz- 
zing. A swarm of bees hum in the 
hive, or on the wing. A top in 
rapid motion hums. A mingling of 
obscure sounds heard from a distance 
is also called a hum; as, "the hum, 
of the distant city." 

A Droning is a heavy humming 
sound. 

Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight. 

Gray. 

To Whir is to emit a roughish 
sound intermediate between a whiz- 
zing and a humming. 

Note. — The whirling parts of machinery, if 
somewhat loose, produce this sound, as do like- 
wise the wings of certain birds in flight. 
See from the brake the whirring pheasant springs, 
And mounts exulting on triumphant wings. 

To Ring is to give forth a clear, 
sharp sound like that produced by 
striking with a hammer on metallic 
plates or bars. 

To Clang is to give forth a pro- 
longed ringing sound, as when a 
large plate of brass is struck. 

To Clank is to emit short and 
quick metallic sounds, as when the 
links of a heavy chain strike against 
each other. 

Note. — A clang cut short becomes a clanl; 
and a clanlc prolonged becomes a clang. 

A Clangor is a loud, shrill, and 
harsh metallic sound, like that of a 
trumpet. 

A Jingling is a rattling metallic 
sound, like that produced by the 
shaking of light chains or small bells. 

To Tink is to emit a single small, 
sharp, and momentary metallic sound, 
as when a small bell is slightly tapped. 

A Tinker is a mender of brass 
kettles, pans, and the like, (thus 
called from the Unking sound which 
accompanies his operations.) 

A Tinkling consists in a succession 
of tinks or small ringing sounds. 
(Freq. of tink.) 

And drowsy tinJclings lull the distant fold. — Gray. 



SOUND. 



15 



To Clink is to make a single small, 
sharp ringing sound, as when a me- 
tallic bar is struck with a hard sub- 
stance. 

To Chink is to make a small, short 
ringing sound, as when small pieces 
of coin are struck together. 

To Twang is to emit a sharp, trem- 
ulous sound, as that of a bowstring. 

The string let fly 
Twanged short and sharp. 

To Click is to make a small, sharp 
sound, like that of a clock pendulum. 

The solemn death-watch clicked the hour she 
died. — Gay. 

To Tick is to give forth a succes- 
sion of small momentary sounds like 
those of the beating of a watch. 

To Clack is to make a sudden and 
sharp noise, as by the striking to- 
gether of two hard bodies. 

A Clack is a rattling noise like that 
of machinery. 

And all the landscape round is still, 
Save the clack of yonder mill. — 

Grongar Hill. 

A Murmur is a confused sound, as 
that of human voices in a crowd, or 
of the waters of a shallow brook pass- 
ing with some velocity over a stony 
bed. Fig., a complaint. 

A Report is a sudden and moment- 
ary sound of any degree of loudness, 
from the bursting of a cracker to the 
firing of a cannon. 

Thunder is a loud and heavy sound 
produced by the passage of a body of 
the electric fluid through the air. 

A Peal is a single momentary out- 
burst of loud sound, as of thunder, 
cannon, or bells. 

Pealing, uttering a succession of 
peals or loud sounds. 

A Roar is a very loud, prolonged 
sound, as that of a cataract. 

A Boom is a hollow roar, as that of 
waves, or of the reverberations of ar- 
tillery. 

A Crash is a loud and mingled 
sound of many things falling and 
breaking at once. 

A Clap is a sudden and startling 
explosion of loud sound; as a clap of 
thunder. 



To Rumble is to make a heavy, 
continued sound, as that of distant 
thunder. A heavy carriage rumbles 
on the pavement. 

A Rattling consists in a succession 
of small, sharp sounds, caused by 
rapidly repeated collisions of bodies 
that are not very sonorous, as when 
hailstones fall on a roof. 

A Clatter is a loose, confused, and 
irregular rattling. The feet of a gal- 
loping horse clatter over the stones. 

A Racket is a loud and continued 
clatter. 

An Uproar is a confusion of loud 
sounds. 

A Din is a loud and continued 
noise, or mingling of noises, by which 
the ear is wearied; as, the din of a 
large workshop. 

To Patter is to give forth, a succes- 
sion of small, soft sounds, as when 
rain-drops fall on a roof. The feet 
of little children patter on a pave- 
ment. 

To Gurgle is to emit a sound like 
that produced by water flowing from 
a narrow-necked bottle. 

Pure gurgling rills the lonely desert trace, 
And waste their music on a savage race — 
Young. 

A Rustling consists in a succes- 
sion of small obscure sounds caused 
by the rubbing of light elastic sub- 
stances, as silk, dry leaves, etc. 

To Toot is to give forth short blasts 
from a horn. 

A Ding-dong is the sound of a 
heavy bell. 

Let us all ring Fancy's knell ! 
Ding dong bell. — Sliaks. 

Fig., a tiresome repetition by child- 
ren of demands and complaints. 

A Chime is a combination of ring- 
ing sounds that harmonize. 

b. Sounds of the Human Voice. 
Voice in man or animals is sound 
generated by vibrations of the larynx, 
an apparatus consisting of cartilage 
and membrane, and situated at the up- 
per extremity of the windpipe. From — 
Vox, the voice. (L.) Hence, 
Vocal, pertaining to the voice ; as, 
the vocal organs. 



16 



SOUND. 



Vociferate, to give a vehement ut- 
terance to vocal sounds. (L., fero, 
to utter.) 

A Cry is a loud vocal sound uttered 
by man or animals. 

An Outcry is a loud cry, as of 
alarm, distress, etc. 

A Shout is a vehement and sudden 
burst of voice expressing joy, tri- 
umph, exultation, or animated cour- 
age. Shouts are sometimes expres- 
sive of derision. We also shout to 
attract the attention of some one at a 
great distance. 

To Bawl is to cry with a loud and 
full sound, as in calling, in pain, etc. 

A Halloo is a shout designed to 
attract the attention of some one at a 
distance. 

A Whoop is a loud and shrill shout. 
Boys sometimes whoop when engaged 
in their sports. The American Indi- 
ans utter a war-whoop. 

To Hoot is to utter shouts of con- 
tempt. 

A Huzza is a shout of praise ut- 
tered as a compliment to some dis- 
tinguished individual. 

Many who have heen saluted with the huzzas 
of a crowd one day, have received their execra- 
tions the next. — Mansfield. 

One self-approving hour whole years outweighs, 
Of stupid starers and of loud huzzas. — Pope. 

Hurra! or Hurrah! is a shout 
of exultation or encouragement. 

A Yell is a loud and hideous out- 
cry. 

To Scream is to utter a shrill and 
violent outcry, as in a fright, or in 
extreme pain. 

To Shriek is to utter a shrill and 
piercing outcry from the influence of 
sudden terror, or of extreme anguish. 

To Screech is to utter a loud and 
extremely shrill cry, as in very acute 
pain, or in sudden terror. 

To Squall is to scream or cry vio- 
lently, as a child in anger or distress. 

A Sigh is a long-drawn and audi- 
ble breathing, indicative of sadness. 

A Groan is a deep, heavy, and pro- 
longed vocal sound, indicative of 
bodily pain or mental anguish. 

A Grunt is a short groan. 

A Sob is a convulsive sigh. 



To Moan is to utter a murmur ex- 
pressive of grief or bodily pain. 

c. Animal Sounds. 

To Growl is to utter the low, 
grumbling sound of an angry dog or 
lion. 

A Snarling is a growling, accom- 
panied by a curling of the nose, and 
a showing of the teeth as indicative 
of a disposition to bite. 

To Bark is to utter a short, harsh 
cry, like that of dogs when they 
threaten or pursue. 

To Yelp is to utter the cry of a 
dog when hurt, or of a hound in the 
pursuit of game. 

To Bay is to bark. Also, to bark 
at. 

I 'd rather be a dog and bap the moon, 
Than such a Roman. — ShaTcs. 

A Howling is a loud, protracted, 
and mournful cry, uttered by dogs 
and wolves. 

To Whine is to utter a small, plain- 
tive cry. The whining of a dog is 
indicative of uneasiness. 

To Mew is to utter a weak and 
somewhat acute cry, as that of a cat, 
when trying to attract attention. 

To Purr is to utter a low and con- 
tinued murmur, as a cat does in ex- 
pressing a sense of gratification. 

To Waul is to utter a loud and 
disagreeable cry like that frequently 
heard from cats at night. 

To Caterwaul is to waul as cats. 

To Bleat is to utter the cry of the 
sheep, the deer, or the goat. 

To Baa is to utter the peculiar 
bleating of the sheep. 

To Low is to utter the ordinary cry 
of the ox. 

To Bellow is to utter the deep, 
heavy tones of the bull, when an- 
nouncing his own lordly dignity, or 
when bidding defiance to a rival. 

To Neigh is to utter the cry of the 
horse. 

Whinnying is a kind of neighing 
by which the horse calls other ani- 
mals of his kind. 

To Bray is to utter the loud and 
harsh roar of the ass. 

To Gruntle is to utter the deep, 



SOUND. 



17 



guttural sound which is natural to 
the hog. (Freq. of grunt) * 

To Squeal is to utter the loud and 
shrill cry that is natural to the hog 
when seized by an enemy. 

To Squeak is to utter a small, sharp 
cry like that of the mouse. 

To Cackle is to utter the notes 
used by the hen when recovering 
from some temporary alarm, or in re- 
joicing over a newly-laid egg. 

To Cluck is to utter the notes used 
by the hen in conducting her young. 

To Ckow is to utter a cry like that 
of the barn-yard cock in announcing 
the dawn, or in proclaiming his vic- 
tory over a rival. 

To Chatter is to utter a rapid suc- 
cession of small, short, and rattling 
sounds. Magpies and monkeys chat- 
ter. The rapid striking of the teeth 
together from cold is also called a 
chattering. Fig. To talk idly. 

To Twitter is to make a succession 
of small, short, acute sounds, follow- 
ing each other with great rapidity. 
Swallows twitter. 

To Caw is to cry caw ! caw ! after 
the manner of the crow or the rook. 
• To Croak is to utter the hoarse 
note of the frog or raven. Fig. To 
complain of the gloominess of fu- 
ture prospects, or to prophesy evil. 

Note. —This figure had its origin in the cir- 
cumstance that the croaking of a raven used to 
be regarded by the superstitious as an omen of 
evil. 

To Coo is to utter the soft and 
plaintive or tender cry of the dove 
or pigeon. 

To Hoot is to cry too hoo ! too hoo I 
after the manner of the owl. 

To Gobble is to utter the cry of 
the turkey-cock. 

To Quack is to cry quack I quack ! 
after the manner of the duck. 

To Squawk is to utter a loud, shrill, 
and harsh cry, as that of certain 
large fowls. The term squawk is 
also applied, by the way of contempt, 
to the noisy shoutings of children. 

To Pipe is to utter a small, shrill 
sound like that of a slender pipe. 
Certain birds pipe. 



To Pip is to utter the cry of a 
young chicken. 

To Peep is a different form of the 
word to pip. 

A Cheeping is a cry of uneasiness 
or pain uttered by a young chicken. 

To Chirp is to utter the shrill cry 
of certain small birds. 

To Chirrup is to utter lively, chirp- 
ing notes. A young child, when 
pleased, sometimes chirrups in its 
nurse's arms. 

To Whistle is to produce shrill 
musical notes by means of a pipe, 
or by a forcible emission of the 
breath through a small aperture be- 
tween the lips. Certain birds whistle. 

To Hiss is to produce a small, 
sharp breathing sound by impelling 
the breath between the tip of the 
tongue and the upper teeth. Geese 
and serpents hiss. Drops of water 
falling on a hot iron cause it to hiss. 

Note. — Hissing is sometimes significant of 
contempt. 

General Note. — With perhaps two or three 
exceptions, the words of the foregoing lists of 
specific sounds are imitations of the particular 
sounds which they designate. 

Qualities of Voice. 

Clear, open and free from harsh- 
ness. 

Hoarse, rough, as when the organs 
of voice are affected by a cold. 

Huskixess is a dry hoarseness, in 
which the sonorousness of the voice 
is impaired. 

GRinr, rumbling. 

Stentorian, very powerful. (From 
Stentor, a Grecian warrior in the 
army against Troy. His voice was 
louder than the combined voices of 
fifty men.) 

4. Of the Echo. 

An echo is a reflected sound. (A 
sound turned back.) 

Note.— Sound, light, heat, 
and elastic bodies are subject 
to the same law of reflection, 
which is, that the angle of 
reflection is equal to the an- 
gle of incidence. Let AB 
be a wall. Now if an elastic 
ball thrown from D strike the 
wall perpendicularly at C, it 
will be reflected perpendicularly back to P. If 
a ball thrown from E strike the wall obliquely 




18 



SAPORS. 



at C, forming with A B the angle of incidence 
E C A, it will he reflected obliquely from C to F, 
forming with A B the angle of reflection F C B, 
equal to E C A. Now if sound were substituted 
for the ball it would observe the same law of re- 
flection. Or if a mirror were substituted for the 
wall, and light or heat took the place of the ball, 
these elements would be found in like manner 
to conform to this law. 

To Reverberate is, 1. To beat back. 
An arch may reverberate the voice 
of a speaker. 2. To ring with re- 
flected sounds. The forest reverber- 
ates with the blows of the ax-man. 
(L., re, back; and verbero, to beat.) 

5. Of Silence. 

SILENCE is the absence *of sound. 
Still, 1. Emitting no sound. 2. Un- 
disturbed by sound. 
To Hush is, 1. To cease speaking 



or sounding. 2. To cause to be 
silent. 

Hush, (adj.,) silent; as, they are 
as liusli as death. 

Hush-money, a bribe to secure 
silence. 

Hist ! a word commanding silence, 
and equivalent to hush ! 

Mute, 1. Incapable of uttering vo- 
cal sounds. Fishes are mute. 2. Not 
uttering vocal sounds, though capa- 
ble of doing so. A man is mute when 
he does not use his voice. 

Dumb, 1. Incapable of uttering ar- 
ticulate sounds. The beasts are dumb. 
2. Incapable of employing articulate 
sounds for the expression of ideas. 
The deaf are commonly also dumb. 

Mum, refraining from speech. 



OF SAPOES. 



A SAPOR is any quality that 
affects the sense of taste. (L., sapio, 
to have qualities that affect the taste.) 
Hence, 

Sapid, affecting the taste. Salt 
and sugar are sapid substances. 

Insipid, tasteless. Saw-dust and 
weak tea are insipid. Fig., Not sea- 
soned with sense, so as to please the 
intellectual taste ; as, insipid conver- 
sation ; an insipid book. {In, not, 
and sapid.) 

Savor is the word sapor modified 
by the substitution of v for p. But 
savor is employed to signify a quality 
that affects the smell as well as one 
that affects the taste. 

If the salt has lost its savor, wherewith shall 
it be salted ?— Matt, x : 13. 

And the Lord smelled a sweet savor. — Gen. 
viii: 21. 

Savory signifies, 1. Agreeable to 
the taste ; as, a savory dish. 2. Agree- 
able to the smell ; as, savory odors. 

Note. — The term savory is properly applied 
to odors only, when, from some peculiarity of the 
odor, we are led to infer that the substance from 
which the odor proceeds, would also be agreeable 
to the taste. 

Flavor, from the French fairer, 
to smell, properly signifies an odor; 
but common usage seems to have ap- 
propriated this term chiefly to the 



sense of taste. We speak of the flavor 



Note. — The word flavor is employed in refer- 
ence to nice discriminations in the taste of 
articles of food and drink. 

A Tincture is a slight taste super- 
added to the natural taste of any 
substance ; as, a tincture of orange 
peel. (L., tingo, to stain.) 

A Twang is a slight degree of some 
flavor perceptibly mingled with some 
predominant taste. A sweet fruit 
may have a twang of bitterness. 

To Smack of is to be tinctured with 
any particular taste. Food smacks 
of the spice with which it is seasoned. 
(Ger., schmecken, to taste.) 

Palatable, agreeable to the taste, 
(or palate, the sense of taste having 
been formerly supposed to be seated 
in the palate.) 

Nice, more than ordinarily pleasant 
to the taste. 

Delicate, agreeable to a refined 
palate. (L., delicice, delights.) 

Delicacy, an article of food that 
pleases a refined palate. 

Delicious, highly pleasing to the 
taste or other senses. 

Luscious, excessively rich; as, a 
luscious fruit. 



SAPORS. 



19 



Note. — Luscious food is such as is calculated 
by its richness to cloy and sicken, unless moder- 
ately and cautiously used. 

Dainty, 1. Nice or particular in 
the selection of food. 2. Suiting a 
taste that is difficult to please ; as, a 
dainty bit.. 

Dainties, articles of food that are 
suited to a dainty appetite. 

Specific Sapors. 

Sweet, having the characteristic 
taste of those substances called sac- 
charine, as sugar or honey. 

Note 1. — The epithet sweet is applied to various 
substances not saccharine, to denote some quality 
that affects the taste pleasantly. Thus we say 
that water is sweet which is free from any im- 
pregnation with saline (salt-like) matters ; and 
that meat is sweet which is free from any tend- 
ency to putrefaction. 

Note 2. — The term sweet is metaphorically 
applied to qualities of scent and sound which 
pleasantly affect the senses of smell and hearing. 
Thus we say that the odor of arose, or the air of 
a piece of music is sweet. 

Note 3. — In a moral sense we speak of a sweet 
temper. 

Saccharine, having the qualities 
of sugar. (L., saccharum, sugar.) 

Nectarine, having the exquisite 
s weetness of nectar, the drink of the 
'gods. See Art. Mythology. 

Ambrosial, having the exquisitely 
delicious taste or scent of ambrosia, 
the food of the gods. See Art. Myth- 
ology. 

Dtjlcts, sweet. (L.) Hence, 

Dulcet, 1. Literally sweet. 

She tempers dulcet creams. — Milton. 

2. Metaphorically sweet ; as, dulcet 
sounds. 

Dulcify, to sweeten. (Fy, from L. 
facio, to make.) 

Dulcimer, a musical instrument 
having about 50 strings, which are 
played upon with little sticks. The 
name refers to the sweetness of the 
tones. 

Suavis, sweet. (L.) Hence, 

Suavity, sweetness. Used only in 
a figurative sense ; as, suavity of lan- 
guage, conversation, or address. 

Mel, honey. (L.) Hence, 

Mellifluent or Mellifluous, sweetly 
flowing ; as, a mellifluent voice ; mel- 
lifluous strains of music. 



Bitter is the opposite of sweet. 

Note. — Bitter is the characteristic taste of 
wormwood, aloes, and gall. In a figurative 
sense bitterness is predicated of the painful 
emotions. Thus we speak of the bitterness of 
grief. Bitterness is also predicated of the malig- 
nant feelings ; as, a bitter hate. 

Sourness is the quality which char- 
acterizes the taste of vinegar. In a 
figurative sense we speak of sourness 
of the temper. 

Acid, sour to the taste. (L., acidus, 
sour.) 

To Acidify is to make sour. 

Acidulous, slightly sour. 

To Acidulate is to tinge with a sour 
taste, as when we put a few drops of 
vinegar in a glass of water. 

Acetic, pertaining to or having 
the nature of vinegar. Acetic acid 
is the acid of pure vinegar. (L., 
acetum, vinegar.) 

Crab, harshly sour. Hence, 

Crab-apple, a wild fruit, thus 
called on account of its taste. 

Crabbed, harshly sour, like the 
crab-apple. Figuratively we speak 
of crabbedness of temper. 

Eough, and Harsh, as applied to 
taste, denote ideas derived from the 
sense of touch. These terms are 
used to denote ungrateful modifica- 
tions of the sour taste. Rough is 
applied to liquors, as a rough wine; 
and harsh is applied to fruits. 

Austertjs, harshly sour. (L.) 
Hence, 

Austere, sour with astringency. 
Certain fruits and wines are austere. 
Fig. 1. Harsh in one's bearing to- 
ward others ; as an austere master ; 
an austere look. 2. Severe in one's 
manners and habits. 

Note. — A person who is austere from principle 
abstains from innoceut and lawful gratifications 
and pleasures. 

Hardness is spoken of the taste 
of fermented liquors when they be- 
gin to lose their spirituous flavor, 
and to become sour ; as, hard cider. 

Vinegar is cider or wine that has 
become sour. (Fr. tin, wine, and 
aigre, sour.) 

Tart, 1. Having a sharp, but not 
unpleasant taste, as the currant and 



20 



ODORS. 



the cranberry. 2. Sharp in a figu- 
rative sense, as a tart reply. 

A Tart is a pie made of sour fruit. 

Brisk or Lively, having the sharp 
and pleasant taste of an effervescing 
liquor. 

Vapid or Flat, haying lost its 
liveliness. In a figurative sense, we 
may speak of a vapid sentiment. 
(From an imaginary Latin root vapeo, 
to fly off in vapor.) 

Note.. — The term flat refers, perhaps, to the 
flattening down of the froth on the surface of an 
effervescing liquor after the effervescence has 
ceased. 

To Pall is, 1. To become vapid ; as, 
the liquor palls. 2. To cease to have 
the power of gratifying the sense. 

Beauty soon grows familiar to the lover, 
Fades in the eye and palls upon the sense. 
Addison. 

Racy, having a strong, rich and 
agreeable flavor, as a racy apple; 
racy wine. Fig. Characterized by a 
rich, lively, and agreeable strain of 
sentiment ; as a racy article ; a racy 
style. 

Acbrbtjs, harshly sour (L.) Hence, 
Acerb, having a harsh taste like 
that of unripe fruit. 

Note. — In the acerb taste sourness is mingled 
with astringency. 

Exacerbate, lit. To render more 



harsh to the taste. Hence, Fig. To 
render more severe. Physicians 
speak of the exacerbation of the 
symptoms of a disease. 

Saline, having the qualities of salt. 
(L. sal, salt.) 

Brackish, slightly impregnated 
with salt ; as, brackish water. 

Stale, having lost its life, spirit, 
or flavor from being long kept; as 
stale beer; stale bread. In a Jig. 
sense, we speak of stale news ; a stale 
remark. 

To Taint is to affect meat with the 
taste which indicates incipient putre- 
faction. Fig. To corrupt with vicious 
principles. 

Spices are vegetable productions 
of an agreeable, pungent taste, which 
are used to improve the flavor of 
food. Hence, 

Spicy, having the taste of the 
spices. Fig. Abounding in pungent 
wit, as a spicy discourse. 

To Season is to render food pala- 
table by means of salt or the spices. 

Condiments are substances used 
either in seasoning, or in preserving 
articles of food. Salt, the spices, 
vinegar, mustard, etc., are condi- 
ments. (L. condio, to season, or pre- 
serve. ) 



OF ODOES. 



An Odor, Smell, or Scent is a 
quality in matter that affects the 
sensibility of the olfactory nerves. 

Note.— Though these terms are commonly 
regarded as synonymous, yet they exhibit the 
idea which they represent under different as- 
pects. Odor is from the Greek ozo, to exhale, or 
send forth particles of matter capable of affect- 
ing the sense of smelling. The term smell has 
a reference to the action of the nostrils in inhal- 
ing or snuffing up those particles, to inhale or 
snuff up, being the primary meaning of to smell. 
The term scent, is from the Latin sentio, to per- 
ceive, and therefore refers to the perception of 
the odorous properties of the matter that has 
been inhaled. The same quality then, is an 
odor, in reference to its being inherent in some- 
thing that has been exhaled ; a smell, in refer- 
ence to its being inherent in something that 
has been inhaled ; and a scent, in reference to 
the fact that the quality has affected the appro- 
priate organ of sense. 

Fragrant, having a sweet scent. 



Redolent, diffusing a sweet scent. 
(L. re, again, and oleo, to emit a 
scent.) 

A Perfume is a sweet scent. 

Strong, affecting the sense of 
smell unpleasantly. 

Musty, having the smell caused 
by moldiness. 

Ranceo, to be strong scented. (L.) 
Hence, 

Rancid, having the smell or taste 
of old butter or oiL 

Bancescent, beginning to become 
rancid. 

Rank, having a strong and offen- 
sive odor. Spoken of the smell of 
certain plants and animals. Garlic 
and goats emit a rank odor. 



POROSITY — RARITY — DENSITY 



21 



A Fetoe, ■ Stench, or Stink is a 
strong and disgusting smell. 

Note — Stench is a stronger term than 'fetor. 
We can speak of a fetor of tho breath. Certain 
accumulations of filth produce a horrid stench. 



The term stink includes erery degree of the dis- 
gusting smell. 



Fetid, having a disgusting 
(L. fceteo, to stink.) 



scent. 



OF THE MECHANICAL PEOPEETIES OF MATTER. 



1. Porosity. 

PORES are very small vacant 
spaces between the particles of a 
body. 

Porous, abounding in pores. 

Porosity or Porousness is the qual- 
ity of abounding in pores. 

Note 1. — All bodies are supposed to be more 
or less porous. 

Note 2. — In light bodies the pores are sup- 
posed to bo large and numerous, while in heavy 
bodies they are supposed to be few and small. 

Note 3. — Sir Isaac Newton conjectured that 
if the matter of the whole earth were so com- 
pressed as to be absolutely without pores, it 
might possibly be contained within the space of 
a cubic inch. 

2. Of the Cellular Structure. 

CELLS are small cavities larger 
than pores. 

Cellular, abounding in cells. 

Spongy substances are such as 
abound in cells, and are at the same 
time soft, pliable, and elastic, like the 
substance called sponge. 

3. Of Rarity. 

RARE bodies are such as have 
numerous and large interstices be- 
tween their atoms. Water is nine- 
teen times lighter than gold, and is, 
consequently, nineteen times rarer. 
XDense. 

Raeity is the condition of being 
rare. XDensity. 

To Rarefy is to render lighter by 
driving the atoms of bodies farther 
apart. Heat rarefies air. XCondense. 

Rarefaction is the act of render- 
ing a substance lighter by driving 
the atoms further apart. (L. facio 
[factum], to make) ^Condensation. 

Thin, 1. Being at the same time 
rare and fluid; as thin air; a thin 
vapor. 2. Being more than usually 
fluid from containing an excess of 
water or other liquid ; as thin molas- 
ses; thin milk; thin blood. 



Tenuity is thinness; as the tenuity 
of the air in the upper regions of 
the atmosphere; the tenuity of the 
blood. (L. tenuis, thin.) 

To Attenuate is to make thin. 

An Attenuant is a medicine that 
thins the fluids. 

4. Of Density. 

DENSE bodies are those in which 
the pores are few and small, or in 
which the atoms are not separated 
by large intervals. Water is 11,000 
times denser than hydrogen gas. 
Platinum, the heaviest of the metals, is 
21 \ times denser than water. >£P are - 

Density is the condition of a body 
in relation to the closeness or re- 
moteness of its particles or atoms. 
Hydrogen is a substance of little 
density. Platinum is a substance of 
great density. XRarity. 

To Condense is to bring the parti- 
cles or atoms of a body more closely 
together. XRarefy. 

5. To Stick 

To STICK. When portions of 
matter in contact require some force 
to separate them they are said to 
stick. 

Sticky, having the quality of 
sticking, as tar or glue. 

Glutinous, having the sticky qual- 
ity of glue. (L. gluten, glue.) 

Viscid, being at the same time both 
semi-fluid and sticky, like the white 
of an egg. (L. viscus, birdlime, a 
sticky preparation spread over the 
branches of trees for the purpose of 
catching birds.) 

Viscidity is the quality of being at 
the same time both semi-fluid and 
sticky. 

Viscous, soft and sticky like cer- 
tain sums. 



22 



COHESION — SOFTNESS. 



Viscosity is the quality of being 
soft and sticky. 

Ropy, moderately viscid. Cider or 
wine becomes ropy when changing 
into vinegar. (From rope, a cord. ) 

Note. — A ropy liquid, when suffered to fall 
from the end of a stick, ropes, that is, draws 
itself into a slender thread. 

Clammy, sticky ; as, clammy dough ; 
clammy clay ; a clammy sweat. (From 
clam, to clog with any viscid sub- 
stance.) 

EL^ereo [hoesuiri], to stick. (L.) 
Hence, 

Cohere, to stick together, (co, to- 
gether. ) 

Cohesion, the act of sticking to- 
gether. 

Coherent, sticking together; as, co- 
herent parts. Fig., duly connected; 
as, a coherent discourse. 

Cohesive, tending to unite matter 
in masses; as cohesive attraction. 

Adhere, to stick to. {ad, to.) 

Adhesion, the act of sticking to. 

Adherent one who sticks to another 
as a follower of the fortunes or opin- 
ions of the person to whom he ad- 
heres. 

Inhere, to exist (or stick) in some- 
thing else. Colors inhere in cloth. 
A dart inheres in the flesh. 

Inherent, existing in any thing as a 
natural property. The power of at- 
tracting iron is inherent in the mag- 
net. 

To Cleave is to stick, as dust, 
mud, etc. Shake off the dust that 
cleaveth unto your feet. 

To Coalesce is to become united by 
spontaneous cohesion. Large hail- 
stones sometimes consist of smaller 
ones that have coalesced. Two drops 
of water brought in contact coalesce 
and form a single drop. 

Coalescence is the act of sponta- 
neous cohesion. 

Coalition is, 1. The union of sep- 
arate bodies in one mass by sponta- 
neous cohesion. 2. A union of po- 
litical or other parties. - 

Cresco [cretuni], to grow. (L.) 
Hence, 

Concrescence, the process of be- 



coming united in one mass by spon- 
taneous cohesion, (con, together.) 

Concrete, united in one mass by 
the spontaneous cohesion of separate 
particles. 

Concretion, 1. The process of be- 
coming united in a solid mass by the 
spontaneous cohesion of small par- 
ticles. 2. A solid mass formed by 
the spontaneous cohesion of separate 
particles. 

Accretion, the process by which 
particles unite themselves externally 
to a solid mass, (ad, to.) 

Glomus, a ball of yarn. (L.) 
Hence, 

Glomero [glomeratuni], to wind 
into a ball. (L.) Hence, 

Conglomerate, gathered into a 
mass. 

Conglomerate Rocks are composed 
of pebbles cemented by mineral 
matter. 

To Cement is to unite solid bodies 
by interposing a soft substance, 
which, on hardening, holds the 
bodies together by the force of 
cohesion. Mortar is a kind of ce- 
ment. 

To Weld is to unite pieces of iron 
by first softening them by heat, and 
then beating them together with a 
hammer. 

6. Of Hardness. 

HARD bodies are those whose 
particles cohere so firmly as not to 
be easily displaced by pressure. 

Durtts, hard. (L.) Hence, 

Indurate, to harden. 

Obdurate, hardened in wicked- 
ness, as an obdurate sinner ; an ob- 
durate heart. 

Dure, or Endure, to last ; because 
hardness is a quality that renders 
things lasting. 

7. Of Softness. 

SOFT bodies are, 1. Those whose 
form may be readily changed by 
pressure, as putty or dough. 2. 
Such as admit of being easily cut, 
as soapstone. 

Note.— Softness is the result of a feeble co- 
hesion of the particles of a body. 



MALLEABILITY — DUCTILITY — FLEXIBILITY. 



Mollis, soft. (L.) Hence, 
Mollify,}. To soften. 2. To soften 
with poultices, etc., for the purpose 
of allaying pain or irritation ; as, to 
mollify a wound with oil. 3. To 
appease; as to mollify a person who 
is in a sullen or angry mood. 

Emollient, possessing the property 
of softening. A poultice is an emol- 
lient application. 

7. Of Tenacity. 
TENACITY is the force with which 
the parts of a solid body cohere. 
(L. teneo, to hold.) 

Note. — The measure of tenacity is the force 
required to pull a bar of a given breadth and 
thickness asunder. Steel possesses a greater de- 
gree of tenacity than any other substance. 

Tenacious, 1. Cohering with great 
force. 2. Sticky. Tar is a tena- 
cious substance. 

8. Of Brittleness. 
BRITTLE bodies are such as are 
easily broken, as glass, queensware, 
etc. 

Note. — Brittleness is a quality of hard bodies 
that are lacking in tenacity. 

Friable bodies are such as are 
easily reduced to grains or powder, 
as sandstone, loaf sugar, etc. 

Note. — Friable substances are usually of a 
loose texture, the parts being held together by 
but a slight force of cohesion. 

9. Of Elasticity. 

ELASTIC bodies are such as have 
an inherent power of recovering 
their former figure after any external 
pressure which has changed that 
figure has been removed. Whale- 
bone, Indian rubber, and air, are re- 
markable for their elastic properties. 

Elasticity is the property which 
causes a body to resume its natural 
shape after having been pressed, 
stretched, or twisted. 

Springy, elastic. (From spring, to 
rebound, or fly back. 

Springiness is elasticity. 

10. Of Malleability. 

MALLEABLE substances are such 
as are susceptible of extension under 
the hammer. (L. malleus, a ham- 
mer.) 



Note.— Gold is the most malleable of all tli3 
metals. A single grain of gold may be ham- 
mered so thin as to cover fifty square inches. 

Malleability is the quality which 
renders bodies susceptible of exten- 
sion under the hammer. 

11. Of Ductility. 
DUCTILE substances are such as 
are susceptible of being drawn into 
wire or threads. L. duco [ductuni], 
to draw.) 

Note. — Platinum is the most ductile of all the 
metals. 

Ductility is the quality which ren- 
ders bodies susceptible of being drawn 
into wire or thread. 

12. Of Flexibility. 

FLEXIBLE substances are such as 
are capable of being bent without 
breaking. L. flecto \_flexum'], to 
bend.) 

Note 1. Some substances are both flexible and 
elastic, as whalebone. Others are flexible and 
non-elastic, as lead. 

Note 2. The term flexible may be used figura- 
tively, as when we speak of flexible judge, a flex- 
ible will. 

Flexibility is capability of being- 
bent. 

Flexile, very easily bent. A slen- 
der twig is flexile. 

Pliant or Pliable. — 1. Easily bent, 
as a slender twig. 2. Easily folded, 
as soft leather or cloth. 3. Easily 
molded, as wax. Fig. Keadily yield- 
ing to the will of others. 

Pliancy or Pliability is easiness to 
be bent. Fig. Readiness to yield 
to the will of others. 

Limber, 1. Easily bent; as, a limber 
rod. 2. Perfectly pliant ; as, a lim- 
ber rag. 3. Moving freely ; as, a 
limber joint. 4. Relaxed. In faint- 
ing, the muscles become limber. 

Lithe, that maybe easily bent; as 
a lithe twig; the lithe proboscis of 
an elephant. 

Supple, easily bent; as, a supple 
rod; a supple joint. Fig. Bending 
to the humor of others. 

Flabby, being soft and of a loose 
texture; as, flabby flesh. 

Flaccid, yielding to pressure for 



24 



STIFFNESS — TOUGHNESS — FLUIDITY — TO BREAK. 



want of firmness and stiffness; as, a 
flaccid muscle. 

13. Of Stiffness. 

STIFF bodies are such as are not 
easily bent. Fig. Wanting in those 
graces which depend upon a perfect 
flexibility of the various joints of the 
body; as, stiff manners. 

Rigeo, to be stiff. (L.) Hence, 

Rigid, stiff. Fig. Not bending 
(or yielding) in the way of kindness 
or indulgence; as, a rigid master; 
a rigid rule ; rigid justice. 

Rigor, stiffness. (Not used by 
recent writers in the literal sense.) 
Fig. The unbending strictness of 
fixed rules. Courts of Equity relax 
the rigor of the common law. 

14. Of Toughness. 
TOUGH bodies are such as are not 



easily torn asunder. Hickory is a 
tough wood. The gristly portions of 
meat are tough. 

Tender, free from toughness ; as, 
tender meat. 

15. Of Fluidity. 
A FLUID is a substance whose 
particles move freely among them- 
selves. (L. fluo, to flow.) 

Note. — Fluids are of two classes, namely : 
liquids, such as water, oil, etc. ; and gases, 
which resemble air in their form. 

Liquids are fluids which possess 
but little elasticity, and are but 
slightly compressible. 

Note. — In liquids a slight degree of cohesion 
exists between the particles. 

Gases are fluids, air-like in form, 
compressible, and permanently elas- 
tic. 

Note. — The gases are entirely destitute of 
cohesive attraction. 



OF THE YAEIOUS MODES OF OYEECOMING THE 
FOECE OF COHESION". 



1. To Break. 

To BREAK is to separate the 
parts of a solid body by pressure, or 
by a sudden blow. 

A Breach is, 1. A broken place ; 
as, a breach in a wall. 2. An act 
of breaking ; as, a breach of the peace ; 
a breach of good manners. (From 
break. ) 

Frango [fr actum], to break. (L.) 
Hence, 

Fracture, a breaking ; as, the frac- 
ture of a bone. 

F?^action, a broken number ; as, |. 

Fragment, a piece broken from a 
mass. 

Fragile, easily broken. Thin glass 
is fragile. '■ 

Frail, not adapted to withstand 
violence ; as, a frail bark ; a frail 
human body. (Contraction of fra- 
gile.) 

Infringe, to break ; as, to infringe 
a contract or law. We should not 
infringe upon the rights of others. 

Frangible, that may be broken. 

Infrangible, that can not be broken. 



To Snap is to break with a short 
and sudden fracture, as a dry, and 
brittle stick. 

To Crack is slightly and partially 
to separate the parts of a solid body. 

A Crack is a slight and partial 
separation of the parts of a solid 
body. 

A Crevice is an opening formed 
by the separation of the parts of a 
solid body; as, a crevice in a wall. 

A Crevasse is a breach formed by 
the breaking of the water through 
the levees on the banks of the Mis- 
sissippi. (Fr., crever, to split.) 

A Chink is a long, narrow opening 
in a wall, either existing in the ori- 
ginal construction, or formed by the 
shrinking of the parts. 

To Shatter is, by sudden violence, 
partially to separate the parts of a 
brittle solid by crevices running in 
various directions. 

To Shiver is to separate into small 
fragments or splinters. Lightning 
sometimes shivers a large tree. 

To Crush is to break into small 



TO SPLIT — TO TEAR — TO WEAR. 



25 



fragments, either by pressure or by 
beating. 

A Cbtoib is a small portion of a 
friable solid. 

To Crumble is, 1. To break into 
crumbs." 2. To separate spontaneous- 
ly into crumbs or small pieces. 

Contero [contrituni], to crush. 
(L.) Hence, 

Contrite, broken or crushed in a 
moral sense ; as, a contrite heart ; 
that is, a heart broken by sorrow for 
sin. 

Contrition, a state of broken- 
heartedness on account of sins com- 
mitted. 

To Pulyerize is to reduce to pow- 
der. (L., pulvis, dust.) 

To Grind is to reduce to small 
particles by friction. 

To Triturate is to reduce to a fine 
powder by continued friction. 

Note. — The apothecary triturates suhstancea in 
a mortar. 

To Levigate is to reduce by grind- 
ing or trituration to an impalpable 
or smooth powder. (L., Icevis, 
smooth.) 

To Burst is to break by a force 
acting from within ' in an outward 
direction, as by the force of gun- 
powder or steam. 

Kumpo [ruptwii], to break or burst. 
(L.) Hence, 

Rupture, a breaking or bursting; 
as, the rupture of a string; the rup- 
ture of a bloodvessel; a rupture of 
the skin. Fig. A breach of peace 
or concord between individuals or 
nations. 

Disruption, 1. The act of breaking 
asunder. 2. A breach, (dis, asun- 
der.) 

Abrupt, lit, broken short off. 
Hence, 1. Steep; as, an abrupt pre- 
cipice. 2. Broken by sudden transi- 
tions ; as, an abrupt style. 3. Sud- 
den, or without notice to prepare 
the mind for the event ; as, an 
abrupt entrance; an abrupt depart- 
ure, (ab, off.) 

Note. — The expression, an abrupt precipice, 
conveys the idea that the rocks had once ex- 
tended further, but had been broken off by some 
convulsion of nature. In the case of an abrupt 



departure, the continuance of the person's stay 
is suddenly and unexpectedly broken oj}\ 

2. To Split. 

To SPLIT is, 1. To separate a 
solid body lengthwise ; as, to split a 
bar of iron. 2. To separate a fibrous 
body in the direction of the fibres ; 
as, to split a log of wood. 3. To 
separate, as a crystal, in the direc- 
tion of the natural cleavage. 4. To 
separate a mass, as a rock, in any 
direction. 

To Cleave is to split. 

A Cleft is a vacant space formed 
by the splitting apart of a solid mass ; 
as, a cleft in a rock. 

Cleavage is the capability observed 
in crystals to undergo mechanical 
division in certain fixed directions. 

To Rive is to split ; as, to rive 
shingles. The oak was riven by the 
lightning. 

Findo \_fissum~], to split. (L.) 
Hence, 

Fissile, that may be split. 

Fissility, capability of being split. 

Fissure, a cleft; as, a fissure in a 
rock. 

3. To Tear. 

To TEAR, is to separate the parts 
of a tenacious body by pulling or 
other violence. 

Tatters are parts of a garment 
partially separated by tearing. 

To Lacerate is to tear, as the skin 
or flesh. In a fig. sense we speak of 
the laceration of the heart. 

To Rend is to separate the parts 
of a body either by tearing or burst- 
ing. A garment may be rent. A 
blast of gunpowder rends a rock. 

4. To Wear. 

To WEAR is to diminish the bulk 
of a body by removing small par- 
ticles by friction. 

To Abrade is to remove particles 
from the surface of a body by fric- 
tion. (L., ab, from; and rado, [ra- 
suni], to scrape.) 

Abrasion, the act of removing par- 
ticles from the surface of a body by 
friction. 



26 



TO CUT. 



5. To Cut 

To CUT is to sever the parts of a 
solid body by means of an edged 
instrument. 

To Hack is to cut slightly with 
frequent blows. 

To Haggle is to cut irregularly 
and unskillfully. A boy haggles a 
stick with a dull knife. A human 
body may be haggled by repeated 
strokes of a sword. (Freq. of hack.) 

To Hew is, 1. To separate external 
portions by cutting ; as to hew tim- 
ber with an ax, for the purpose of 
forming a smooth surface. 2. To 
shape with a chisel ; as, to hew stone. 

To Hew off is to separate by cut- 
ting; as, to hew Oj^* the branches of a 
tree. 

To Hew down is to fell by cutting ; 
as, to hew down a tree. 

To Chop is, 1. To cut into pieces 
with an ax ; as, to chop wood. 2. 
To cut into small pieces, as to chop 
meat or straw. 

To Chop off is to sever with an 
ax or other heavy cutting instrument. 

A Chip is a small portion severed 
from a hard body by cutting. (From 
chop. ) 

To Chip is to cut a hard substance 
into small pieces. 

To Mince is to cut into fine pieces ; 
as, to mince meat. (Fr., mince, fine.) 

To Shave is to cut off any external 
growth close to the surface ; as, to 
shave the beard; to shave the bark 
from a stick of wood. 2. To remove 
thin and ribbon-like slices from the 
surface, as a joiner does in planing 
a board. 

To Pake is to remove the outside 
or the extremities by cutting ; as, to 
pare an apple ; to pare the nails. 

To Shear is to separate wool or 
hair from the skin of an animal, or 
to shorten the nap of cloth by means 
of a two-bladed instrument called a 
pair of shears. 

To Clip is to cut with shears or 
scissors ; as, to clip the hair ; to clip 
the wings. 

To Whittle is to cut off small 
pieces from a hard body with a knife. 



(From the obsolete noun whittle, a 
knife. ) 

Seco \_sectum~], to cut. (L.) Hence, 

Section, 1. A pari? separated from 
the rest by a cutting either real or 
imaginary. The trunk of a tree may 
be divided into several sections by 
cutting it with a saw. Geographical 
lines may cut up the surface of a 
country into sections. 2. A division 
of a chapter, of a law, or of any in- 
strument of writing. 

Dissect, to cut apart. (Applied to 
the use of the knife in anatomical 
investigations.) (L. dis, apart.) 

Intersect, to cut each other mu- 
tually, as two lines which cross 
each other, (inter, mutually.) 

Insect, any living creature resem- 
bling the bee or the ant in form. 

Note. — The term insect refers to the circum- 
stance of the body of the creature being appar- 
ently cut into, and almost divided into two parts. 

Scindo [scissum], to cut. (L.) 
Hence, 

Rescind, to cut off. (Not used in 
the literal sense.) Fig. To annul or 
reverse ; as, to rescind a law, a re- 
solution, a vote, a decree, etc. 

Note. — In rescinding a resolution, etc., the 
body which passed it cuts it off, as it were, from 
the record of their proceedings. 

Rescission, the act of annulling 
or reversing, (re, off.) 

CiEDo [caesum], to cut. (L.) Hence, 

Incision, 1. The act of cutting in. 
2. A cut. A surgeon makes an in- 
cision in the flesh. 

Precise, lit, cut off at the end. 
(Not used in the lit. sense.) Fig. 
Exact ; as, precise rules ; precise di- 
rections, (pros, at the end.) 

Note. — Precise rules or directions are cut, as 
it were, to correspond to some definite measure 
of length. 

Precision, exactness. Eclipses are 
calculated with great precision. ' 

Preciseness, a disposition to be 
exact, or the practice of being ex- 
act ; as, preciseness in the distribu- 
tion of time. 

Concise, lit, closely trimmed by 
cutting. (Not used in the lit. sense.) 
Fig. Pruned of all superfluous words ; 
as, a concise style. 



TO DIG TO PIERCE. 



Tranches, to cut. (Fr.) Hence 

Trench, a ditch, (from its being 
formed by cutting the earth.) 

Intrench, to secure by cutting a 
trench around. 

To Intrench on, lit, to cut into. 
Hence, jig. To encroach upon; as, 
to intrench upon the rights of others. 
(in. upon.) 

Retrench, to cut away that which 
is excessive or superfluous ; as, to 
retrench the luxuriance of a vine by 
pruning; to retrench a composition 
of exuberant words or sentences; to 
retrench one's expenses, (re, away.) 

To Carve is, 1. To cut into small 
pieces, as meat at table. 2. To cut 
wood, stone, or other material into 
some particular form. 3. To cut 
figures or devices on hard materials. 

Sculpo \_sculptum~\, to carve. (L.) 
Hence, 

Sculpture, the art of cutting or 
hewing wood or stone into the images 
of men, beasts, and other things. 

Sculptor, one whose occupation is 
to carve wood or stone into images. 

TAT$n [Gltpho], to sculpture or 
carve. (Gr.) Hence, 

Hieroglyphic, pertaining to the 
carving of sacred characters. (Gr. 
Upos [hieros~\, sacred.) 

Note. — Hieroglyphics are the sacred characters 
which were used by the ancient Egyptian priests 
in their emblematic or picture writing. These 
characters still exist on Egyptian monuments, 
where they were sculptured three thousand years 
ago. 

XAPA2XQ [Charasso], to scrape, 
cut, or engrave. (Gr.) Hence, 

Character. — 1. A mark made by 
cutting or engraving. Hence, a mark 
made with a pen. 

6. To Dig. 

To Dig is to open the earth with 
a spade or other sharp instrument. 

A Ditch is a trench in the earth 
made by digging. 

A Moat is a ditch in fortification. 

Fodio \_fossum~\, to dig. (L.) 
Hence, 

Fossil, dug out of the earth; as, 
fossil coal; fossil salt. 

A Fossil, any organic substance 
that, bavins; been long buried in the 



earth, has become penetrated with 
earthy or metallic particles. 

Fosse, a ditch in fortification. (Fr.) 

Grabex, to dig. (Ger.) Hence 
Grub, to dig up by the roots. 

Grave, a pit dug for the reception 
of a dead body. 

To Grave, or to Engrave, to carve 
letters, etc., on stone, or other hard 
substance. 

7. To Pierce. 

To Pierce is, 1. To enter, as a 
pointed instrument, by separating 
and pushing aside the substance of 
the body pierced. 2. To force a 
way through any thing. A bullet 
may pierce a board. 

To Stick is to cause to enter, as 
a pointed instrument. 

To Prick is to pierce slightly. 

Prx go \_punctum~], to prick. (L.) 
Hence, 

Puncture, 1. The act of pricking. 
2, A small hole made by pricking. 

Pointy a mark made by pricking. 
See Term Point, Art. Form. 

kenteo [Cexteo], to prick. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Center, the middle point. See the 
Term Center, Art, Form. 

Incentive, that whichprieJcs the slug- 
gish faculties and excites to action. 
5 2Tizn [Stizo], to prick. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Instigate, to prick or incite to the 
doing of something that is wrong. 

8. Sundry Piercing Instruments and 
Bodies. 
Acts, a needle. (L.) Hence, 
Acute, having a sharp point. 

Note. — Acute is applied figuratively to the 
bodily senses, and to the intellect ; as, an acute 
vision ; an acute reasoner. The idea is, that the 
sense or the intellect, like an instrument with a 
fine point, penetrates between, and distinguishes 
slight differences. 5^ Dull. 

Acumen, lit, the sharpness of a 
pointed body. Fig. Penetration of 
mind. 

Acuminate, having a long, project- 
ing, and highly-tapering point. 

Acuminated, sharpened to a point. 

Aculeus, (dim. of acus), a sting or 
prickle. (L.) Hence, 



28 



TO STRETCH — TO BIND TIGHT. 



Aculeate, in Botany, having sharp 
points. 

Dullness is opposed to the sharp- 
ness either of a point or of an edge. 

Note. — The term dull is metaphorically ap- 
plied to light, sound, the senses, and the intel- 
lect. A dull light, a dull vision, and a dull intel- 
lect are not fitted to penetrate between and to 
separate things that are very close in local posi- 
tion, or in their mutual resemblance. 

A Sting is a sharp-pointed weapon 
with which certain insects are 
armed. 

A Thorn is a sharp process from 
the woody part of a plant. 

Spina, a thorn. (L.) Hence, 

Spine, 1. A thorn. 2. A thin 
pointed spike, as in fishes. 

A Prickle is a small pointed pro- 
cess growing from the bark only. 



A Brier is a plant covered with 
prickles. 

A Goad is a pointed instrument 
used in driving oxen. 

To Goad is, 1. To drive with a 
goad. Hence 2, and Jig. To excite 
to action by something pungent. 

A Spur is, 1. A spinous projection 
on a cock's leg. 2. An instrument 
having a little wheel with sharp 
points, worn on horsemen's heels, to 
prick the horses for hastening their 
pace. 

Stimulus, a goad or spur. (L.) 
Hence, 

Stimulus, 1. Something that ex- 
cites or rouses to action. 2. In 
Medicine, any thing that produces a 
quickly diffused or transient increase 
of the vital energy. — Webster. 



MECHANICAL ACTION AFFECTING SOLID BODIES 
OTHEEWISE THAN BY SEPABATING THEIB PABTS. 



1. To Stretch. 

To STRETCH is, 1. To increase 
the length or breadth of an elastic 
or yielding body by drawing. 2. To 
render straight by drawing; as, to 
stretch a cord. 

To Strain is to subject a body to 
a force tending to draw the parts 
asunder. 

Tight, strained ; as, a tight rope. 

Tendo [tensum and' tentuni], to 
stretch or strain. (L.) Hence, 

Tense, tightly stretched or strained. 

Tension, 1. The act of straining. 
2. The condition of being stretched 
or strained. 

Intend, lit, to stretch or strain to- 
ward, as an archer does in bending 
his bow and taking aim. Hence, To 
stretch the mind, and direct its aim 
toward some object. {In, toward.) 

Intense, lit, tightly strained. Hence, 
Extreme in degree ; as, intense heat ; 
intense cold; intense suffering. 

Extend, to stretch out in length. 
{Ex, out.) 

Contend, lit, to strain together. 
Hence, 1. To strain one's muscles in 



a struggle with another, as in wrest- 
ling. 2. To try one's strength with 
another in any way whatever, whether 
with the hands, with weapons, or 
with words. ( Con, together. ) 

Attend, lit, to stretch or bend to. 
Hence, To direct the thoughts to some 
particular object or business. {Ad, 
to or toward.) 

Pretend, lit, to stretch or hold be- 
fore for the purpose of concealing the 
object behind. Hence, To hold out 
a false appearance. (Prce, before.) 

Ostensible, held up to the view or 
apprehension of others instead of 
something that is kept out of sight. 
The ostensible reason or motive for a 
measure may be very different from 
the real one. ( Ob, before. ) — Webster. 

Distend, to stretch asunder, as the 
sides of a sack-like body, by filling 
the cavity. {Bis, asunder.) 

Portend, to hold forth an approach- 
ing event by foregoing signs and 
tokens. {Por for pro, beforehand.) 

2. To Bind Tight 
Stringo [strictuni], to compress 



TO LOOSEN — TO TWIST. 



29 



closely by drawing a cord around. 
Also, to strain. Hence, 

Stringent, lit., binding closely. 
Hence, Very rigorous or exact; as, 
stringent rules. 

Strict, lit, tightly drawn. Hence, 
Severe or rigorous; as, strict disci- 
pline. 

Stricture, 1. A morbid contraction 
of any of the passages of the body, 
presenting the appearance of being 
drawn together by passing a string- 
around. 2. A criticism. 

Constringe or Constrict, to strain 
into a narrow compass, as if by a 
cord drawn around. {Con, together.) 

Constriction, the act of straining 
into, a narrow compass. 

Constrain, to constrict or cramp 
the freedom of the will. 

Restrain, lit, to bind back. Hence, 
To check. 

Restrict, lit, to bind back. Hence, 
To confine within bounds. 

Astringe, to cause parts to draw to- 
geth er. ( Ad, together. ) 

Astringent, a medicine that has the 
property of causing the soft parts of 
the living system to draw together, 
as alum, oak bark, etc. 

Distrain, lit, to separate by a 
forcible straining. Hence, To seize 
for debt ; as, to distrain goods. (Di, 
asunder.) 

District, a tract of country strained 
apart, or separated from the region 
to which it belongs. 

Distress, a figurative straining or 
pulling asunder that is painful either 
to the body or to the mind. 

3. To Loosen. 
LOOSE, not stretched or strained. 
Lax, loose. XTense. 

Relax, to loosen. 

Relaxation, 1. The act of rendering 
loose or limber; as, a relaxation of 
the muscles. 2. An unbending of the 
mind from business. 

Slack, loose ; as, a slack rope. 

4. To Twist. 

To TWIST is either to turn an 
oblong and tenacious body at one 
end while the other remains fixed; 



or to turn both ends at the same 
time in contrary directions. 

To Twine is, 1. To twist two threads 
or cords together. 2. To wind, as the 
tendril of a plant, around some object. 

Twine is a strong kind of thread 
composed of two or more smaller 
threads twisted together. 

To Wring is to twist and strain 
with violence ; as, to taring clothes. 

Wrong, lit, wrung, or twisted from 
its proper shape. Hence, Not as it 
should be, whether physically or 
morally. (From wring.) 

To Writhe is to twist; as, to 
writhe the mouth ; to writhe the body. 

To Wreathe is to twist or weave to- 
gether; as to wreathe a garland of 
flowers. 

A Wreath is something twisted or 
curled; as, a wreath of flowers; a 
wreath of smoke. 

Wry, twisted to one side ; as, a wry 
mouth. 

To Wrest is, 1, To force from by 
violent wringing. 2. To twist from 
the natural meaning ; as, to wrest the 
Scriptures. 

To Wrench is to turn or twist with 
great violence a body that is free at 
one end and fixed at the other, by 
applying a force to the free end. 

Note. — I may speak either of wresting or 
wrenching a. sword from the hand of another, but 
to wrench implies greater violence than to wrest. 

To Squirm is to twist the body like 
a worm. 

Torqueo [tor turn], to twist. (L.) 
Hence, 

Torture, lit, the act of twisting. 
Hence, Extreme pain, like that caused 
by twisting the limbs by an engine 
designed for that purpose. 

Torment, (L., tormentum,) lit., an 
engine of torture. Hence, pain caused 
by such an engine. Hence, 1. Severe 
and lasting pain, however caused. 
2. Any excessive or unendurable 
annoyance. 

Tortile, twisted ; as, a tortile awn. 

Torsion, the act of twisting. 

Tortuous, 1. Twisted ; as a tortu- 
ous leaf. 2. Pursuing an extremely 
winding course; as, a tortuous stream. 

Contort, 1. To twist together ; as, 



30 



TO FOLD — TO WRAP. 



a contorted coral. 2. To writhe; as, 
to contort the muscles of the face. 

Distoi% to twist out of its natural 
shape, (dis, out of.) 

Extort, 1. To draw from by violence 
or threats. A confession of guilt 
may be extorted by the rack. 2. To 
wrench money, etc., from the hands 
of a person by taking advantage of 
his necessities, (ex, from.) 

5. To Fold. 

To FOLD is to bend any flexible 
substance over upon itself. 

To Plait is to double into small 
folds. 

Plica, a fold; and 

Plico \_plicatum\, to fold. (L.) 
Hence, 

Ply, a fold; as, a ply in a gar- 
ment. 

To Ply, 1. To fold. Hence, 2. To 
fold partially; that is, to bend; as, 
to 'ply an oar. But to bend an oar 
requires exertion. Hence, 3. To ply 
is used in the sense of to practice 
diligently; as, to ply one's labors. 

Plicate, folded ; as, a plicate leaf. 

Simple, lit, without folds. Hence, 
1. Consisting of one thing; as, a 
simple substance. 2. Consisting of 
but few parts ; as, a simple machine. 

Double, twofold. (L. duplex, from 
duo, two ; and plex, folded.) 

Duplicate, double. 

Duplicity, lit., the state of being 
twofold. Hence, double dealing, or 
deceit. 

Triple or Treble, threefold. (L. 
triplex.) 

Triplicate, threefold; as, a tripli- 
cate ratio. 

Multiply, lit., to fold many times. 
Hence, to increase. (L. multi, many.) 

Implicate, lit, to fold in. Hence, 
to prove a person to have been con- 
nected with another in the commis- 
sion of a crime, (im for in, in.) 

Imply, lit, to infold. Hence, to 
infold or involve a meaning which 
is not expressed in words. 

Implicit, 1. Implied ; as, an impli- 
cit contract. 2. Trusting without 
reserve or examination; as implicit 



obedience, that is an obedience which 
accomodates itself with unresisting 
pliability to the commands of a su- 
perior. 

Implication, 1. The act of infold- 
ing. 2. The infolding or entangle- 
ment of one person, in the guilt of an- 
other. 3. The infolding of a mean- 
ing which is not directly expressed. 

Explicate, lit, to unfold. Hence, to 
unfold the meaning or sense, (ex, un. ) 

Explicit, lit, unfolded. Hence, 
not implied, but plainly expressed in 
words; as, an explicit agreement. 

Complex, lit, folded together. 
Hence, consisting of many parts. 
X Simple. 

Complicate, lit, to fold one thing 
with another. Hence, to entangle 
one with another; as, complicated 
circumstances; a disease complicated 
with other diseases. 

Complice or Accomplice, one who 
is united or folded together with an- 
other in an ill design. 

Complicity, the condition of being 
connected with another in the com- 
mission of a crime, (con, together.) 

Apply, 1. To fold or press to; as, 
to apply a plaster to the skin. 2. To 
fold or press to in a Jig. sense; as 
to apply money to some particular 
object; to apply one's self to busi- 
ness. 3. To have recourse to by re- 
quest; as, to apply (one's self) to 
another for aid. 

Note. — The term apply conveys the idea that 
the applicant is influenced by a sense of his ne- 
cessities to bring himself into a close contact 
with the person to whom the application is made, 
(ad, to.) 

Display, lit, to unfold. Hence, 
to spread out for the purpose of ex- 
hibition, (dis, asunder.) 

Reply, lit, to fold back. Hence, 
to answer. 

Replication, a reply. 

6. To Wrap. 

To "WRAP is to cover by surround- 
ing with a cloth, etc. 

To Lap is to wrap, as with the folds 
of a garment. 

To Wind is to wrap with succes- 



TO STRIKE. 



31 



sive turns of the wrapper; as, to 
wind in a sheet. 

To Roll is to wrap round on it- 
self; as, to roll a piece of cloth. 

Volyo [volutum], to wrap or roll. 
(L.) Hence, 

Involve, lit, to roll up in a wrap- 
per. (Not used in the lit. sense.) In 
a Jig. sense, we speak of a person's 
being involved in dust, in darkness, in 
a difficulty, etc. (in, in.) X Evolve. 

Involution, the act of wrapping 
up. X Evolution. 

Evolve, to unfold or unwrap, (e, 
un, or out.) X Involve. 

Evolution, the act of unrolling, or 
unfolding. X Involution. 

Convolve, to roll together, {con, 
together. ) 

Circumvolution, the act of rolling 
round, (circum, around.) 

7. To Strike. 

To STRIKE is to come into sudden 
contact with another body, as when a 
ship strikes against a rock. 2. To 
cause one body to come into sudden 
contact with another; as, to strike 
with a club. 

A Stroke is an act of striking. 

To Smite is to strike ; as, to smite 
with the hand, with a rod, with a 
stone. 

A Spat is a light and quick stroke 

A Blow is a heavy stroke. 

To Hit is, 1. To strike; as, to hit 
with a stone; to hit against. 2. To 
strike or reach the intended point 
as, to hit a mark. Hence, Jig. To 
succeed. 

And millions miss for one that hits. — Swift. 

To Dab is to strike gently with 
the hand. 

To Tap is to strike slightly with 
something small. 

To Rap is to strike with a quick, 
sharp blow. 

To Knock is to strike with some- 
thing thick or heavy; as to knock 
with a club; to knock against; to 
knock down. 

To Beat is to strike with repeated 
blows. . 



To Batter is to disfigure and 
bruise by beating. 

Batter, in cookery, is a mixture of 
several ingredients, as flour, eggs, salt, 
etc., beaten together in some liquid. 

A Battle is a mutual beating be- 
tween parties arranged against each 
other. (Fr. battre, to beat.) 

To Thump is to beat with dull, 
heavy blows. 

To Pound is to strike with heavy 
and repeated blows. 

To Hammer is, 1. To beat with a 
hammer. 2. To work in the mind ; 
as to hammer out a scheme. 

To Maul is, 1. To beat with a 
maul. Hence, 2. To wound in a 
coarse manner by beating. 

To Clash is, 1. To strike against 
each other; as, clashing arms. 
Hence, 2. To interfere; as, clashing 
interests. 

To Dash is to strike violently 
against. 

To Fillip is to strike with the 
nail of the finger, first placed against 
the ball of the thumb, and then 
forced from that position with a sud- 
den spring. 

To Slap is to strike with the open 
hand or something broad. 

To Spank is to strike on the 
breech with the open hand. 

To Slam is to strike with force and 
violence ; as, to slam a door. 

Percutio [percussum], to strike. 
(L.) Hence, 

Percussion, the act of striking one 
body against another with some 
violence. 

Fligo \_Jlictum\, to dash against 
the ground. (L.) Hence, 

Afflict, lit, to dash against the 
ground. Hence, to cause pain either 
of body or mind, (ad, against.) 

To Conflict', lit., to strike together. 
Hence, to come in collision in a Jig. 
sense; as conflicting interests; con- 
flicting claims, (con, together.) 

A Con'Jlict, a collision between op- 
posing parties of men; that is, a 
battle. 

~Lmvo or Lido [lozsum or lisum], 
to strike. (L.) Hence, 



32 



TO PRESS — TO JOIN — TO BIND. 



Collision, a striking together. 
{con, together.) 

Elision, a striking out; as, the 
elision of a letter from a word. 

8. To Press. 

To PRESS is to act with a steady 
force against a surface that offers 
resistance. 

To Depress is to press downward, 
either in a lit. or fig. sense; as, to 
depress the end of a lever; to depress 
the spirits, (de, downward.) 

Depression, 1. The act of pressing 
down. 2. The condition of being 
depressed; as, a depression of the 
spirits. 3. A low place; as, a de- 
pression in the surface of a plain. 

To Oppress is- to press down as if 
with a heavy weight or burden. 
Used only in a fig. sense; as, tyran- 
nical rulers oppress their subjects. 
(ob, down.) 

To Repress is to press back ; as, to 
repress the risings of discontent. 
(re, back.) 

To Suppress is, 1. To press under, 
or prevent from manifesting itself; 
as, to suppress a sigh or a smile. 
2. To press down and crush ; as, to 
suppress a rebellion, (sub, under.) 

To Express is to press out ; as, to 
express the juice of grapes; to ex- 
press one's thoughts in the form of 
words, (ex, out.) 

To Compress is to press together, 
and thus reduce in bulk, (con, to- 
gether. ) 

To Squeeze is to press closely be- 
tween two bodies, or between two 
different parts of the same body. 
An orange may be squeezed between 
the fingers. 

To Jam is to press a number of 
bodies, or the different parts of the 
same body closely together. 

9. To Join. 

To JOIN is to cause bodies to take 
a permanent hold on each other, 
either directly, or through the medi- 
um of a third body. X Separate. 

To Conjoin is to join together. 
(con, together.) X Disjoin. 



To Disjoin is to separate, (dis, 
asunder.) X Conjoin. 

To I&join is, 1. To join again. 
2. To meet others again ; as, to rejoin 
one's friends. 3. To reply, (re, 
again.) 

A Rejoinder is a reply. 

To Subjoin is to join or add at the 
end. (sub, at the end.) 

To Enjoin is lit, to join upon. 
Hence, to direct with urgency ; as, to 
enjoin upon any one the performance 
of some act, service or duty, (en, 
upon.) 

To Adjoin is lit, to join to. 
Hence, to lie contiguous to. (ad, to.) 

Jungo \_junctum~], to join. (L. ) 
Hence, 

Junction, a joining. 

Juncture, 1. The line at which two 
things are joined together. 2. A 
critical point of time. See Conjunc- 
ture. 

Conjunction, 1. The state of being- 
joined together. ' 2. A part of speech 
used to connect words and sentences. 
(con, together.) 

_ Conjuncture, 1. A combination of 
circumstances or events ; as, an un- 
happy conjuncture of affairs. Hence, 
2. A critical time. 

Adjunct, something joined or added 
to another, but not essentially a part 
of it. (ad, to.) 

Disjunctive, serving to disjoin or 
separate; as, a disjunctive conjunc- 
tion, (dis, asunder.) X Conjunctive. 

To Attach is, 1. To cause one 
thing to adhere to another. 2. To 
cause the affections to cleave to an 
object. 3. To connect with ; as, to at- 
tach an idea to a word, (ad, to, and 
the root of tack, to fasten. ) X Detach. 

To Detach is, 1. To separate; as, 
to detach a fragment from a rock. 
2. To separate a body of soldiers from 
the main army and send them on an 
expedition, (de, from.) X Attach. 

10. To Bind. 

To BIND is, 1. To confine with a 

cord or any thing that is flexible. 

2. To hold, as it were by a cord, to 

the performance of some act ox duty. 



TO TIE — TO MIX. 



33 



A Band is 1. That which binds ] 
2. A company of persons hound to- 1 
gether by the ties of some common 
interest or feeling; as, a band of rob- 
bers; a band of brothers. 3. A com- 
pany of soldiers bound by the ties of 
obedience to the same officer. (From 
bind.) 

A Bandage is a flat, oblong, flexible 
body used in binding. 

Bound, 1. Confined by a cord. 
2. Held by legal or moral ties to the 
performance of some act or duty. 

Bounden, fastened upon us by the 
bands of moral obligation; as, a 
bounden duty. 

A Bound is that which binds or 
limits an area or space; as, the 
bounds of a county. 

A Boundary is a geographical 
bound; as, the boundaries of a king- 
dom. 

Bond, bound by the cords of servi- 
tude. X Free. 

A Bond is something that unites by 
binding; as, the bonds of friendship. 

A Fillet is a narrow bandage 
placed around the head for confining 
the hair. 

A Swath is a long bandage with 
which the limbs and bodies of new- 
born infants were formerly wrapped, 
or with which a surgeon wraps a 
broken limb. 

To Swathe is to wrap with a swath. 

To Swaddle is to wrap with swath- 
ing bands. 

A Swaddling-band, or Swaddling- 
cloth, was a band wrapped around a 
new-born infant. 

11. To Tie. 

To TIE is to fasten with a cord. 

Ligo [ligation], to tie. (L.) 
Hence, 

Ligature, a cord, string, or thread 
used in tying. 

Ligament, a cord that unites one 
thing or part of a thing to another. 
The bones are united by ligaments. 

League, a compact by which prin- 
ces, nations or other parties, bind or 
tie themselves for the promotion of 
their mutual interests. 
3 



Liege, bound to be faithful to a su- 
perior; as, the liege men of a lord. 
The liege subjects of a prince. 

Allegiance, the ties of duty by 
which a subject is bound to be faith- 
ful to his sovereign, {ad, to.) 

Ally', to bind by marriage, by 
treaty, or by similarity of nature. 
{ad, to.) 

Allied, bound together by mar- 
riage, by treaty, or by similarity of 
nature. 

Oblige, 1. To bind either by legal 
or by moral ties to the performance 
of some act or duty. Hence, 2. To 
force or compel. Hence, also, 3. To 
bind by the tie of gratitude for favors 
conferred, (ob, d9wn.) 

Obligate, to bind one's self to the 
performance of some act. 

Xecto [nexum], to tie. (L.) 
Hence, 

Connect, to tie together, {con, to- 
gether.) 

Annex, lit., to tie to. Hence, 
1. To add at the end ; as, to annex 
ciphers to a number. To unite a 
smaller thing to a greater ; as, to an- 
nex a province to a kingdom. 3. To 
unite to some thing preceding as the 
main thing; as, to annex a penalty to 
a prohibition, [ad, to.) 

12. To Mix. 

To MIX is to form a mass by 
bringing the particles of different 
substances in contact with each other. 

Misceo [mixtum], to mix. (L.) 
Hence, 

Mixture, 1. The act of mixing. 2. 
A mass consisting of two or more 
different substances mixed together. 

Intermix, to mix together. 

Miscellany, a book containing a 
collection of compositions on various 
subjects. 

Miscellaneous, consisting of several 
kinds ; as, a miscellaneous publica- 
tion. 

An Ingredient is a substance 
which enters into a mixture. (L., 
ingredior, to enter.) 

To Mingle is to mix. 

To Blend is to mix so intimately 



34 



TO SEPARATE — MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OP LIQUIDS. 



that the ingredients are no longer 
distinguishable. 

A Medley is a mixture consisting 
of a great variety of ingredients. 

A Farrago is a mass composed of 
various materials confusedly mixed. 

To Confound is, 1. To mix differ- 
ent things so that they can not be 
distinguished. 2. To mistake one 
thing for another ; that is, to mix in 
the mind. 3. To silence an adver- 
sary in argumentation,; that is, to 
cause such a mixing up of the ideas 
in his mind that he is deprived of the 
faculty of replying. (L., con, to- 
gether, and fundo \Jusum~], to pour.) 

To Confuse is, 1. To mix things 
so that they can not be distin- 
guished. 2. To throw the mind into 
disorder, or to cause a mixing up of 
the ideas so that a person is at a loss 
how to speak or act. 

To Jumble is to mix together in a 
confused mass. 

13. To Separate. 

To SEPARATE is to disunite. [ 

To Sever is to separate two bodies 
that are connected, or to separate 
two portions of the same body. 

To Sunder is to sever. 

Solvo [solutum~\, to untie. (L.) 
Hence, 

Solvent, any thing that converts a 
solid into a liquid by loosening the 
ties of cohesive attraction among the 
particles. Water is a solvent of com- 
mon salt. Alcohol is a solvent of 
camphor. Heat is a solvent of the 
metals. 

Solve, to untie a knotty question; 
as, to solve a riddle; to solve a problem. 



Solution, 1. The process of over- 
coming cohesion by means of a liquid 
solvent 2. A quantity of any sub- 
stance whose particles have been 
separated by a liquid solvent; as, a 
solution of salt. 3. The act of unty- 
ing the knots of a problem or mys- 
tery. 

Soluble, susceptible of being acted 
on by a liquid solvent; as, salt is 
soluble in water. 

Resolve, 1. To separate by loosen- 
ing the connecting ties. 2. To untie 
the knots of a problem. 3. To untie 
the knots of a doubt. Hence, 4. To 
determine to act, in consequence of 
having succeeded in untying the 
knotty questions with which our 
minds had been perplexed in regard 
to the proper course to be pursued. 
Hence, 

Eesolute, determined. 

Resolution, 1. The act of resolving; 
as, the resolution of a compound into 
its component parts ; the resolution 
of a problem; the resolution of a 
doubt. 2. Determination. 

Dissolve, 1. To melt. 2. To separ- 
ate the ties that hold persons to- 
gether ; as, to dissolve a partnership. 

Dissolution, 1. The act<of dissolv- 
ing ; as, the dissolution of a partner- 
ship. 2. Death ; because death dis- 
solves the ties which connect the soul 
with the body. 

Indissoluble, that can not be dis- 
solved; as, an indissoluble union. 

Analysis is the act of separating 
a compound or complex thing into 
its constituent elements or parts. 
(Gr., etvawee [analyo~\, to untie.) 



OF THE MECHANICAL PROPEKTIES OF LIQUIDS. 



1. Remarks. 

Remark 1. — All liquids possess the same me- 
chanical properties. In regard, therefore, to 
these properties, water may bo taken as the 
representative of liquids in general. 

Remark 2. — A single drop of any liquid tends 
to assume a globular form, as in the case of a 
drop of quicksilver lying on a smooth surface, 
or of a drop of dew at the point of a blade of 



grass. The cause of this tendency is the mutual 
attraction of the particles. 

Remark 3. — The surface of a body of any liquid 
contained in a basin, either natural or artificial, 
assumes a roundness of form corresponding to 
the general roundness of the earth. This is 
caused by the attraction of gravitation, which 
causes all the superficial particles of a body of 
water or other liquid to arrange themselves at 
equal distances from the center of the earth. 



MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS. 



35 



2. Terms significant of the Mechanical 
Properties of Liquids. 

A Drop is a small globule of a 
liquid, formed by the mutual attrac- 
tion of the particles. 

To Drip is to fall slowly in the 
form of drops. 

To Flow is to move down an in- 
clined plane in obedience to the force 
of gravity, by a sliding of the par- 
ticles over each other. 

To Run is to flow. 

Fltjo [fluxum], to flow. (L.) 
Hence, 

Fluent, lit. j flowing. Fig. Having 
a ready flow of language; as, a fluent 
speaker. 

Fluency, a ready flow of words in 
speaking. 

Flux, 1. The act of flowing. 2. The 
dysentery ; thus named from iheflotv 
or discharge of blood with which the 
disease is attended. 3. Any substance 
which, being mixed with a metal or 
ore, promotes its fusion (melting) in 
a crucible or furnace. 

Conflux, lit, a flowing together; 
as, a conflux of two or more currents. 
Fig. A coming together from differ- 
ent quarters ;. as, a conflux of people. 
(con, together.) 

Confluent, meeting in their course 
and flowing together; as, confluent 
streams. 

Confluence, a coming together of 
two or more currents ; as, the con- 
fluence of the Ohio and the Missis- 
sippi. 

Influx, the act of flowing into ; as, 
an influx of light ; an influx of 
strangers. X Efflux. 

Influence, a flowing in from a for- 
eign source of some subtle and in- 
visible emanation which changes the 
nature, or controls the actions of the 
object upon which it operates. There 
are physical influences, as those of 
light and gravitation. There are also 
moral influences, as that of example. 

Afflux, a flowing to ; as, an afflux 
of blood to the head, (ad, to.) 

Affluent, having the good things 
of this life flowing in upon one's self 



in copious streams ; as, to be in afflu- 
ent circumstances. 

Affluence, the condition of abund- 
ant and increasing wealth. 

Efflux, the act of flowing out; as, 
an efflux of matter from an ulcer. 
(ex, forth.) }£ Influx. 

Effluence, that which flows forth. 

Bright effluence of bright esssence increate.— 
Milton. 

Effluvium (plural effluvia), the min- 
ute particles of matter that flow forth 
or exhale from bodies. 

Note. — Odorous substances, diseased bodies 
of persons and animals, and putrefying matters 
exhale various kinds of effluvia. 

Reflux, a flowing back ; as, the re- 
flux of the tide, (re, back.) 

Maxo [manatum], to flow. (L.) 
Hence, 

Emanate, to flow forth. Light 
emanates from the sun. (e, forth.) 

To Gush is to flow freely and 
copionsly from a large orifice. 

To Trickle is to flow gently and 
in a very small stream. Water some- 
times trickles from a crevice in a 
rock. Tears may trickle down the 
cheeks. 

Stillo [stillatum], to drop or 
trickle. (L.) Hence, 

Distill, 1. To drop gradually and 
quietly. The evening dews distill. 
2. To draw off spirit or any other 
volatile principle by first converting 
it into vapor through the agency of 
heat, and then reducing this vapor 
to a fluid by condensation. 

A Still is a large alembic used in 
the distillation of spirits. 

To Instill is, 1. To infuse by drops. 
2. To infuse slowly in a metaphori- 
cal sense ; as, to instill good prin- 
ciples into the mind. 

To Ooze is to issue slowly, as a 
liquid, from pores and other small 
openings in the surface of a body. 
Blood may ooze from a slight wound. 

To Spout is to issue with a rapid 
motion from an orifice, as water 
when subjected to pressure. 

To Squirt is to eject a liquid in a 
small stream, as from a syringe. 

To Spirt is to issue with a lively 



;f> 



MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS 



motion from a small orifice. Water 
spirts from a gimlet hole in a cask. 

A Jet is a stream of spouting 
liquid. (Fr., jetter, to throw.) 

To Pour is to cause a liquid to 
escape by inclining the vessel which 
contains it. 

To Spill is to suffer a liquid to 
escape through accident or careless- 
ness. 

To Shed is to let fall in drops or 
showers. We shed tears. Clouds 
shed their moisture. 

To Shed is also to cause to flow, as 
when a man sheds the blood of an- 
other. 

Fundo [fusurn], to pour. (L.) 
Hence, 

Fuse, to reduce a solid to condition 
in which it is susceptible of being 
poured; that is, to melt it. 

Fusion, 1. The action melting or 
rendering fluid by heat. 2. The 
state of being melted or dissolved by 
heat. 

Fusible, capable of being melted. 

A fuse, to pour upon ; as, to affuse 
water, [ad, upon.) 

Effuse, to pour forth, {ex, forth.) 

Infuse, 1. To pour in, as a liquid. 
2. To instill, as principles or quali- 
ties. X Effuse. 

Diffuse, to pour or spread abroad. 
(dis, apart.) 

Refuse, lit, to pour back. Hence, 
to reject, {re, back.) 

Suffuse, lit, to pour over. Hence, 
to overspread ; as, to suffuse the face 
with blushes, {sub, over.) 

Confuse, lit, to pour together. 
Hence, to mix. {con, together.) 

Refund, lit, to pour back. Hence, 
to pay back what has been received. 
(re, back.) 

Confound, lit, to pour together. 
Hence, to mix together in the mind, 
so as to be unable to separate ideas 
that are in themselves distinct. 

Profuse, lit, poured forth. Hence, 
too free in spending or giving; 
as, a profuse government; profuse of 
praise, (pro, forth.) 

To Strain is to cause a liquid to 
pass through some porous substance 



in order to separate it from extraneous 
(foreign) matter. 

To Filter is to purify by straining, 
or passing through & filter. 

Note. — A filter originally consisted of a skain 
of moistened thread, one end of which was 
placed in the liquid which was to be defecated 
(cleansed from impurities), while the other end 
hung over the edge of the vessel. The liquor 
passed along the threads, and fell in drops from 
their extremities. But the term filter is now- 
used to signify any porous body through which 
a liquor is caused to pass for the purpose of puri- 
fying it. {L.,filum, a thread.) 

To Infiltrate is to enter the pores 
or interstices of a solid. 

Colo [colatum], to strain. (L.) 
Hence, 

Colander (pron., cuF-len-der), a 
vessel with a bottom perforated with 
little holes for straining liquors. 

Percolate, to pass slowly through 
small interstices. Water percolates 
through sand and gravel. 

To Float is to remain on the sur- 
face, in consequence of the specific 
gravity of the floating body being less 
than that of the liquid. 

To Swim is, 1. To float; as, oil 
swims on the surface of water. 2. To 
move through the water by an effort, 
as when a fish swims. 

To Sink is to move toward the bot- 
tom, in consequence of the specific 
gravity of the sinking body being 
greater than that of the liquid. 

To Dive is spoken of the action of 
a living creature when it thrusts it- 
self beneath the surface by a volun- 
tary effort. 

To Dip an object is to thrust it 
quickly into a liquid, and then forth- 
with to withdraw it. 

To Duck a person is to dip him 
against his will. (from duck, a 
water-fowl. ) 

To Plunge is to thrust suddenly 
beneath the surface. 

To Douse is to plunge violently. 

Mergo [mersum], to put under 
water. (L.) Hence, 

Merge, to be swallowed up. 

Immerse, to dip. {im, into.) 

Submerge, to put under water. 
{sub, under.) 



MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS. 



37 



Emerge, to come forth from beneath 
the surface, (e, forth.) 

To Sprinkle is to scatter drops of 
any liquid over an object. 

To Wash is 1. To free from filth 
by the application of some liquid, 
as -water. 2. To overflow or dash 
against, as when we say that the 
waves ivash the strand or the rocks 
that rise along the shore. 

Lavo [lotuiri], to wash. (L.) 
Hence, 

Lave, 1. To apply water, etc., free- 
ly. 2. To immerse in water from 
some other purpose than mere cleans- 
ing. We lave our bodies in a stream 
for the sake of the refreshment af- 
forded by the process. 

A Lover is a washing basin. 

A Lotion is a wash applied to any 
part of the body as a remedial agent in 
the treatment of cutaneous diseases, 
or of any local affection. Lotions 
are also sometimes applied for the 
purpose of improving the complexion. 

To Bathe is to apply water or 
other liquid to a part or to the whole 
of the body, either as a cleansing pro- 
cess, as a means of refreshment, or for 
the removal of disease. 

Ablution, the act of cleansing by 
washing. (L., ab, away; an luo, to 
wash.) 

To Soak is to keep a hard sub- 
tance immersed in water, or other 
liquid, for the purpose of softening it. 

To Steep is to keep a substance im- 
mersed in a liquid, in order that its 
pores may be penetrated by the 
liquid. Fruit may be steeped in 
brandy. 

To Macerate a substance is to soak 
it till it becomes soft. 

A Bubble is a spherical film of 
water, etc., filled with air or vapor. 
Fig. A visionary project. 

Froth consists of an accumulation 
of small bubbles. 

Foam is a frothing caused either by 
fermentation, or by a violent agita- 
tion of water or other liquid. 

Spuma, froth. (L.) Hence, 

Spume, matter rising to the surface 
of a liquid by boiling or effervescence. 



Spumous or Spumy, consisting of 
froth. 

Spumescence, frothiness. 

Scum consists in the impurities 
which rise to the surface of liquors 
in boiling or fermentation. Fig. 
That which is vile and worthless; as, 
the scum of society. 

Waves are moving swells of water. 
They are produced by the wind, or by 
other disturbing causes. 

A Wavelet is a small wave. 

Unda, a wave. (L.) Hence, 

Abound, lit,, to flow in waves. 
Hence, 1. To exist in great plenty. 
2. To possess or to have in great 
plenty, as if the things possessed 
were flowing in upon the possessor 
in waves, (ab, from.) 

Abundant, existing in great quan- 
tity, as if from an overflowing of 
copious waves; as, abundant sup- 
plies. 

Redound, lit., to flow back, as a 
wave that meets an obstacle. Hence, 
to result as a consequence or effect. 
An improper course of conduct will 
redound to our discredit, {re, back.) 

Redundant, lit., flowing back, as a 
wave that has spread itself over the 
beach. Hence, Jig. Exceeding what 
is natural or necessary. A fifth 
wheel in a wagon is redundant ; that 
is, the wave of its utility flows back, 
without remaining to communicate 
any permanent advantage to the 
wagon. 

Inundate, to overflow, (in, over.) 

Inundation, 1. The act of over- 
flowing. 2. A body of overflowing 
water. 

Undulate, to move in waves. 

Undulation, the act of moving in 
waves. 

Undulations, 1. A succession of 
oblong and parallel swellings of the 
surface whether of the land or of the 
sea. 2. Progressive waves in the 
substance of an elastic medium, as 
the undulations of the air which pro- 
duce sound. 

Undulatory, 1. Moving in the man- 
ner of waves ; as, an undulatory mo- 
tion. 2. That refers a, phenomenon 



38 



OF WATER IN THE SOLID STATE. 



to undulation as its cause ; as the 
undulatory theory of light. 

Fluctus, a wave (L. from jluo, to 
flow.) Hence, 

Fluctuate, to move backward and 
forward like agitated water. Hence, 
Fig. To be unsteady in one's pur- 
poses or opinions. 

Fluctuation, lit, An alternate mo- 
tion of water. Hence, fig. A toss- 
ing of the thoughts hither and thither, 
as when we are at a loss in regard to 
the course which we should pursue 
in any important matter. 

A Billow is a large wave. 

A Surge is a large and rushing 
wave. (L. surgo, to rise.) 

The Surf is the brealung of the 
sea upon the shore, or against rocks 
and sandbanks. 

Breakers are waves that break 
themselves on rocks that are but 



slightly concealed beneath the sur- 
face. 

Ripples consist in a very slight 
ruffling of the surface. 

A Flood is a large body of over- 
flowing water, (from^ow.) 

A Deluge is an overwhelming 
flood. 

Diluvium a flood. (L.) Hence, 

Diluvium, a superficial deposit of 
loam, gravel, sand, etc., caused by 
ancient currents of water. 

Diluvial or Diluvian, caused by 
floods or ancient currents of water ; 
as, diluvial deposits. 

A Whirlpool is a place where the 
water whirls around in circles. 

A Vortex is a whirlpool. (L. verto, 
to turn.) 

An Eddy is a whirling motion of 
the water of a current as it passes the 
point of some projecting obstacle. 



OF WATEK 



1. Of the Hygrometrical Relations 
of Water. 

Moisture is water in a diffused 
state, either adhering to the surface, 
or blended with the substance of 
bodies. 

Moist, abounding to a considerable 
extent in diffused moisture. 

Damp, slightly, or moderately af- 
fected with moisture. A sheet that 
lacks but little of being dry is damp. 

Wet, very moist. A garment just 
taken from the washtub is wet. 

Humidus, moist. (L.) Hence, 

Humid, affected with moisture in 
a considerable degree ; as a humid 
atmosphere. 

Humor, 1. Moisture. 2. A pecul- 
iarity of disposition, often temporary ; 
so called because the temper of the 
mind has been supposed to depend 
on the humors or fluids of the body. 
Webster. 

Dank, moist. 

He her the maiden sleeping found 
On the dank and dirty ground. — Shdks. 

To Drench is to wet thoroughly. 



'TITOS [Htgros], moist. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Hygrometer, an instrument for 
measuring the degree of moisture 
of the atmosphere. (Gr. ^st^s& 
\_metreo~], to measure.) 

Hygrometry, the art of measuring 
the moisture of the air. 

Dry, free from moisture. 

Siccus, dry. (L.) Hence, 

Desiccate, to make dry. 

Areo, to be dry or parched. (L.) 
Hence, 

Arid, parcheH with heat. 

2. Of the Thermal Relations of Water, 
{or Relations of Water to Heat.) 

Remark. — Below 32 degrees of Fahrenheit 
water exists in a solid state. Between 32 and 
212 degrees it exists in a liquid state. At any- 
higher temperature than 212, when not con- 
fined, it exists in the state of vapor. 

3. Of Water in the Solid State. 

Ice is crystallized or solidified 
water. 

To Freeze or to Congeal is to be- 
come solid from cold. 

An Icicle is a long, round, and 



OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RELATIONS OF AYATER. 



39 



tapering body of ice formed in a pen- 
dant (or hanging) position, by the 
freezing of water as it trickles from 
the edge of an inclined plane. (Dim. 
of ice, that is, a little body of ice.) 

An Iceberg is a mass of ice of 
mountain-like form and size floating 
in the sea. (Ger. berg, a mountain.) 

Frost is, 1. The act of freezing. 
2. Particles of frozen dew. 

A Hoar Frost, or White Frost 
consists of white particles formed by 
the congelation of dew. (Soar, 
white.) 

A Black Frost is a freezing unac- 
companied by a deposit of dew. 

4. Of Water in the State of Vapor. 

VAPOR, in a general sense, is a 
light, elastic, and air-like fluid, con- 
sisting of some substance which, at 
a low temperature, is either liquid or 
solid, and has been made to assume 
the air-like form by the agency of 
heat When, therefore, the temper- 
ature of a substance in the state of 
vapor is sufficiently reduced, it must 
necessarily return to its original 
form of a liquid or solid. 

Evaporation is the act of passing 
off in the form of vapor. 

Note. — Water slowly evaporates at all temper- 
atures between the boiling and the freezing 
points. 

To Vaporize is to convert into 
vapor. 

Steam is watery vapor formed at 
the boiling point, or at a temperature 
of 212 degrees. 

Forus, smoke or vapor. (L.) Hence, 

A Fume is 1. Any vapor or exhala- 
tion. 

Loye is a smoke raised with the fume of sighs. — 

Shals. 
Plunged in sloth we lie, and snore supine, 
As filled with fumes of undigested wine. — Dryden. 

2. And jig. Rage, or heat of mind. 

The fumes of his passion do really intoxicate 
and confound his judging and discerning fac- 
ulty. — South. 

To Fume is 1. To yield exhalations, 
as by heat. 

Whose constant cups lay fuming to his brain, 
nd always boil in each extended vein. — 

Roscommon. 

2. To pass away in vapors. 



The first fresh dawn then waked the gladdened 

race 
Of uncorrupted man, nor blushed to see 
The sluggard sleep beneath its sacred beam ; 
For their light slumbers gently fumed away. — 
Tliomson. 

2. And jig. To be in a rage. 

He frets, he fumes, he stares, he stamps tlio 

ground ; 
The hollow tower with clamors rings around. 

Dryden. 

To Fumigate is to expose to smoke 
or vapor. 

A Perfume is an odorous vapor 
which affects agreeably the organs 
of smelling. 

To Perfume is to impregnate with 
a grateful odor, {per, thoroughly; 
and fumo, to smoke.) 

To Reek is to emit vapor. 

I found me laid 
In balmy sweat which with his beams the sun 
Soon dried, and on the reeking moisture fed. — 

Milton. 
Whose blood yet reeks on my avenging sword. — 

Smith. 

5. Of the Meteorological Relations 
of Water. 
Vapor is water diffused through the 
air. 

Note. — When water is perfectly dissolved in 
the air it is invisible, and does not affect the 
transparency of the air. 

Mist consists of visible particles 
of water floating in the air. 

Fog consists of a dense accumula- 
tion of mist near the surface of the 
earth. 

Clouds are accumulations of mist 
formed in the upper regions of the 
air. 

Rack consists of thin, flying clouds. 

A Haze is a light, thin, and uni- 
formly diffused mist, impairing the 
transparency of the atmosphere. 

Hazy, overspread with a light, thin 
mist; as, a hazy sky. 

Rain consists of drops of water 
falling from the clouds. 

A Shower is a fall of rain of short 
continuance. 

To Drizzle is to rain in very fine 
drops. 

Hail consists of small, rounded 
bodies of ice falling from the clouds. 

Sleet is a mixture of rain and fine 
hail. 

Dew is moisture deposited during 



40 



OF THE TIDES. 



a clear and calm night on herbage 
and other substances. 

Snow consists of frozen vapor fall- 
ins: from the clouds in the form of 



6. Of the Geographical Relations of 
Water. 

AN Ocean is one of the largest 
bodies of water on the surface of 
the earth. 

THE Ocean is an assemblage of 
the several individual oceans. 

A Sea is a body of water next in 
size to an ocean^ and is either par- 
tially or entirely surrounded by a 
continent. 

THE Sea, in a general sense, is 
the world-ocean. 

A Gulp or Bay is a portion of the 
sea extending into the land. 

A Haven or Harbor is a small bay 
where ships may be safe from storms. 

A Creek, Cove, or Inlet, is a 
small recess or bay in the shore of a 
sea, lake, or river. 

A Sound is a sea, bay, or channel, 
so shallow that it may be easily 
sounded. 

A Strait is a narrow passage con- 
necting two bodies of water. {Strait, 
narrow. ) 

A Channel is a passage of water 
wider than a strait. 

An Estuary or Frith is a widen- 
ing of a river at its mouth. 

A Lake is a large body of fresh 
water surrounded by land. 

Note. — The smaller bodies of salt water en- 
tirely surrounded by land are also called lakes. 

A Pond is a small lake. 

A Pool is a small collection of 
water fed by a spring. 

A Puddle is a very small collection 
of dirty water. 

A Plash is a very small collection 
of standing water. 

A Fountain or Spring- is a place 
where water issues from the earth. 

Fount is a poetic form of the word 
fountain. 

A Stream is a body of flowing 
water. 

A River is a stream of the largest 
size. 



A Creek is a small river. 

A Brook or Run is a small creek. 

A Brooklet or Rivulet is a small 
brook. 

A Rill is a small rivulet. 

A Streamlet is a small stream. 

A Torrent is a violent, rushing 
stream. 

A Cataract is the fall of a large 
body of water over a precipice. 

A Cascade is a waterfall in a small 
stream. 

A Channel is the bed of a stream. 

7. Designations applied to wet por- 
tions of Land. 

Mud is very soft wet earth. 

Mire is deep mud. 

A Swamp is a piece of wet, spungy 
land. (Ger. schwamm, a sponge.) 

A Marsh is a tract of land partially 
covered with water, and overgrown 
with coarse grass or sedge. 

A Fen is a piece of lowland cov- 
ered partially or wholly with water, 
but producing coarse grasses, sedge, 
and other acquatic plants. 

A Boo is a piece of wet ground, 
the surface of which is too soft to 
bear the weight of a man. 

A Quagmire is a piece of soft, wet 
land, which has a surface sufficiently 
firm to bear the weight of a man, 
but which shakes under the feet. 
( Quag for quake. ) 

A Slough is a piece of ground so 
miry, that animals sinking therein 
can not readily extricate themselves. 

8. Of the Tides. 

The TIDE is an alternate rising 
and falling of the waters of the ocean, 
occurring twice in the space of about 
25 hours, and caused by the attrac- 
tion of the moon, together with that 
of the sun. 




WATER. 



41 



Note. — Let M bo the moon ; E, the earth sur- 
rounded by water; and S, the sun. Now the 
attraction of the moon diminishes the weight of 
the water at A, on the side of the earth, next to 
the moon, while it tends slightly to increase the 
weight of the water at C and D. Consequently, 
in order to restore the equilibrium between the 
heavier water at C and D, and the lighter water 
at A, the water at C and D must sink below its 
natural level ; while the water at A is forced, by 
hydrostatic pressure, above its natural level. 

Again, the attraction of the moon draws the 
center of terrestrial gravitation a little from the 
earth's center iu the direction of A. The dis- 
tance between the water at B and the center of 
gravitation being thus increased, the water at 
B loses a portion of its weight, and is, conse- 
quently, forced above its natural level by the 
heavier water at C and D. The water at B is 
also further elevated by the centrifugal force 
generated by the revolution of the earth around 
the center of gravity common to the earth and 
the moon, which revolution is accomplished in 
about twenty-eight days. 

Note 2. — The attraction of the sun exerts a 
force upon the waters of the ocean equal to about 
one-third of that exerted by the moon. Hence, 
when the sun and the moon combine their in- 
fluence, as they do both at the time of the new 
and of the full moon, the hight of the tides will 
be increased ; aud when the sun and moon coun- 
teract each other, as they do when the moon is 
half way between the change and the full, the 
hight of the tides will be diminished. 

Spuing Tides are the high tides 
which occur at the time of the 
change and the full of the moon, 
when the attractions of the sun and 
moon exert a combined influence on 
the waters of the ocean. 

Xeap Tides are the low tides which 
occur when the moon is in her quad- 
ratures, at which time the attractions 
of the sun and moon act in opposi- 
tion to each other. 

The Flood Tide is the flowing of 
the waters of the rising tide up the 
channels of rivers and along the 
course of inlets of the sea. 

To Ebb is to flow back. 

The Ebb Tide is the reflux (or 
flowing back) of the waters of the 
falling tide from the channels of 
rivers and inlets of the sea. 

Tidal, pertaining to tides ; as, tidal 
currents. 

A Bore is a swelling of the water 
caused by the ascending current of 
a flood tide coming in conflict with 
the descending current of a river. 

Note 1. — The bore in the river Tsien Tang, 
in China, sometimes rises to the hight of forty 
feet, stretching like a wall across a stream four 



miles in breadth, and advancing with the noise 
of a cataract at the rate of more than twenty 
miles an hour. In the Bay of Fundy the bore 
attains the hight of seventy feet, and rises so 
suddenly as to overwhelm animals feeding on 
the beach. — See Lieutenant Maury's Physical Geo- 
graphy of the Sea. 

In the Amazon the bore is said to rise occa- 
sionally to the hight of one hundred feet. 

Note 2. — The phenomenon of the bore is most 
interesting about the season of the equinoxes, 
and two or three days after the change of the 
moon. 



9. Of the Economical and Industrial 
Relations of Water. 

A Well is an artificial pit from 
which water is drawn. 

A Cistern or Tank is a large arti- 
ficial receptacle for water. 

A Reservoir is a place where any- 
thing is kept for use ; and hence, a 
collection of water for the supply of 
a canal or mill is called a reservoir. 

A Canal is a large ditch filled with 
water for the transit of boats. 

A Race is a short canal for con- 
ducting water to or from a mill. 

A Floodgate is a gate to be opened 
to let water through, or to be shut 
to prevent its passage. 

A Sluice is, 1. A frame of timber, 
stone, etc., with a gate for the pur- 
pose of excluding, retaining, or re- 
gulating the flow of water in a river. 
— Brande. 2. The stream issuing 
through a floodgate. 

A Dam is a wall built across the 
channel of a stream to obstruct the 
flow of the water. 

A Dyke is a mound of earth, etc., 
intended to prevent low lands from 
being inundated by the sea or by a 
river. 

Note. — The low countries of Holland are pro- 
tected by dykes against the overflowing of the 
sea. 

A Levee is an artificial embank- 
ment designed to prevent a river from 
overflowing the adjacent country. 

Note. — The lands bordering on the lower Mis- 
sippi are protected by levees against the inunda- 
tions of the river. 

To Irrigate is to water land by 
causing a stream to flow upon it and 
spread over it. (L., in and rigo, to 
water. 



42 



AIR. 



10. Terms embracing, etymologically, 
the idea of Water. 

Aqua, water. (L.) Hence, 

Aqueous, watery; as, aqueous va- 
por. 

Aquatic, 1. Growing in the water ; 
as, aquatic plants. 2. Living in the 
water; as, aquatic animals. 

Aqueduct, 1. A structure consist- 
ing of elevated arches surmounted by 
a channel for the conveyance of 
water. 2. The entire succession of 
arched structures, tunnels and canals, 
by which water is conveyed into a 
city, as the Croton Aqueduct at New 
York. (L., -duco [ductum], to lead.) 

Terraqueous, consisting of land 
and water. The earth is called the 
terraqueous globe. (L., terra, land.) 

Aquarius, the water-bearer, one of 
the signs of the zodiac. 

'tap.p [Hydor], water. (Gr.) Hence, 

Hydrography, a description of seas, 
lakes, rivers, etc. (Gr., ygayu [grapho], 
to describe.) 

Hydrometry, the art of discovering 
the specific gravity of liquids. (Gr., 
fAir^at [metreo], to measure.) 

Note. — The specific gravity of a liquid or solid 
is its weight as compared with that of water. 

Hydrostatics is the science which 
treats of the pressure and equilibrium 
of water and other liquids at rest. 
(Gr., a-Tciroc [states'], balanced.) 

Hydraulics is the science which 
treats of liquids in motion, and in- 
cludes the conducting of liquids 
through pipes and other confined 
passages. (Gr., avko; [aulos], a pipe.) 



Hydrodynamics treats of the me- 
chanical force exerted by liquids, 
whether at rest or in motion. (Gr., 
fwcLfxts \_dynamis~], power.) 

Hydrophobia, a disease caused by 
the bite of a mad dog, and charac- 
terized by a dread of water. (Gr., 
qofio; [photos'], dread.) 

Note. — A person laboring under hydrophobia 
is incapable of swallowing liquids, and the sight 
of water throws the patient into convulsions. 

Hydropathy, the art of treating, 
diseases by the external application 
of water to the body. It is otherwise 
called the water cure. (Gr., 7r*8<K 
[pathos], a morbid (diseased) condi- 
tion.) 

Hydrogen, one of the two elements 
of which water is composed. (Gr., 
ytvvdLa [gennao], to produce, because 
by combining with oxygen, it pro- 
duces water.) 

Hydromel, a liquor consisting of 
honey diluted in water. (Gr., pehi 
[meli], honey.) 

Dropsy (contracted from hydropsy), 
a disease characterized by an accu- 
mulation of water in the cellular 
tissue, and in various cavities of the 
body. 

Hydrates, compounds in which 
water is chemically united with met- 
alic oxides. 

Note. — If twenty -eight pounds of fr.esh burned 
lime be slaked with water, and then thoroughly 
dried, the lime will be found to weigh thirty- 
seven pounds. It is thence inferred that nine 
pounds of water have entered into an intimate 
union with the original twenty-eight pounds of 
lime. The compound that has been thus formed 
is called the hydrate of lime. 



OF THE AIE. 



AIR is, 1. The fluid which we 
breathe. 2. Any airlike fluid. 

The Atmosphere is the great body 
of air which surrounds the earth. 
(Gr., ar/Lio; [atmos], vapor; and o-<pa^u. 
[sphaira], a sphere, the atmosphere 
being the receptacle of the different 
kinds of vapor which rise from the 
earth, and having the form of a hol- 
low sphere surrounding the sphere 
of the earth.) 



Note 1. — The atmosphere presses with a forco 
of fifteen pounds on every square inch of tho 
earth's surface. 

Note 2. — The atmosphere is supposed to reach 
to the bight of about forty-five miles. 

Note 3. — Air possesses, in a high degree, tine 
properties of oompressibility and elasticity ; and 
the mutual adjustment of these properties is such 
that the volume of a given weight of air is always 
inversely as the jpresstire to which it is subjected. 

A Vacuum is a space containing 
neither air nor any other material 
substance. (L., vacuus, empty.) 



AIR. 



43 



A Piston is a cylinder fitted to 
work air-tight in a tube. 

Note 1. — If a tube of an indefinite length be 
placed in an upright position, the lower end 
being immersed in water ; and if a piston fitting 
the tube be first placed in contact with the 
water, and then drawn upward, the water will 
follow the piston to the hight of thirty-four feet, 
at which hight it will cease to follow the piston, 
and will remain stationary, leaving a vacuum be- 
tween its surface and the end of the piston. The 
cause of the ascent of the water in the tube is 
the pressure of the atmosphere on the surface of 
the water in which the lower end of the tube is 
immersed ; and the reason why the water will 
not follow the piston beyond the hight of thirty- 
fouV feet is, that a column of water thirty-four 
feet high balances, by its weight, a column of 
air of the same diameter, extending to the upper 
limits of the atmosphere. 

Note 2. — Mercury will follow a piston but 
thirty inches — a column of mercury thirty inches 
high being as heavy as a column of wat-er thirty- 
four feet high. 

Suction is the formation of a vacu- 
um by a piston or other mechanical 
means, into which some liquid is 
forced by atmospheric pressure. 

A Valye is a small lid turning on 
a hinge, and permitting, when open, 
the passage of a fluid; and, when 
shut, preventing its return. 

A Pump is an apparatus for rais- 
ing water by the agency of atmos- 
pheric pressure, and consists of a 
tube, a piston, and two valves, the 
lower valve being stationary, and the 
other being inserted in the piston. 

A Barometer is an instrument for 
measuring the weight of the atmos- 
phere. It consists of a glass tube 
about thirty-three inches in length, 
which, being closed at one end and 
open at the other, is filled with mer- 
cury, and is then inverted in u cup 
of mercury. 

Note 1. — The mercury in the barometer, at 
the level of the sea, will stand at different hights, 
Varying from twenty-eight to thirty-one inches, 
according to the varying weight of the atmos- 
phere. 

Note 2. — The barometer may be used for de- 
termining the hight of mountains, since the 
mercury sinks in the tube, according to a fixed 
law, as we ascend above the level of the sea. 

Wind is air in motion. 

Note 1. — If on every part of the earth's sur- 
face the air were of the same density, there could 
be no such thing as wind, for the different parts 
of the atmosphere would balance each other, 
and, consequently, there could be no flowing of 
the air frcfrn one place to another. But suppose 
that over a limited portion of the earth's surface 
the air should, from any cause, have its weight 



diminished, the different portions of the atmo- 
sphere would no longer be in equilibrium, and, 
consequently, the lighter portion would yield to 
the pressure of the heavier air surrounding it, 
and thus both the heavier and the lighter por- 
tions of the air would begin to move, or, in other 
words, wind would be produced. 

Note 2. — Heat expands air, and thus renders 
it lighter. The winds, therefore, depend on the 
circumstance that different portions of the at- 
mosphere are unequally heated by the sun's 
rays. 

To Blow is to move as air. 

A Blast is a forcible blowing. (Ger. 
blasen, to blow.) 

A Puff is a sudden wind of mod- 
erate force and momentary duration. 

To Puff is 1. To drive air from the 
mouth in a single and quick blast. 
2. To praise with exaggeration. 

To Puff up is to swell with wind. 

A Gust is a sudden wind of con- 
siderable force, but of brief duration. 

A Squall is a violent wind of short 
continuance. 

A Breeze is a moderate and steady 
wind. 

A Gale is a strong wind. 

A Storm is 1. And properly, a vio- 
lent wind. 2. "Wind accompanied bv 
rain, hail, or snow. 3. A heavy fall 
of rain, hail, or snow, though attended 
with but little wind. 

A Tempest is a violent storm of 
wind, usually accompanied with rain, 
hail, or snow. 

A Hurricane is an extremely vio- 
lent storm of wind. 

A "Whirlwind is a wind character- 
ized by a rapid, whirling motion. 

A Tornado is a whirlwind of ex- 
treme violence. (From the root of 
turn.) 

A Waterspout is a whirlwind ac- 
companied by a black, conical, or 
funnel-shaped cloud with the vertex 
pointing downward. 

Note 1. — Waterspouts frequently suck up 
water from the sea. 

Note 2. — Waterspouts sometimes discharge 
torrents of water. 

Note 3. — Waterspouts are frequently small 
and harmless ; but the wind with which they 
are accompanied exerts, at other times, the de- 
structive force of the most violent tornadoes. 

Note i. — The Moving Saxd Pillars of the 
Arabian deserts are analogous in their nature to 
waterspouts. 

A Typhoon is a violent hurricane 
in the Chinese seas. 



44 



AIR. 



Note 1. — Hurricanes and typhoons are whirl- 
ing storms having a diameter of from 50 to 500 
miles. 

Note 2. — The diameter of a tornado is small, 
sometimes not exceeding a few hundred yards. 

Note 3. — The whirling movements of the air 
are supposed to be caused by electricity. 

The Trade winds are winds which 
prevail within the tropics, and blow 
in nearly the same direction through- 
out the year. In the northern hemi- 
sphere they blow from the north- 
east, and in the southern hemisphere, 
from the southeast. 

The Simoon or Samibl is a hot, dry 
wind that blows occasionally in Ara- 
bia and the adjoining countries, and 
is caused by the extreme heat of the 
sandy deserts. (Arabic, samma, poi- 
sonous.) 

Note. — This wind often proves fatal to travel- 
ers who are overtaken by it. 

The Chamsin is a hot wind that 
blows in Egypt from April till 
June. 

The Harmattan is a wind similar 
to the simoon, blowing from the north- 
east over Senegambia and Guinea. It 
occurs at intervals during the months 
of December, January, and Feb- 
ruary. 

The Sirocco is a hot wind known 
in Italy and Sicily. It blows in the 
latter part of June, and during the 
month of July. It is supposed to 
originate in the sandy deserts of 
Africa. 

The Monsoons are periodical winds 
which prevail in the Indian ocean 
and in Hindoostan. From April to 
October they blow from the south- 
west, and during the remainder of 
the year, from the northeast. 

The Etesian Winds are known in 
the eastern Mediterranean. Com- 
mencing toward the middle of July, 
they continue to blow about six 
weeks from the northeast. They 
consist of cooler and heavier air 
pressing forward to displace the hot 
and rarefied air of the Sahara. (Gr. 
ir»<ricc [etesios], yearly; from «toc 
\_etos~\, a year.) 

Flo \_flatum], to blow. (L.) Hence, 

Flatter, to puff with empty praise. 



Flatulent, having the stomach dis- 
tended with air. 

Inflate, to puff up with air. Fig. 
To puff up with pride. 

Aer (L.) and aep [Aer], (Gr.), air. 
Hence, 

Aeriform, having the form of air. 
The various gasses are aeriform sub- 
stances. 

Aerate, to impregnate with car- 
bonic acid which was formerly called 
fixed air: 

Aeronaut, one who sails through 
the air. (G. vxuruc [nautes], a sailor.) 

Aeronautics, the art of sailing 
through the air. 

Aerostat, a balloon. (Gr. a-ruroc 
[states'], balanced [in the air.] ) 

Aerostatics, 1. The science which 
treats of the equilibrium of elastic 
fluids. 2. Aerial navigation. 

Aerostation, aerial navigation. 

Aerolite, a stone which has fallen 
from the air. (Gr. a/9o? [lithos], a stone.) 

aiohp [Aithee], the air. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Ether, a thin, subtle matter, much 
finer and rarer than air, which, some 
philosophers suppose, begins from the 
limits of the atmosphere, and occu- 
pies the heavenly space. 

Ethereal, 1. Filled with ether; as, 
the ethereal, regions. 2. Consisting 
of ether or spirit. 

Vast chain of being which from God began, 
Natures ethereal, human, angel, man. — Pope. 

Ventus, wind. (L.) Hence, 

Ventilate, to expose to the free 
passage of air or wind. 

Vent, 1. A small opening in a cask 
to admit air as the liquor runs out. 
2. Access of air to burning fuel. 3. 
An outlet. Confined gas finds vent 
through a small orifice. Suppressed 
emotion may find vent in words. 

Ventiduct, a pipe for the passage 
of wind or air in ventilating apart- 
ments. (L. duco [ductum], to lead. 

anemoi [Anemos], the wind. 
(Gr.) Hence. 

Anemometer, an instrument for 
measuring the force of the Avind. 
(Gr. /uerpice [onetreo], to measure.) 

Anemography, a description of the 



GRAVITATION. 



45 



wind-. (Gr. >§*?» \_graphe~], a de- 
scription.) 

Anemoscope, an instrument which 
shows the course of the wind. (Gr. 
o-KOTna [scopeo], to view.) 

Anemone, (a-nem'-o-ne), the wind 
flower. 



nNETxMA [Pneuma], breath or 
wind. (Gr.) Hence, 

Pneumatic or Pneumaiiccd, per- 
taining to air; as, pneumatic experi- 
ments; a pneumatic cistern. 

Pneumatics, the science of elastic 
or air-like fluids. 



GKAYITATIOK 



1. General Ideas. 
GRAVITATION is the force 
which causes masses and particles 
of all kinds of matter, when situ- 
ated apart, to have a tendency to 
move toward each, other. 

Note. — Gravitation is the cause of -weight. 
Consequently, if this force did not exist, no mass 
of matter, however large and dense, could have 
any weight whatever. (L. gravis, heavy.) 

Laics of Gravitation. 

1. Different masses exert the gravitating force 
■with an intensity which is proportional to the 
quantity of matter which they contain. 

2. The gi-avitating force exerted by a particu- 
lar mass diminishes as the square of the distance 
from the center of the mass increases. 

Consequences of these Laws. 

1. Tf the earth, with its present density, had a 
diameter equal to that of Jupiter, the weight of 
all bodies at the surface would be increased 
elevenfold. A man who now weighs 150 pounds, 
would, in that case, weigh more than 1600 pounds, 
and would consequently be unable to move his 
own body. If, on the other hand, the diameter 
of the earth did not exceed that of the planet 
Vesta, water, in turning a wheel, would exert 
only 1-25 of its preseut mechanical force. A 
world much larger or much smaller than the 
earth would, therefore, bean inconvenient habi- 
tation for man. 

2. At the distance of two semidiameters from 
the earth's center, the weight of bodies would 
be reduced to one-fourth of their weight at the 
surface ; and at the distance of the moon, or 60 
semidiameters, the weight of a body w>uld be 
3600 times less than at the surface. 

3. If the surface of the earth were an infinite 
plain, the depth and density being uniform, the 
gravitating force would be the same at all dis- 
tances above the surface. 

4. If the surface of the earth were an infinite 
plain, and if the depth were at the same time 
infinite, the weight of the smallest particle of 
matter would be infinite, and falling bodies 
would move with an infinite velocity. 

The Center of Gravitation in any- 
larger mass of matter is the point 
toward which small masses situated 
in the vicinity of the larger mass 
tend. 

Note. — The center of terrestrial gravitation 



is the center of the earth, this being the point 
toward which bodies on all sides of the earth 
tend in falling. 

Downward, in a direction toward 
the center of gravitation. 

Upward, in a direction from the 
center. 

Low, situated near the center. 

High, remote from the center. 

To Fall or Descend is to move 
toward the center. 

To Rise or Ascend is to move 
from the center. 

The Bottom or Base is that part 
of a body which is nearest to the 
center. 

The Top or Summit is that part 
of a body which is farthest from the 
center. 

Perpendicular or Upright, situ- 
ated in the direction of a line drawn 
through a given point directly toward 
or directly from the center. 

Horizontal or Level, situated in 
the direction of any line drawn 
through a given point at right angles 
to a line drawn through the same 
point toward the center. 



Inclined or Lean- 
ing, situated in any 



direction between the 
horizontal and the 
perpendicular. 




Horizontal. 



2. Of Weight. 

WEIGHT is the force with which 
any body tends to move toward the 
center of gravitation. 

Heavy, possessing weight. 

Gravis, heavy. (L.) Hence, 

Grave, 1. Weighty in a figurative 



46 



GRAVITATION. 



sense; as, a grave matter. 2. Char- 
acterized by soberness of looks or 
deportment, as if the mind were oc- 
cupied with weighty matters. 

Gravity, 1. Weight. 2. Soberness 
of countenance or deportment. 

Grief, (from gravis), sorrow, be- 
cause sorrow is something that bears 
heavily upon our feelings. 

Grievance, an injury or wrong 
done by one person to another. 

Note.— The idea implied in this term is that 
of imposing an irksome burden. 

Aggravate, lit., to increase the 
weight. Hence, to make worse or 
more severe; as, to aggravate a fault 
or a disease, (ad, to.) 

Pondus [ponderis], a weight. (L.) 
Hence, 

Ponderous, heavy. 

Ponder, to weigh in the mind. 

Imponderable, destitute of appreci- 
able weight. Light, heat, and electric- 
ity are imponderable agents, (in, not.) 

Onus [oneris~], a burden. (L.) 
Hence, 

Onerous, burdensome; as, onerous 
duties. 

Exonerate, to free from a burden, 
(used only in a Jigurative r ,sense; as 
to exonerate a person from blame.) 

Light, possessing but little weight. 

Levis, light. (L.) Hence, 
. Levity, lightness, either in a literal 
or figurative sense. Hydrogen gas, 
on account of its great specific levity 
is used for inflating balloons. Levity 
of mind is a want of seriousness. 

Alleviate, to lighten ; as, to allevi- 
ate pain, (ad, to.) 

To Weigh is to determine the 
weight of a quantity of matter. 

A Balance is an instrument for 
weighing, consisting of two dishes 
called scales, the one for receiving 
the article to be weighed, and the 
other for receiving the weights. (L. 
hi, two, and lanx, a dish.) 

A Pair of Scales is a balance. 

Libra, a pair of scales. (L.) 
Hence, 

Equilibrium, a mutual balancing 
of two weights. (L. aequus, equal.) 

To Poise is to cause two opposite 



parts of a body to balance each other. 
(Fr. poids, weight.) 

Equipoise, equilibrium. 

Pendo \_pensum\, to weigh. (L. 
from pendeo, to hapg, since in weigh- 
ing, the article is always suspended 
in some way.) From Pendo comes. 

Penso [pensatum], to try the 
weight frequently and carefully. (L.) 
From Pendo and Penso come the 
following English derivatives : 

Pensive, lit, weighing in the mind. 
Hence, thoughtful with melancholy 
or sadness. 

Pension, lit, a paying out of money 
by weight. Hence, a yearly allow- 
ance for past services. 

Compensate, lit, to weigh out to 
a man the money due for trouble or 
services. Hence, to pay. 

Recompense, lit, to weigh back. 
Hence, to reward, (re, back.) 

Dispense, lit, to weigh out in small 
and separate parcels. Hence, to 
distribute ; as, to dispense favors ; to 
dispense justice, (dis, asunder. ) 

Dispensation, 1. The act of distri- 
buting. 2. A weighing out, by Di- 
vine Wisdom and Goodness, of laws, 
rites, and benefits, adapted to the 
existing condition of man; as, the 
Mosaic dispensation; the Christian 



Dispensary, a place in which me- 
dicines are dispensed to the poor, and 
medical advice is given gratis. 

Dispensatory, a book giving direc- 
tions in regard to the proportions in 
which the simple drugs are to be 
weighed out in compounding medi- 
cines. 

Expend, lit, to weigh out. Hence, 
to lay out money, (ex, out.) 

Expense, money laid out. 

Expenditure, the act of laying 
out money. 

Spend, an abbreviation of Expend. 

Prepense, lit, weighed beforehand. 
Hence, Premeditated; as, malice 
prepense, (pre, beforehand.) 

3. Low. 

Lowly, 1. Low in regard to rank 
and distinction; as, the lowly poor. 



PERPENDICULAR. 



47 



2. Having a low estimation of one's 
own worth. 

Humus, the ground. (L.) Hence, 

Humilis, situated near the ground. 
(L.) Hence, 

Humble, 1. Low in regard to the 
estimation in which a thing is held ; as 
an humble vocation. 2. Low in self- 
estimation, and in one's claims upon 
the regard of others ; as, an humble 
spirit; a man of humble pretensions. 

Humility, lowliness of spirit. 

Humiliate, to bring down a proud 
spirit. 

Humiliation, 1. The act of hum- 
bling; as, the humiliation of an en- 
emy. 2. Voluntary descent from an 
elevated position ; as, the humiliation 
of the Savior. 

Base, low. 

Note. — This term is used only in a figurative 
sense. It signifies low in a moral point of view ; 
as, a base action. It also signifies low in the 
scale of value ; as, the base metals, such as copper, 
tin, lead, etc., in contradistinction to the precious 
metals, gold and silver. 

To Debase is, 1. To lower in moral 
worth or excellence. 2. To lower 
the value ; as, to debase coin by alloy- 
ing it with the baser metals. 

To Abase is 1. To bring down from 
a higher and more honorable position 
to a lower and less honorable one. 
2. To humble in spirit. 

To Degrade is to lower in rank or 
position. (L., de, down from; and 
gradus, a round of a ladder. To de- 
grade is, therefore, to remove from a 
higher to a lower round on the ladder 
of honorable preferment. ) 

4. High. 

Lofty, very high or elevated ; as, a 
lofty mountain ; a lofty spirit. 

Aloft, in a high local position. 

Towering, rising to a great hight, 
like a lofty tower. 

Exalted, high in a figurative 
sense; as, exalted rank. (L., ex, up; 
and altus, high.) 

Elevated, lofty, either in a literal 
or figurative sense; as, an elevated 
peak; elevated sentiments. (L., e, 
up ; and levo, to lift. ) 

Haughty, entertaining a high opin- 



ion of one's self, along with a con- 
temptous opinion of others. (Fr., 
haut, high. 

5. The Bottom. 

The BOTTOM is the lowest part; 
as, the bottom of a tub ; the bottom 
of a hill. 

The Base is that part of a column 
or other upright body which is in 
contact with the ground or surface on 
which the body stands. 

A Pedestal is the base of a col- 
umn. (L., pes, a foot.) 

A Foundation is the base of a 
building. 

To Found is to establish upon a 
foundation; as, to found institutions. 
(Used only in a figurative sense.) 

Fundamental, lying at the founda- 
tion of a philosophical or religious 
system ; as, a fundamental truth. 
(L., fundamentum, a foundation. ) 

6. The Top. 

The TOP is the highest part of an 
object. 

The Summit is the top. 

A Peak is a pointed top; as, the 
of Chimborazo. 

A Ridge is a long narrow summit, 
as the ridge of a roof or hill. 

APEX, the highest point; as, the 
apex of a cone. 

7. Perpendicular. 

A PERPENDICULAR direction is 
indicated by the position which a 
string assumes when stretched by a 
weight attached to one end, while 
the other end is fastened to a fixed 
point. (L., per, through; and pen- 
deo, to hang.) 

A Plummet or Plumbline is a line 
with a piece of lead attached to one 
end, and used by mechanics to enable 
them to fix bodies in a perpendicular 
position. (L., plumbum, lead.) 

Upright, occupying a perpendicu- 
lar position ; as, an upright post. 

Upright, in a fig. sense, signifies, 
having one's principles and actions 
adjusted according to the plumbline 
of the moral law ; as, an upright man. 

Vertical, 1. Situated directly over- 



48 



TO STAND. 



head. A star elevated at an angle of 
90 degrees above the horizon, is said 
to be vertical. 2. Perpendicular; as, 
a vertical line. (L., vertex, the crown 
or top of the head.) 

The Zenith, in Astronomy, is the 
vertical point of the celestial sphere ; 
or, in other words, the zenith is that 
point of the heavens which is directly 
over the head of the spectator. By a 
Jig. use of the term, we may say that 
Rome, in the days of Augustus, was 
in the zenith of her power and mag- 
nificence. 

The Nadir is the point of the 
heavens which is directly opposite to 
the zenith. Consequently, our nadir 
is the zenith of the antipodes, or of 
those who live on the opposite side of 
the earth from us ; and our zenith is 
their nadir. 

8. To Stand. 

To STAND. An oblong body is 
said to stand when it maintains itself 
in a vertical or upright position by 
having its base planted on the ground, 
or by having its base fixed in any 
solid substance. 

Ekect, having a standing posture. 
(L., erigo [erectum~\, to make upright. ) 

Sto [statum], to stand. (L.) 
Hence, 

State, lit, a standing. Hence, 1. 
The condition in which a thing 
stands or exists. 2. The standing or 
condition of the affairs of a civil com- 
munity. Hence, 3. The civil commu- 
nity itself. 

To State is lit, to fix firmly in a 
standing position. Hence, to make 
a formal and positive declaration of 
facts. 

A Station is lit, a standing. 
Hence, 1. The place where any ob- 
ject stands habitually. Hence. 2. 
An office or post of duty. 

Stationary, standing still. 

Stable, standing firmly. 

Stability, firmness of standing. 

Stablish, or Establish, to cause a 
thing to stand firmly. 

Obstacle, something that stands in 
the way. (ob, in the way.) 



Stans, standing, (participle of sto.) 
Hence, 

Instant, 1. The point of time now 
standing over us, and separating the 
past from the future. 2. Any point 
of time that has been or will be a 
present or dividing point between the 
past and the future. Hence, 3. A 
point of time, (in, over.) 

Instance, properly, the point of time 
at which a specified event has oc- 
curred. Hence, 1. A particular oc- 
currence. Hence, 2. An occurrence 
or fact adduced by way of example, 
or for the purpose of illustration. 

Instans, lit, standing closely 
against. Hence, pursuing closely. 
(L.) Hence, 

Instant, urgent in a request; as, 
instant in prayer. 

Instance, urgency of solicitation ; 
as, he did that thing at my instance. 

Constant, lit., standing firmly to- 
gether, like a solid body. Hence, 
permanent or unchanging. 

Distant, lit, standing asunder. 
Hence, remote, (di, asunder.) 

Extant, lit, standing forth. Hence, 
in existence. The works of many 
ancient authors are no longer extant, 
(ex, forth.) 

Substance, that which stands un- 
der properties and supports them. 
Gold is a substance, because it stands 
under and supports the properties of 
solidity, extension, color, etc., which 
are inherent in it. (sub, under.) 

Sisto, to stand. (L.) Hence, 

Consist, lit, to stand together. 
Hence, 1. To be made up of. Gun- 
powder consists of charcoal, sulphur 
and nitre. 2. To agree, or to stand 
in a harmonious relation to some- 
thing else. 

Health consists with temperance alone. — Pope. 

Consistent, 1. Standing firmly to- 
gether. Coagulated blood forms a 
consistent mass. 2. Standing together 
in mutual harmony or agreement. 
Laws should be consistent with jus- 
tice. 

Consistence, or Consistency, 1. The 
condition of standing together with a 
certain degree of firmness. The con- 



TO SIT. 



49 



sistency of tallow is firmer than that 
of lard. 2. A harmonious relation 
of one thing to another, [con, to- 
gether.) 

Resist, lit, to stand against. 
Hence, to act in opposition to. {re, 
against.) 

Persist, lit., to stand through, or 
continuously. Hence, to remain fixed 
in any purpose, or to hold on in any 
undertaking, {per, through.) 

Insist, lit, to stand on. Hence, 1. 
To stand firmly on what we conceive 
to he our right. 2. To stand firmly 
in a position to which we endeavor, 
by the weight of our authority and in- 
fluence, to bring others ; as, to insist 
that a certain thing shall be done. 

Desist, lit, to stand off from. 
Hence, to cease from doing any thing. 
{de, from.) 

Assist, lit, to stand by. Hence, to 
aid. {ad, by.) 

Exist, lit, to stand forth. Hence, 
to have an actual being, {ex, forth.) 

Subsist, lit, to stand under. 
Hence, 1. To have a dependent exist- 
ence. 2. To live by means of that 
which sustains life, as food, etc. 
{sub, under.) 

Statuo \_statutum~], to place in a 
firm standing position. (L.) Hence, 

Statue, a solid figure of a man, de- 
signed to be fixed in a standing pos- 
ture. 

Statute, something set up and firmly 
established by authority for general 
observance ; that is, a law enacted by 
a legislature. 

Institute, to devise something new, 
and give it a fixed and permanent 
standing. 

An Institute, something that has 
been instituted; as, 1. A literary and 
philosophical society. 2. {In the 
plural,) philosophical principles. 

To make the Stoic institutes thy own. —Drijden. 

3. A book of elements or principles. 

Institution, 1. The act of setting up 
or establishing. 2. Something estab- 
lished, as a society. 3. {In the plu- 
ral,) laws, rights and ceremonies en- 
joined by authority ; as, the institu- 



tions of the Jews ; the institutions of 
civil government. 

Substitute, to put one thing in the 
place of another, {sub, in the place 
of.) 

Restitution, lit, the act of setting a 
thing back in its former position. 
Hence, the act of returning or restor- 
ing to a person something of which 
he has been unjustly deprived, {re, 
back.) 

Destitute, unprovided with neces- 
saries. (L., destituo, to stand away 
from any person and leave him to 
shift for himself.) 

9. To Sit 

To SIT, when spoken of a person, 
signifies to rest on a seat with the 
trunk of the body in an upright pos- 
ture. 

To Sit, when spoken of inanimate 
objects, is used to signify an upright 
position of bodies, whose length does 
not greatly exceed their thickness. 

Sedeo [sessum], to sit. (L.) Hence, 

Sedentary, 1. Accustomed to sit 
much ; as, a sedentary man. 2. Ke- 
quiring much sitting ; as, a sedentary 
occupation. 

Sedulous, lit, sitting constantly at 
an employment. Hence, attending 
closely to business from natural incli- 
nation, or from habit. 

Assiduoiis, lit, sitting by one's busi- 
ness. Hence, prosecuting any labor 
without intermission, {ad, by.) 

Reside, lit, to sit down. Hence, 
to dwell, {re, down.) 

Preside, lit, to sit before or over. 
Hence, to be set over for the exercise 
of authority, {pro?, before. ) 

0. To Hang. 
To HANG is spoken of the position 
which a body assumes when connec- 
ted by a flexible attachment to a 
fixed point, and then left to adjust it- 
self in obedience to the influence of 
the gravitating force. In this case 
the center of gravity of the body as- 
sumes a settled position between the 
point of suspension and the center of 
the earth. 



50 



TO HANG — HORIZONTAL. 



To Swing is to mo va backward and 
forward in a hanging position. 

To Dangle is to hang loosely, and 
at the same time to have a swinging 
motion. 

Pendeo [pensum], to hang. (L.) 
Hence, 

Pendent, hanging; as, a pendent 
lamp. 

Pensile, designed to be used in a 
hanging position; as, a pensile lamp. 

Pendant, a jewel hanging at the 
ear. 

Pending, hanging ; as, a suit pend- 
ing in court; that is, hanging or re- 
maining undecided. 

Pendency, the state of hanging un- 
decided. 

Pendulum, a body suspended from 
a fixed point, and moving backward 
and forward. 

Pendulous, hanging down in con- 
sequence of being limber or flabby. 
The elephant has pendulous ears. 
The dewlap of a cow is pendulous. 

Depend, to hang upon, or from 
something else, (de, from.) 

Dependant, a person who depends 
upon, and is at the disposal of 
another. 

Dependent, not self-sustaining, but 
hanging upon something else. 

Independent, not dependent, but 
self-sustaining, {in, not) 

Impend, lit, to hang over. In a 
jig. sense a danger is said to impend 
which, as it were, hangs over us like 
some mass that threatens to over- 
whelm us by its fall, {in, over.) 

Append 1. and lit. To hang to, as 
in attaching a small thing to a larger 
by means of a string. 2. and jig. 
To add as an accessory to the prin- 
cipal thing; as, to append notes to a 
book, {ad, to.) 

Appendix, something appended or 
added. 

Note. — This terra is commonly used to signify 
a short treatise added to a book. 

Appendage, something added (or 
hung) to a principal thing, but not 
essential to it. A portico is an ap- 
pendage to a house. 

A Compendium is a short treatise 



in which the general principles of a 
science are, as it were, hung together 
in a small compass, {con, together.) 

Suspend, 1. To hang under. 2. 
To cause to cease for a time, (sub, 
under.) 

To Droop is to hang down from 
the lack of a sufficient degree of 
stiffness to support itself in an up- 
right position. Plants droop for 
want of moisture. The human body 
droops in old age and infirmity. In 
a figurative sense we say that the 
courage or the spirits droop. 

To Flag is lit., to hang loose with- 
out stiffness; as, the jlagging sails. 
Fig. 1. To grow spiritless or de- 
jected; as, the spirits jlag. 2. To 
lose vigor; as, the strength jlags. ' 

11. Horizontal. 

The HORIZON, in the popular 
sense of the term, is the circle in 
which the earth and sky seem to 
meet. 

Note. — Since the form of the earth is sphe- 
rical, every point of the earth's surface must 
necessarily have its own horizon. 

The Plane of the Horizon is the 
space included within and extending 
indefinitely beyond the circumference 
of the circle called the horizon. 

Note. — The plane of the horizon of any point 
of the earth's surface touches the earth at that 
point, and extends to the region of the fixed 
stars. 

Horizontal Lines are lines drawn 
in, or parallel to the plane of the 
horizon. 

Note. — An oblong body is said to be horizontal 
in its position, when its length is parallel to some 
line drawn in the plane of the horizon. 

Level is synonymous with hori- 
zontal. 

12. To Lie. 

To LIE is spoken of the position 
of a body which rests on a surface 
with its length parallel to the plane 
of the horizon. 

To Loll is to lie at ease. 

To Lounge is to lie or recline in 
a lazy manner. 

Cumbo [cubitum], to lie. (L.) 
Hence, 



TO LIE — TO LEAN. 



51 



Cubitus, the fore-arm, from the cir- 
cumstance that the ancients rested 
on the fore-arm when reclining at 
their meals. (L.) Hence, 

Cubit, a measure equal in length 
to the fore-arm. 

Incumbent, lying upon. A prostrate 
tree is incumbent on the ground. 

Note. — In a fig. sense we speak of incumbent 
duties, bv which language we imply that the 
duties lie or rest upon us as burdens. See Art. 
Debt. 

An Incumbent is one who is in the 
present possession of an office, (in, 
upon. ) 

Decumbent, lying down, (de, down.) 

Procumbent, lying forward, or on 
the face, {pro, forward.) 

Recumbent, lying backward, or on 
the back, (re, backward.) 

Accumbent, lying or reclining at; 
that is, lying on one side, or resting 
on the elbow, as the ancients did at 
their meals, (ad, at [the table.] ) 

Cubo [cubatum], to lie. (L.) Hence, 

Accubation, the position of reclin- 
ing at meals after the manner of 
the ancients, (ad, at.) 

Incubus, the affection called the 
nightmare, (in, upon.) 

Note. — The nightmare is a sensation some- 
times experienced in sleep resembling the pres- 
sure of a heavy body lying on the breast, (in, 
upon.) 

Incubation, the sitting of a bird 
upon her eggs. 

Prone, lying on the face. 

Siqjine, lying on the back. Fig. 
Indifferent to things that affect our 
interests, and should engage our at- 
tention. 

Note. — The figure depends upon the circum- 
stance that in assuming the recumbent posture 
we feel a disposition not only to rest the body, 
but also to relax the mind by ceasing to exercise 
our .thoughts about the concerns of our daily 
business. 

Prostrate, lying in a horizontal 
position in consequence of having 
been thrown down from an upright 
position. 

13. To Lean. 

To LEAN is 1. To deviate from a 
perpendicular position without being 
horizontal. A column may lean. 2. 
To be supported in a leaning posture 



by something tnat receives the weight 
of the leaning body. A child leans 
on the breast of its mother. A lad- 
der leans against a wall. 

Clino \_clinatum~\, to lean. (L.) 
Hence, 

Incline, to lean toward; as, that 
column has an inclination toward 
the east, (in, toward.) 

Decline, 1. To lean or tend from. 
The path began to decline from its 
first tendency. — Johnson. Fig. To 
refuse; as to decline an offer. 

Note. — The figure conveys the idea of causing 
an object to lean from you by pushing it with 
your hand, (de, from.) 

2. To tend obliquely downward. 
A hill-side declines toward the sur- 
face of the plain below. After mid- 
day the sun declines in the west. Fig. 
To tend gradually from a higher to 
a lower condition; as to decline in 
power, in wisdom, in virtue, in health, 
etc. (de, downward.) 

Recline, to lean backward, (re, 
backward.) 

Oblique, deviating from a perpen- 
dicular position in reference to a 
line or surface. 

To Slant is to be oblique. 

To Slope is to tend either downward 
or upward in an oblique direction. 

Clivus, sloping. (L.) Hence, 

Acclivous, sloping upward, (ad, 
upward. ) 

Acclivity, an ascending slope. 

Declivity, a descending slope. 

Declivous, sloping downward, (de, 
downward. ) 

Proclivious, sloping forward and 
downward. Fig. Habitually, or consti- 
tutionally inclined toward some prac- 
tice or indulgence, [pro, forward.) 

Proclivity, a forward and down- 
ward sloping. Fig. An habitual in- 
clination toward some practice or 
indulgence. 

Propexdeo \_propensum~], to incline 
forward and downward in a hanging 
posture. (L. pro, forward, andpe?ideo, 
to hang.) Hence, 

Propense, inclined, in a moral 
sense; as, propense to good; propense 
to evil. 



52 



OF THE POINT — OF LINES— OF STRAIGHTNESS. 



Propensity, a strong inclination 
toward any practice or indulgence. 

Pronus, inclined forward and 
downward. (L.) Hence, 

Prone, naturally inclined to do 
what is wrong. 

Steep, having a surface that is in- 



clined at a large angle to the hori- 
zon ; as, a steep hill-side. 

A Precipice is a descent on the 
surface of land, nearly or altogether 
perpendicular. (L.prceceps, headlong.) 

Precipitous, very steep. 



OF FOKM. 



1. Of the Point. 
A POINT is an indivisible portion 
of space. 

Note.— A point has neither length, breadth, 
nor thickness. 

To Appoint is lit, to fix at a 
definite point. (ap for ad, at.) 
Hence, 1. To fix a definite point of 
time for the doing of something. 2. 
To destine to some particular point 
in the general sphere of duty ; as, to 
appoint a person to an office. 

Punctus, a point. L. from pungo 
[punctum~\, to prick.) Hence, 

Punctuate, to make grammatical 
points in writing. 

Punctual, observing the exact point 
of time in meeting an engagement. 

Punctilio, a nice point of exact- 
ness in ceremony. 

Punctilious, observing nice points 
of ceremony in our intercourse with 
others. 

2. Of Lines. 

A LINE is length without breadth 
or thickness. 

Linea, a line. (L.) Hence, 

Lineal, 1. Composed of lines; as 
lineal designs (or draughts.) 2. In 
a direct line from an ancestor; as, 
lineal succession. 

Linear, relating to or consisting 
of lines, as linear measure, linear 
striae (marks.) 

Lineaments, the lines which give 
form to the human face. 

Delineate, to draw lines which 
represent the form of a thing. 

Rectilineal or Rectilinear, consist- 
ing of right lines; as, a rectilinear 
figure. 



3. Of Straightness. 

STRAIGHT, not changing its 
direction; as, a straight line. 

Note. — A straight line may be defined to be the 
shortest distance between two points. 

Eight, 1. Geometrically straight; 
as, a right line. 2. Morally straight, 
as right conduct. 

Rego [rectum], lit, to straighten. 
(Hence, fig.-, to rule.) (L.) Hence, 

Rectify, lit, to straighten. Hence, 
to make that right which was amiss. 

Rectitude, lit, straightness. Hence, 
Rightness of principle or practice. 

Correct, lit, to straighten. Hence, 
to make that right which was wrong. 

Direct, lit, to guide in a straight 
course. Hence, 1. To point or aim 
in a straight line toward an object; 
as, to direct an arrow; to direct the 
eye. 2. To show the right course or 
road. Hence, 3. To point out a 
course of proceeding. 

Direct, straight ; as, a direct line ; 
a direct course. 

Erect, to place in an upright, or 
straight-up-and-down position. 

OP0O2 [Orthos], lit, straight. 
Hence, right. (Gr.) Hence, 

Orthography, the writing of words 
with the proper letters. (Gr. }ga9&> 
[grapho~], to write.) 

Orthoepy, a correct pronunciation 
of words. (Gr. w&> [epo], to speak.) 

Orthodoxy, a right belief in rela- 
tion to religious doctrines. (Gr. Je|a 
[doxa~], an opinion.) 

4. Of the Curvature of Lines and 
Oblong Bodies. 

A CURVE is a line which changes 
its direction at every point. 



OF CURVATURE — OF LENGTH. 



53 




A Curvature is a portion of a line 
or oblong body which is curved. 

To Incurvate is to turn from a 
right line or from a straight form by 
curving. 

Incurvate, (adj.) curved inward or 
upward. 

Recurvate, curved downward. ' 

To Bend is to change the direc- 
tion of a line or the form of an ob- 
long body by curving it. 

To Wind is to bend irregularly, 
as a road that adapts itself to the 
diversities of the surface. 

To Meander is to wind after the 
manner of a crooked stream. 

Note. — Meander was the ancient name of a 
very crooked river in Asia Minor, and hence the 
English verb to meander. 

A Spiral is a curve that either 
makes a succession of 
widening circuits on a /////-\ 
plane around a fixed point, \\\s2), 
or which rises as it winds, 
as when we commence winding a 
thread at the bottom of a cylinder 
or cone, and pass it round in suc- 
cessive turns till it reaches the top. 

A Waving line consists of a suc- 
cession of alternating ■— — -— ^— ^ 
waves. 

A Serpentine line or path, winds 
like a serpent. 

Sinuous, winding in and out after 
the manner of a coast indented with 
small bays. (L. sinus, a bay.) 

Flecto \_flexum~], to bend. (L.) 
Hence, 

Flexion, the act of bending. 

Flexure, a bending turn. 

Flexible, that may be bent, as a 
flexible rod. 

Flexile, easily bent. An osier 
twig is flexile. 

To Inflect is to turn from a direct 
line or course. 

To Deflect a moving body is to 
turn it aside from its proper or 
regular course, {cle, from.) 

To Reflect a ray of light is turn 
it back from the surface on which 
13 falls, {re, back.) 
■ To Reflect, as a mental act, is to 
turn the thoughts back upon the 



past operations of the mind, or upon 
past events. 

To Bow is to bend downward. 

A Bow (bou) is an inclination or 
downward bending of the head in 
token of respect. 

A Bow (bo) is, l.^Vn instrument of 
war made of wood or other elastic 
substances, and having been forcibly 
bent, is kept in that position by a 
string attached to each end. 2. 
Any thing in the form of a curve. 

Arcus, a bow. (L.) Hence, 

Arcuate, bent in the form of a 
bow. 

Arch, 1. A curved structure of 
stone or brick supporting its own 
weight. 2. A curvature in the form 
of an arch. 

5. Of Length. 

LENGTH is the essential property 
of a line. 

Long, having great length as com' 
pared with something else. 

Longus, long. (L.) Hence, 

Elongate, to lengthen. 

Longitude, distance east or west 
from an established meridian. See 
Art. Astronomical Geography. 

Longevity, long life. (L. cetas, 
age.) 

To Produce a straight line is to 
lengthen it out at one end. (L. pro, 
forward; and duco, to draw.) 

To Extend is to lengthen at one 
or both ends. (L. ex, out ; and tendo, 
to stretch.) 

Short, having but little length. 

Curt, short. (L. curtus.) 

To Curtail is to shorten by cut- 
ting off. A name may be curtailed 
by cutting off some of the final let- 
ters. Persons may be curtailed of 
their privileges by the exercise of 
superior authority. (L. curtus, short, 
and Fr. tailler, to cut.) 

Brevis, short. (L.) Hence, 

Brevity, 1. Shortness, applied to 
time; as the brevity of human life. 
2. Shortness in discourses or writ- 
ings ; or the expression of thoughts 
in few words. 

Brief, 1. Short in duration; as a 



5-i 



OF SURFACES — OF BREADTH — OF ANGLES. 



brief period. 2. Short in discourse 
or writing. 

Abbreviate, to shorten by omitting 
or retrenching a part; as, to abbre- 
viate a word. 

Abeegee, to shorten. (Fr.) Hence, 
Abridge, to make shorter; as, to 
abridge a literary work. 

6. Of Surfaces. 

A SURFACE is that which has 
length and breadth without thick- 
ness. (L. superficies, from super, 
over; and fades, the face.) 

A Plane surface is such, that if 
two points assumed at pleasure be 
connected by a straight line, that 
line will be wholly in the surface. 

A Plane is a plane surface. (L. 
planus, level.) 

A Convex surface is such that if 
any two points of the surface be 
joined by a straight line, that line 
will lie wholly beneath the surface. 
The surface of a globe is convex. 

Round, having a convex surface. 

A Concave surface is such that if 
any two points be joined by a straight 
line, that line will lie wholly above 
the surface. The inner surface of 
a hollow sphere is concave. The sky 
has the appearance of being concave. 
(L. concavus, hollow.) 

7. Of Breadth. 
BREADTH is the less of the two 

dimensions of a surface. 

Broad, having great breadth. 

Wide, affording abundant room; 
as a wide passage; a wide garment. 

Narrow, having but little breadth. 

Strait, narrow in the sense of not 
being sufficiently wide to afford a 
free passage, or to be comfortably 
roomy ; as, a strait gate, a strait- 
jacket. 

Note.— A strait-jaclcet is an apparatus for con- 
fining the arms of a madman. 

A Strait is, 1. A narrow passage 
either on land or in the ocean; as 
the Straits of Thermopylae; the 
Straits of Gibraltar. 2. A difficult 
situation in which a person is at a 
loss as to the course proper to be 
pursued. 3. A distressing situation 



from which a person is unable to 
extricate himself; or, in other words, 
a strait is a tight place. 
8. Accidental Properties of Surfaces. 
ROUGH, abounding in inequalities 
of surface. 

Note. — The idea of roughness is figuratively 
applied to the temper, to the manners, to cer- 
tain flavors, sounds, etc. 

Aspee, rough. (L.) Hence, 

Asperity, roughness; as, asperity 
of temper. 

Exasperate, 1. To roughen the 
temper ; that is, to make angry. 2. 
To increase in severity ; as, to exas- 
perate a disease. 

Smooth, free from inequalities of 
surface. 



Note. — Smoothness is predicated, figuratively, of 
sounds and tastes, of the manners, of language, 



To Polish is to impart a gl 
smoothness by friction. 

Polite, polished in manners. (L. 
polio [politurn], to polish.) 

To Buenish is to polish metals. 

An Even surface is one that is 
free from eminences and depressions, 
(or hights and hollows.) 

A Level surface is one that co- 
incides with, or is parallel to, the 
plane of the horizon. 

9. Of Angles. 

An Angle is a corner. (L. angu- 
lum, a corner.) 

A Plane Angle is the 
opening formed by two 
straight lines which meet. 

The Yeetex is the a 
point at which the lines 
forming the angle meet. 

The Sides are the lines which 
form the angle. 

A Right Angle is a square or 
straight angle. 

Note 1. — If one straight line 
meet another, so as to make the 
adjacent angles equal, the two 
angles thus formed are right 
angles. a. 



Note 2. — If a horizontal line 
be crossed by a perpendicular, the . — - 
two lines will form, by their in- L ^ 
tersection, four right angles. 

C 



OF ANGLES. 



55 




An Acute Angle is 
less than a right angle. 
(L. acutus, sharp.) 

An Obtuse Angle is 
greater than a right angle. 
(L., obtusus, blunt.) 

An Oblique Angle is one that is 
either acute or obtuse. (L., obliquus, 
nclined.) 

10. Of Plane Figures. 
Plane Figures are of two classes : 
1st. Rectilinear Figures, which 

are bounded by straight lines. 
2d. Curvilinear Figures, which 

are bounded by curve lines. 

11. Of Rectilinear Figures. 

A Triangle is a figure which has 
three angles, and, consequently, has 
also three sides. (L., tri, three; and 
angulum, an angle.) 

A Quadrilateral has four sides. 
(L., quadri, four; and latus [lateris], 
a side.) 

A Pentagon has five angles, and 
is, consequently, a five-sided figure. 
Gr., 7ri]/Ti [pente], five ; and ywi*. 
[gonia], an angle.) 

A Hexagon has six angles and 
sides. (Gr., «£ [hex], six.) 

A Heptagon has seven angles and 
sides. (Gr., ivr*. [hepta], seven.) 

An Octagon has eight angles and 
sides. (Gr., cx.ro [octo], eight.) 

A Xonagon has nine angles and 
sides. (L., non for novem, nine.) 

A Decagon is a figure which has 
ten angles and sides. Gr., JWt* [deca], 
ten.) 

A Dodecagon is a figure which has 
twelve angles and sides. (Gr., JaJW 
[dodeca], twelve.) 

A Polvgon is a figure which has 
many angles and sides. (Gr., tckvs 
[polys'], many.) 

12. Of Plane Triangles. 

The Base of a triangle is the side 
• in which it stands. 

The Legs of a triangle are the two 
sides besides the base. 





The Vertex of a tri- 
angle is the vertex of the 
angle which is opposite to 
the base. a' — 

The Altitude (Higlit) of a triangle 
is the perpendicular drawn from the 
vertex to the base. 

An Equilateral Tri- 
angle has all its sides 
equal. 

An Isosceles Triangle has two 
of its sides equal. Gr., 
Hoe [isos], equal; and cKtkog 
[scelos], a leg.) 

A Scalene Triangle has all its 
sides unequal. (Gr. , a-aaxuvoc [scalenos] , 
oblique. 

/ic 

A Right-angled Tri- 
angle has one right angle. 




The Hypotenuse is the side oppo- 
site to the right angle of a right-angled 
triangle. (Gr., inro [hypo], under ; 
and Timva-a. [teinousa], stretching, be- 
cause it is stretched under or opposite 
to the right angle.) 

An Obtuse-angled Tri- 
angle has one obtuse 
angle. 

An Acute-angled Tri- 
angle has all its angles 
acute. 

Trigonometry is the science of 
the measurement of triangles. (Gr., 
ryyuvos [trigonos], a triangle ; and 
fAiT^ce [metreo], to measure.) 

13. Of Quadrilaterals. 

A Trapezium is a four-sided figure 
which has neither pa-ir of _______ 

its opposite sides parallel. 
(Gr., T_a^s^y [trapezion], 
a little table.) 

A Trapezoid has one pair of its 
opposite sides parallel and 
the other not, (Gr. , rpxTr^ov 
[trapezion], a trapezium; 
and uSoc [eidos], a resem- 
blance.) 



56 



OP QUADRILATERALS — OP THE CIRCLE. 



A Parallelogram is a 
figure which has Iboth 
pairs of its opposite sides 
parallel. (Gr., ypctpfAz 
[gramma], a figure. 

A Rectangle is a right- 
angled parallelogram. 

A Square is an equila- 
teral rectangle. 



four-sided 




A Rhombus is an equilateral par- 
allelogram with oblique 
angles. (Gr., pip-fia [rhem- 
6o], to deviate ; because, 
by the obliquity of its 
angles, it deviates from the L_ 
form of a perfect square 

A Lozenge is any 
body in the form of 
a rhombus. Cakes 
are sometimes cut 
in the form of lozen- 
ges. 

A Rhomboid is an oblique-angled 
parallelogram, whose 
length is greater than f 7 

the breadth. 

14. Of Curvilinear Figures. 

A Circle is a plain figure bounded 
by a curve line called the circum- 
ference, every point of which is equally 
distant from a point within called the 
center. 

An Ellipse has the 
form of a flattened cir- 
cle, and may be formed 
by passing a plane 
obliquely across a cone 
or cylinder. 

An Oval is an egg-shaped figure 
resembling the ellipse. (L., ovum. 
an egg. • 

A Parabola is a section of a cone 
formed by passing a 
plane through the cone _..■ 
parallel to any line { 
drawn in the surface of \ 
the cone from the ver- 
tex to the base. 






A Hyperbola is a curved figure 

with two opposite 

branches, and may 
be formed by cut- 
ting, with a plane, 
two equal cones 
which are placed 
opposite to each other, vertex to ver- 
tex. 

Note 1. — The ellipse, the parabola, and the 
hyperbola are called the three Conic Sections, be- 
cause they are formed by the section or cutting 
of a cone by a plane. 

Note 2. — The planets all revolve in elliptical 
orbits. 

Note 3. — A stone projected obliquely upward 
describes a parabola. 

Note 4. — If a planet should receive such a 
projectile impulse as would be barely sufficient 
to prevent its return toward the sun, its track 
would be a parabola.. 

Note 5. — If a planet should receive a greater 
impulse than in the foregoing case, it would de- 
scribe a hyperbola. 

A Cycloid is a curve described by 
a point P in 
the circumfer- 
ence of a cir- 
cle which rolls/ A 
along an ex- 
tended straight line A B until it has 
completed a revolution. (Gr., jwawicc 
[cyclos~], a circle; and uSos \_eidos], 
a resemblance.) 

Note. — The number of regular geometrical 
curves is unlimited; but the foregoing are the 
most simple, and are, at the same time, the most 
useful. 

15. Of the Circle. 



A Diameter 
is a straight 
line passing 
through the 
center of a cir- 
cle, and termi- \ 
nated on each 

side by the '"••••• •"'' 

circumference. (Gr., ft*, \_dia~], 
through ; and y-npici [metreo], to mea- 
sure. ) 

A Radius or Semidiameter is a 
straight line drawn from the center 
to the circumference. (L., radius, 
the spoke of a wheel. Plural radii.) 

A Chord is a straight line less 
than a diameter, having its extremi- 
ties in the circumference, as D E 
(Gr. %opS» [chorde], a string.) 




OF THE CENTER — OP THE CIRCUMFERENCE — OF SOLIDS. 



57 



An Arc is a portion of the circum- 
ference, as D F E. (L., arcus, a 
bow.) 

A Segment is a portion of a circle 
intercepted between an arc and a 
chord, as DBF. (L., segmentum, 
a piece cut off.) 

A Sector is a portion of a circle 
included between two radii, as C D F 
E. (L., seco [sectuni], to cut; be- 
cause the sector is a portion cut 
out.) 

A Quadrant is the fourth part of 
a circle. (L., quadrans, a fourth.) 

16. Of the Center. 

Center, the middle point of any 
thing. (Gr., xivrico [centeo], to prick.) 

Concentrate, to bring to a common 
center, {con, together.) 

Concentric, having a common 
center ; as, concentric circles. 

Eccentric, deviating or departing 
from the center. Fig. Departing 
from the usual course ; as, eccentric 
conduct; an eccentric genius. 

Note. — The orbits of the planets are, more or 
less eccentric, because they have not the sun in 
the center ; and the orbits of the comets are 
exceedingly so, since in one part of their orbits 
they approach very near to the sun, and in 
another part recede to an immense distance. 
An eccentric person is one who, in his conduct, 
does not move, planet-like, in a nearly circular 
orbit around the center of strict propriety, but, 
comet-like, at one time he approaches too near 
to that center, and, at another time, flies off to 
too great a distance from it. 

17. Of the Circumference. 

A CIRCUMFERENCE is a curve 
described by a movable point carried 
in a plane around a fixed point in the 
same plane, in such a manner that 
the movable point is always at the 
same distance from the fixed point. 
(L., circum, around; and fero, to 
carry. ) 

A Periphery is any curve de- 
scribed in a plane by a movable point 
carried around a fixed point, whether 
the distance between the points con- 
tinues the same, or varies ; as, the 
periphery of a circle, ellipse, etc. 
(Gr., 7npi [peri], around; and <pipw 
\_phero~], to carry.) 



18. Of Solids. 

A SOLID is a figure which has 
length, breadth, and thickness. 

A Cube is a solid bounded by six 
equal square sides. 

A Prism is a solid whose ends or 
opposite bases are parallel, similar, 
and equal figures, and whose sides 
are parallellograms. 

A Cylinder is a long, round body 
of uniform diameter, whose bases are 
equal and parallel circles. (Gr., 
K-jxivfyoc [cylindros], a roller.) 

A Pyramid is a solid whose base 
may be any rectilineal figure, the 
other sides being triangles whose 
vertices meet at a common point 
called the apex. 

A Cone is a solid having a circular 
base, and tapering gradually to the 
top like a sugar loaf. 

A Sphere is a solid, every point of 
whose surface is equally distant from 
a point within called the center. 

19. Of the Platonic Bodies. 

The PLATONIC BODIES are five 
regular geometrical solids, first de- 
scribed by Plato. They are the tetra- 
hedron, hexahedron, octohedron, do- 
decahedron, and icosahedron. 

A Regular Tetrahedron is a solid 
bounded by four equilateral and 
equal triangles. (Gr., t«t/>* [tetra], 
four; and ifyn [hedra], a base or side.) 

A Regular Hexahedron is a solid 
bounded by six equal squares. (Gr., 
?| [hex], six.) 

Note. — The regular hexahedron is* the same 
with the cube. 

A Regular Octohedron is a solid 
bounded by eight equilateral and 
equal triangles. (Gr., euro [octo], 
eight.) 

A Regular Dodecahedron is a solid 
bounded by twelve regular and equal 
pentagons. (Gr., SvSma [dodeca], 
twelve. ) 

A Regular Icosahedron is a solid 
bounded by twenty equilateral and 
equal triangles. (Gr., /«?« [icosoi], 
twenty. ) 

Note. — No other regular solids bounded by 
plane surfaces, than the foregoing, avo possible 



58 



OP THE SPHERE — OP THE RING — OP THICKNESS. 



20. Of the Sphere. 
SPHERIC, or SPHERICAL, 

sphere-shaped. 

Sphericity is the quality of being 
sphere-shaped. 

A Spherule is a little sphere. 

A Spheroid is a solid resembling a 
sphere, but differing from it in being 
either oblong like an oval body, or 
flattened like an orange. (Gr., ttSos 
[eidos], a resemblance.) 

Prolate Spheroid is a solid gene- 
rated by the revolution of an ellipse 
about its longer axis. (L., prolatus, 
lengthened.) 

An Oblate Spheroid is" a solid 
generated by the revolution of an 
ellipse about its shorter axis. (L., 
oblatus, flattened.) 

Note.— The figure of the earth is that of an 
oblate spheroid. 

A Ball is a mass of matter having 
the form of a sphere. 

A Ballot was formerly a little ball 
ased in voting. 

Note. — Modern custom has substituted a piece 
of paper for the ball, the name ballot being now 
applied to a bit of paper on which is written the 
name of the person or object voted for. 

A Bullet is a small metallic ball 
tor charging a gun. 

A Balloon is a large ball-shaped 
sack designed to be inflated with gas. 

A Globe is a spherical body of con- 
siderable size. 

Globular, round like a ball. 

Globose, globe-shaped. 

A Globule is a very small body of 
a globular form. Dew-drops are 
globules of water. 

To Conglobate is to collect together 
in the form of a ball, (con, together.) 

21. Of the Ring. 

A RING is 1. A cylinder bent into 
the form of the circumference of a 
circle. 2. Any long and slender 
solid, though not cylindric, bent into 
the form of the circumference of a 
circle, as a fi.nger-ring. 

A Ringlet is a little ring, usually 
of hair. 

Annulus, a ring. (L.) Hence, 

Annular, ring-shaped as an an- 
nular eclipse of the sun. 



22. Of Thickness. 

THICKNESS is the smallest of the 
three dimensions of a solid. 

Thick, having great thickness. 

Thin, having but little thickness. 

Slender, having but little thick- 
ness in proportion to the length. 

Fine, very slender ; as, a fine 
thread. 

Attenuated, very fine; as, an at- 
tenuated fibre. (L., tenuis, slender, 
or thin.) 

The spider's most attenuated thread 
Is cord, is cable, to man's slender tie 
On earthly bliss. — Young. 

To Taper, when spoken of a sur- 
face, signifies to diminish in breadth. 

To Taper, when spoken of a solid, 
means to diminish both in breadth 
and thickness. 

To Bulge is to swell out and in- 
crease in thickness in the middle. A 
barrel bulges. 

23. Designation of Bodies from their 

Dimensions. 

A MASS is a quantity of matter 
collected together, and having consid- 
erable thickness in proportion to its 
length and breadth. 

A Lump is a small mass. 

A Block is a mass having one or 
more flat surfaces. 

24. Designation of Bodies from their 
small Thickness compared with 
their Breadth. 

A PLATE is a thin body of solid 
matter. 

A Lamina is a plate. (Plural, 
laminae.) 

A Laminated structure consists in 
a succession of plates overlying each 
other, as in certain minerals. 

A Lamella is a thin lamina. (Plu- 
ral, lamellce.) 

A Lamellated structure consists in 
a succession of very thin plates. 

A Scale is a small and thin por- 
tion of solid matter. 

A Pellicle is a thin, skin-like 
body. (L., pellicula, a 'little skin.) 

A Film is an extremely thin coat- 



OF LIMITS—OF THE EDGE. 



50 



ing formed on the surface of any 
thing. 

25. Of Bodies that receive their des- 
ignation from their very small 
Thickness compared with their 
Length. 

A THREAD is a lengthened and 
slender body of any kind of matter. 
A Wire is a metallic thread. 
A Filament is a thread-like body. 
(L. filum, a thread.) 

A Fibre is a very slender thread, 
or thread-like body. Cotton, flax, 
wool, silk, wood, and flesh are com- 
posed of fibres. 

A String is a thick thread. 
A Cord is a thick string. 
. A Rope is a stout cord. 
A Cable is a thick rope. 
A Line varies in size from the 
thickness of a slender string to that 
of a cord; as, a fishing line; a clothes 
line. 

26. Of Limits. 

A LIMIT is a position in space 
beyond which a line, surface, or 
solid does not extend. 

Points limit a line. 

Lines limit surfaces. 

Surfaces limit solids. 

An End is the limit of length in 
either direction. 

The Top is the limit of hight. 

The Bottom is the limit of depth. 

The Top, the Bottom, the Ends, 
and the Sides are the limits of a 
solid. 

Terminus, a limit or end; as, the 
terminus of a railroad. (L.) Hence, 

Terminate, to come to an end. 

Conterminous, touching each other 
along a common limiting line; as, 
two conterminous estates. 

Determine, 1. To put an end to; 
as, to determine a will. — Blackstone. 
2. To put an end to deliberation, and 
hence, To decide; as to determine a 
question or case; to determine on a 
course of conduct. 

A Bound or Boundary is that 
which limits by binding; as the 
bounds of a corporation. The boun- 
daries of a state. (From bind.) 



Finis, 1. A limit. 2. An end. (L.) 
Hence, 

Finite, limited; as finite powers; 
a finite line ; man is a finite being. 

Infinite, without limits. The power 
and wisdom of God are infinite. 
{in y not.) 

Infinity, an unlimited extent of 
space, time, quantity, or degree. 

Infinitude, boundlessness; as, the 
infinitude of space ; the infinitude of 
the Divine perfections. 

Bourn, (pron. borne,) a bound or 
limit. (Fr. borner, to limit.) 

27. Direction in reference to the di- 
mensions of geometrical figures. 

Longitudinally or Lengthwise, in 
the direction of the length. 

Along, by the side of, and in the 
direction of the length. 

Athwart or Across, from side to 
side. 

Transverse, directed across; as, a 
transverse section. 

Direct, traversing by the shortest 
distance the space separating two 
opposite sides or surfaces. 

An Oblique or Slanting line is 
one that deviates from the shortest 
line connecting the two opposite 
sides. 

A Diagonal is a straight 
line connecting any two 
angles of a surface or 
solid which are not adja- 
cent. (Gr. eTist [did], 
through, and ymta [gonial], an angle.) 

28. Of the Edge. 

An Edge is the line in which two 
plane surfaces meet. 

Sharp, having a thin edge formed 
by two surfaces meeting with a small 
inclination; as, a sharp knife. 

Blunt, having a thick edge formed 
by two surfaces meeting with a wide 
inclination or angle; as, a blunt knife. 

Keen, having a fine edge that cuts 
freely and smoothly. 

Dull not adapted for cutting free- 
ly, whether from bluntness, jagged- 
ness, softness, or other defect of the 
edge. 




60 



OF FORM. 



To Whet is to sharpen a cutting 
instrument by rubbing it on a gritty 
stone. 

29. Terms relating to the general 
idea of Form. 

The FORM of a line consists in 
its straightness or curvature. 

The Form of a plane surface con- 
sists in the straightness or curvature, 
and in the relative lengths and mu- 
tual inclinations of the lines which 
bound it. 

The Form of a solid consists in 
the flatness or curvature, and in the 
relative magnitudes and mutual in- 
clinations of the surfaces by which 
it is bounded. 

A Form in a figurative sense, is 
an established mode of procedure. 

Formal, 1. In accordance with a 
prescribed form ; as, a formal pro- 
cedure. 2. In accordance with the 
forms of ceremony; as, formal de- 
portment. 3. Having the form with- 
out the substance or essence; as, 
formal worship. 

Formality consists in an obser- 
vance of forms. 

A Formality is an established mode- 
or form of procedure; as, a legal 
formality. 

A Formula is a prescribed form or 
rule according to which something is 
to be done. 

A Formulary is a book containing 
stated and prescribed forms, as of 
oaths, declarations, prayers, and the 
like. 

To Conform is to adapt the form 
of one thing to that of another. 

Note. — Conform is used chiefly in a figurative 
sense : as, to conform one's self to the manners 
and customs of society. 

Conformable, 1. Having a similar 
form. A piece of workmanship may 
be conformable to a model. 2. Agree- 
able or consistent. Nature is con- 
formable to herself. 

Conformity is correspondence with 
a model in form or manner. 

Conformation is the disposition of 
the parts which form or compose a 
body or organic structure; as, the 



conformation of the organs of speech. 

A Nonconformist is one who does 
not conform to an established church. 
(non, not.) 

Uniform, having continually the 
same form, manner, degree, or state ; 
as, a uniform course ; a uniform 
temperature; uniform motion. 2. 
Of the same form with others. Sol- 
diers wear a uniform dress. Uni- 
form ceremonies. (L. unus, one.) 

To Reform is to form anew. 

Note.— Reform is used only in a figurative 
sense ; as, to reform corrupt manners ; to reform 
a vicious man ; literally, to form him over, and 
make a new man of him. (re, anew.) 

To Inform is literally, to give form 
or shape. Fig. To form or mold the 
mind by communicating knowledge. 

Note. — Inform is never used in the literal 
sense. 

To Deform is to mar or injure the 
form so as to render it offensive to 
the eye. (de, amiss.) 

Deformity is, 1. An unnatural 
state of the form. 2. Any thing 
that destroys beauty. 

To Perform is lit, to form thor- 
oughly; hence, to carry through by 
action or labor, as to perform a 
piece of work, (per, through.) 

Shape is the external form. 

Figure is form or shape; as a 
lady of elegant figure. 

A Figure is, 1. A form, etc., pre- 
sented by lines. A triangle is a 
figure of three sides. 2. A form re- 
presented in painting. 3. An image ; 
as the figure of a man in plaster. 
(L. Jingo, to form an idea or concep- 
tion of a thing. ) 

To Fashion is to put into a par- 
ticular or distinct form. 

The Make is, 1, and properly, the 
form of a thing that has been made. 
2. The form of a person or beast ; as 
a man of slender make. 

The Face of a thing is the external 
make or form as it presents itself to 
the eye. (L. facio, to make.) 

To Mold is to put into a set form. 

Note. — The process of molding consists of in- 
troducing a soft or liquid substance into a cavity 
of the proper form, the substance used being 
susceptible of becoming hard. 



of number: 



61 



Plastic, 1. Having the power to 
give form; as the plastic hand of 
the Creator. 2. Capable of being 
molded. Potter's clay is plastic. 
(Gr. 7r\a<r<ru> [plasso], to form. 

Plasticity is the capability of being 
molded. 

mop$H [Moephe], form. (Gr.) 
Hence, 



Metamorphose, to change into a 
different form, (meta, otherwise.) 

Metamorphosis, a change of form. 
(Plural metamorphoses.) 

Note. — The term metamorphosis is applied to 
the changes which insects pass through before 
they attain their final and perfect form. An 
entire change in the form of any thing may he 
called a metamorphosis. 



OF NUMB BE 



1. Of the Number One. 

ONE is a term which does not ad- 
mit of being defined. 

Unus, one. (L.) Hence, 

Unit, the smallest whole number. 

Unity, The number one. 2. The 
state of being one. 3. Oneness of 
sentiment and feeling. How good 
and how pleasant it is for brethren 
to dwell together in unity. — Ps. 
cxxxiii. 

Unite, to join two or more things 
together, so that they may form one 
compound body or substance. 

Union, 1. The act of joining to- 
gether in one. 2. The state of being 
joined together in one. 

Single, taken separately from 
other objects of the same kind. 

Singular, 1. Pertaining to the 
number one; as, the singular num- 
ber of nouns. 2. Strange or pecul- 
iar; as, a singular phenomenon; a 
singular man. 

Note. — A singular man is one who stands 
single or alone in certain respects. 

Ace, the number one on cards. 

MON02 [Monos], one, or sole. 
(Gr.) Hence, 

Monochord, a musical instrument 
with one string. (Gr. yog^n [chorde~], 
a string.) 

Monochromatic, consisting of a 
single color; as, monochromatic paint- 
ing. (Gr. x^y-a. [chroma], color. 

3fonocrasy, a government by a 
single person. (Gr. x/>«ts&> [crateo], 
to govern. 

Mono-mania, the derangement of a 
single faculty of the mind, or de- 



rangement with regard to a particu- 
lar subject, the mind being sane in 
relation to other subjects. (Gr. ^ctvta. 
[mania'], madness.) 

Monopoly, the sole power of vend- 
ing any specific article. (Gr. TrceKioe 
[poleo], to sell.) 

Monostich, a composition consist- 
ing of a single verse. (Gr. o-vtx°c 
\_stichos~], a verse.) 

Monosyllable, a word of one syl- 
lable. (Gr. <nj\xct(Z» [syllabe], from 
<rvv [syn], together; and xafivv [la- 
bein], to take.) 

Monotony, 1. Sameness of sound. 
2, and fig. A wearisome uniformity. 
(rovoc [tonos], a tone.) 

Monarch, a sole ruler. (Gr. ap^i 
[arche], government. ) 

Monotheism, a belief in the exist- 
ence of one God only. (Gr. ©so: 
[Theos], God.) 

2. Of the Number Two. 

TWO, one and one. 

Twain, two ; as, to cut in twain. 

Twin, noting one of two born at a 
birth. 

A Pair consists of two similar 
things taken or used together. (L. 
par, equal.) 

A Couple consists of two similar 
things taken or considered together ; 
as, a covple of apples. (L. copula, 
that which connects.) 

A Couplet consists of two lines of 
poetry rhyming together. 

A Peace is a pair ; as, a brace of 
partridges ; a brace of pistols. 

A Span is a pair of horses. 



62 



OF NUMBER. 



A Yoke is a pair of oxen. 

Either, one of two. 

Neither, not either. 

Both, the two. 

Ambo, both. (L.) Hence, 

Ambidextrous, using both hands as 
right hands. (L. dextra, the right 
hand. ) 

Ambiguous, of double or doubtful 
meaning. 

AM$n [Ampho], both. (Gr.) Hence, 

Amphibious, living in two ele- 
ments, as, the frog, the seal, the 
beaver. (Gr. @ios [bios'] life.) 

Duo, two. (L.) Hence, 

Dual, pertaining to the number two. 

Duality, the state or quality of 
being two. 

Double, twofold. (L. duplex from 
duo, two; and plex, folded.) 

Duplicate, double. (L. duo, two; 
and plico [plicatum], to fold.) 

Duplicate, a copy. 

Note. — A copy is called a duplicate, because it 
doubles the original document. 

Duplicity, 1. The condition of 
being double. 2. Double dealing. 

Duumvir, plural duumviri. The 
duumviri were two magistrates in 
ancient Rome who held their offices 
jointly. (L. vir, a man.) 

Duet, a piece of music composed 
for two voices. 

Duel, a prearranged fight between 
two persons. 

Bi is a Latin prefix signifying 
two. 

Biennial, occurring once in two 
years, or lasting two years. (L. 
annus, a year.) 

Bisect, to cut into two equal parts. 
(L. seco [sectum], to cut.) 

Biped, an animal with two feet. 
(L. pes \jpedis~], a foot.) 

Binomial, a quantity in Algebra 
consisting of two terms. (L. nomen, 
a name, or term.) 

Di is a Greek prefix signifying two. 

Diphthong, a union of two 
vowels in one syllable. (Gr. qboyyos 
\_phthongos], a vocal sound. 

Dimeter, in poetry, a verse of two 
measures. (Gr. ptrpov [metron], a 
measure. 



Duce, the number two at cards. 
(Fr. deux, two.) 

3. Of the Number Three. 

THREE is equal to the sum of 
one and two. 

Tri is a Latin or Greek prefix 
signifying three. 

A Triangle is a figure having three 
angles or corners. (L. angulum, a 
corner.) 

Trilateral, having three sides. (L. 
latus \lateris~], a side.) 

Trigonometry is the science of the 
measurement of triangles. (Gr. ptTpue 
\metreo~], to measure; and rpiyuv 
[trigon~], a triangle, from t/s«? \treis~], 
three, and ywict [gonia~], an angle.) 

A Trident is a three pronged 
spear. (L. dens \dentis~], a tooth.) 

Treble or Triple, threefold. (L. 
plex, folded.) 

Triplicity, the state of being three- 
fold. 

Triplicate, threefold; as a tripli- 
cate ratio. (L. plico [plicatum], to 
fold.) 

A Triplet is, 1. Three of a kind. 
2. Three lines of poetry rhyming to- 
gether. 

A Trio is, 1. Three united. 2. 
in Music, a composition of three 
parts. 

Trinity, 1. Three united in one. 
2. The union of three persons in one 
God. 

A Trinomial, in Algebra, is a quan- 
tity consisting of three terms con- 
nected by the signs + or — . (L., 
nomen, a name.) 

Triumvir, plural triumviri. The 
triumviri were three men who jointly 
held the sovereign power in Rome. 
(L., vir, a man.) 

A Triumvirate is a joint govern- 
ment of three men. 

Note. — The first triumvirate in Rome was ex- 
ercised by Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey. 

A Triphthong is a union of three 
vowels in one syllable. (Gr., pQoyycs 
\_phthongos~], a vocal sound.) 

A Tripod is a seat or kettle with 
three feet, (now \_pous, (podos)~], a 
foot.) 



OF NUMBER. 



63 



A Trimeter is a verse of three 
measures. (Gr., /utrpov [metron], a 
measure.) 

Trefoil is a plant which has its 
leaves in triplets or threes. (L., tres, 
three; and folium, a leaf.) 

Trey is the number three at cards. 
(Fr., trois, three.) 

4. Of the Number Four. 
FOUR is equal to the number three 

increased by one. 

Quadr, from the Latin quatuor, is a 
prefix signifying four. 

Quadrilateral, having four sides. 
(L., latus [lateris], a side.) 

Quadrangle, a figure vrith four 
angles. (L., angulum, an angle.) 

Quadru'manous, having four hands. 

Note. — Monkeys are quadrumanous animals. 

Quadruped, an animal with four 
feet. (L.,pes [pedis], a foot. 

Quadrant, the fourth part of a 
circle. 

Quaternion, 1. The number four. 

Air and the elements, the eldest birth 
Of nature's womb, that in quaternion run 
Perpetual circle, multiform. — ^Milton. 

2. A file of four soldiers. — Acts xii. 
(L., quatuor, four.) 

Tetr, from the Greek verpa [tetr a], 
is a prefix signifying four. 

Tetr arch, the governor of the fourth 
part of a province. (Gr., o/>^» 
[arche], government.) 

Tetrarchy, or Tetrarchate, the gov- 
ernment of the fourth part of a prov- 
ince. 

Tetrahedron, a solid bounded by 
four faces. (Gr., iSpct [hedra, a base.) 

Note. — A Begular Tetrahedron is bounded by 
four equilateral and equal triangles. 

Tetrameter, a verse of four meas- 
ures. (Gr., juirpcv [metroii], a meas- 
ure. 

5. Of the Number Five. 
QUINQUE, five. (L.) Hence, 
Quinqu, a prefix, signifying five. 
Quinquennial, occurring every five 

years, or lasting five years. (L., an- 
nus, a year.) 

Quinquelateral, having five sides. 
(L., latus [lateris], a side.) 

Quinquangular, having five angles. 



Cinq, five. (Fr.) Hence, 

Cinque, five. (A word used in 
games.) 

Cinquefoil, a plant thus called be- 
cause its leaves are in fives. (L., fo- 
lium, a leaf. ) 

riENTE[PEXTE],five. (Gr.) Hence, 

Pent, or Penta, a prefix signifying 
five. 

Pentagon, a plane figure with five 
angles. (Gr., ymix [gonia], an angle. 

Pentameter, a verse of five meas- 
ures or feet. (Gr.. /uerpcv [meiron], a 
measure.) 

Pentateuch, the five books of 
Moses. (Gr., tk^s? [teuchos], a book.) 

Pentachord, an instrument of 
music with five strings. (Gr., x c $* 
[chorde], a string. 

6. Of the Number Six. 

SEX, six. (L.) Hence,_ 

Sex, a prefix signifying six. 

Sexangular, having six angles. 

Sexennial, lasting six years, or hap- 
pening once in six years. (L., annus, 
a year. ) 

'EH [Hex], six. (Gr.) Hence, 

Hex, or Hexa, a prefix signifying 
six. 

Hexagon, a plane figure with six 
angles. (Gr., ymta [gonia], an angle. 

Hexahedron, a solid, with six faces. 
(Gr., lSp& [hedra], a base. 

Note. — A Begular Hexahedron is bounded by 
six equal squares, and is the same with the cube. 

Hexameter*, a verse consisting of 
six measures or feet, (Gr., ptTpov 
[metron], a measure. 

7. Of the Number Seven. 

SEPTEM, seven. (L.) Hence, 

September, the seventh month of 
the old Roman year. 

Sept, a prefix signifying seven. 

Septennial, lasting seven years, or 
occurring once in seven years. (L.. 
annus, a year. ) 

'EIITA [Hepta], seven. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Hept, or Hepta, a prefix signifying 
seven. 

Heptagon, a plane figure having 



64 



OF NUMBER. 



seven angles. (Gr., yuvta [gonial an 
angle.) 

Heptarchy, a sevenfold government. 
(Gr., ap%tt [arche], a government.) 

Note. — The seven Saxon kingdoms in Eng- 
land are thus collectively designated by histo- 
rians. 

8. Of the Number Eight 

OCTO, eight. (L. and Gr.) Hence, 

October, the eighth month of the 
old Roman year. 

Oct, or Octa, a prefix signifying 
eight. 

Octagon, a plane figure having 
eight angles. (Gr., ywta [gonia~], an 
angle. ) 

An Octohedron is a solid bounded 
by eight faces. (Gr.. &/>« [hedrci], a 
base. 

Note. — A Regular Octohedron is bounded by 
eight equilateral and equal triangles. 

9. Of the Number Nine. 

NOVEM, nine. (L.) Hence, 

November, the ninth month of the 
old Roman year. 

Nov and Non, prefixes signifying 
nine. 

Nonagon, a plane figure with nine 
angles. (Gr., ymta \_gonia~\, an angle.) 

10. Of the Number Ten. 

DECEM, ten. (L.) Hence, 

December, the tenth month of the 
old Roman year. 

Decern, or Dec, a prefix signifying 
ten. 

• Decemvir, plural Decemviri. The 
decemviri were ten men who, for a 
short time, had absolute authority in 
ancient Rome. (L., vir, a man.) 

Decemvirate, the government of the 
Roman decemviri. 

Decennial, continuing for ten years, 
or happening once in ten years ; as, 
a decennial period ; decennial games. 
(L., annus, a year.) 

AEKA [Dboa], ten. (Gr.) Hence, 

Deca, or Dec, a prefix signifying 
ten. 

Decagon, a plane figure with ten 
angles. (Gr., ymm. [gonia~], an angle.) 



11. Of the Number Twelve. 

DUODECIM, twelve. (L.) Hence, 
Duodecimals, a species of numbers 

in which twelve units of any lower 

denomination make one of the next 

higher. 

aqaeka, [Dodeca], twelve. Hence, 
Dodeca, a prefix signifying twelve. 
Dodecagon, a plane figure having 

twelve sides. 

Dodecahedron, a solid bounded by 

twelve faces. (Gr., aty* [hedra~\, a 



Note. — A Regular Dodecahedron is bounded by 
twelve equilateral and equal pentagons. 

12. Of the Number Ticenty. 

TWENTY consists of two tens. 
( Twen, two ; and ty, from the Gothic 
tig, ten.) 

A Score consists of twenty things 
of the same kind. 

IK020I [Icosoi], twenty. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Icos, or Icosa, a prefix signifying 
twenty. 

Icosahedron, a solid bounded by 
twenty faces. (Gr., ty* [hedra], a 
base.) 

Note. — A Regular Icosahedron is bounded by 
twenty equilateral and equal triangles. 

13. Of the Number One Hundred. 

A HUNDRED is ten times ten. 

Centum, a hundred. (L.) Hence, 

Century, a hundred years. 

Centurion, among the Romans, the 
captain of a hundred soldiers. 

Per Centum, by contraction, per 
cent., by the hundred; as money at 
six per cent, interest, which means 
six dollars on the hundred. 

Cent, or Centi, a prefix signifying 
one hundred. 

Centennial, pertaining to the period 
of one hundred years. (L. annus, a 
year.) 

Centiped, an insect having a great 
number of feet. (L. pes \_pedis~], a 
foot.) 

'EKATON [Hecaton], a hundred. 
(Gr.) Hence, 

Hecatomb, a sacrifice of an hun- 
dred oxen. (Gr. favs [bous], an ox. 



OF NUMBER. 



65 



14. Of the Number One Thousand 

A THOUSAND is ten times a 
hundred. 

Mille, a thousand. (L ) Hence, 

Mill or Milli } a prefix signify in 
one thousand. 

Millennium, a period of a thousand 
years. (L. annus, a year.) 

15. The Numeration Table. 
One thousand units make 

a Thousand. 
One thousand thousands make 

a Million. 
One thousand millions make 

a Billion. 
One thousand billions make 

a Trillion. 
One thousand trillions make 

a Quadrillion. 

One thousand quadrillions make 

a Quintillion. 

One thousand quintillions make 

a Sextillion. 

One thousand sextillions make 

a Septillion. 
One thousand septillions make 

an Octillion. 
One thousand octillions make 

a Nonillion. 
One thousand nonillions make 
a Decillion. 

Note 1. — One, two, three, four, &c, are called 
cardinal numbers, because they are the principal 
or leading numbers. (L. cardo, a hinge.) 

Note 2. — First, second, third, fourth, &c, are 
called ordinal numbers, because they denote the 
order in which things succeed each other. 

16. Of the Ordinal Numbers. 

Fiest is the ordinal corresponding 
to the cardinal one. 

Primus, first. (L.) Hence, 

Prime, first in the order of time 
and causative efficiency; as, a prime 
mover. 2. First in point of quality ; 
as, a prime article of flour. 

The Prime is the most excellent 
condition of any thing that passes 
through the various stages of growth, 
maturity, and decay; as, the prime 
of life. 

Primary, 1. First in the order of 
time; as, a primary cause. 2. First, 
as being that on which something 
5 



else has been engrafted; as, the pri- 
mary meaning of a word. 3. First 
and lowest in an ascending scale; 
as, primary schools. 4. Chief; as, a 
matter of primary importance. 

Primitive, 1. Pertaining to early 
(or the first) times ; as, the primitive 
ages. Hence, 2. Simple; as, primitive 
manners ; that is, such manners as 
prevailed in the early ages. 

Primeval, pertaining to the first 
or earliest period of time; as, the 
primeval earth. (L. cevum, an age.) 

Primogeniture, the right of the 
first-born. (L. genitura, birth.) 

Primrose, a flower, thus called be- 
cause it is the first flower that makes 
its appearance in the spring. 

Prim or Primo, a prefix signifying 
first. 

np.QTOS [Protos], first. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Prot or Proto, a prefix signifying 
first. 

Prototype, a first, or original model 
after which any thing is formed. 
(Gr. rums [typos'], a model.) 

Protoxide, an oxide of the first 
degree. 

Second, the next in order after the 
first; the ordinal corresponding to 
cardinal tivo. 

Secondary, 1. Second in the order 
of production; as, the secondary 
rocks. 2. Second in importance; as, 
a secondary consideration. 3. De- 
rived; as, a secondary meaning of a 
word. 

To Seco?id is I. To be second in 
promoting a measure which was first 
>roposed by another. Hence, 2. To 
avor or abet. 

aettepo2 [Detjteros], second. 
(Gr.) Hence, 

Deut or D enter o, a prefix signify- 
ing second. 

Deuf-oxide, an oxide of the second 
degree. 

Deuteronomy, the second book of 
the law. (Gr. vopos [nomos], a law.) 

Third, the next in order after the 
second; the ordinal corresponding to 
the cardinal three. 

Tertius third. (L.) Hence, 



GO 



OF NUMBER. 



Tertiary, being the third in the 
order of their formation; as 7 the 
tertiary rocks. 

Tertian, an ague that repeats its 
paroxyrns every third day. 

TPiTOS [Teitos], third (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Trit, a prefix signifying third. 

Trit-oxide, an oxide of the third 
degree. 

Quaetus, fourth. (L.) Hence, 

Quarter, the fourth part of the 
whole. 

Quart, the fourth part of a gallon. 

Quartan, an ague whose parox- 
ysms recur every fourth day. 

Quartette', a piece of music ar- 
ranged for four voices. 

A Tithe is the tenth part. 

Decimus, tenth. (L.) Hence, 

Decimate, to take the tenth part. 

Dime, the tenth part of a dollar. 
(Fr. disme, the tenth, from the Lat 
decimus.) 

Centesimtjs, hundredth. (L.) 

Hence, 

Cent, the hundredth part of a 
dollar. 

Millesimus, thousandth. (L. ) 
Hence, 

Mill, the thousandth part of a 
dollar. 

Last, that comes after all the 
others. (Contraction of latest.) 

Ultimus, last. (L.) Hence, 

Ultimate, that is not to be followed 
by any thing further. The ultimate 
end of man is the enjoyment of God, 
beyond which he can not form a 
wish. — Grove. 

Ultimatum, the final conditions 
offered by one government to another 
for the settlement of a dispute. 

Ultimo, in the last month. (Com- 
monly contracted into ult.) 

Note. — Mense (month) is under- 
stood, the full expression being ultimo 
mense. 

16. Miscellaneous Numbers. 

Quaeantine was originally the 

space of forty days, during which a 

vessel coming from a place where an 

infectious disease prevailed, was pre- 



vented from entering port. (Fr. quar- 
ante, forty.) 

Pentecost, among the Jews was a 
festival celebrated on the fiftieth day 
after the passover. (Gr. mrr&toirrGg 
\_pentecostos~], fiftieth.) 

Septuagint, the Greek version of 
the Old Testament, thus called from 
the circumstance of seventy interpre- 
ters having been engaged in the 
translation. (L. septuaginta, seventy.) 

Octogenaeian, a person eighty 
years old. (L. octoginta, eighty.) 

Nonagenaeian, a person ninety 
years old. (L. nonaginta, ninety.) 

Centenarian, a person who is one 
hundred years old. (L. centum, one 
hundred.) 

17. Indefinite Numbers. 

Plueal, pertaining to any number 
greater than one. (L., plus [pluris], 
more.) 

Plurality, 1. The quality of being 
more than one; as, a plurality of 
worlds. 2. The quality of being 
more than some other number ; as, 
a plurality of votes. 

Many, constituting a large num- 
ber. 

Multi, many. (L.) Hence, 

Mult or Multi, a prefix signifying 
many. 

Multiply, to increase in number. 
(L., plico, to fold.) 

Note. — In multiplying a number arithmeti- 
cally, vfefold it over on itself many times. 

Multiplicity, the state of being 
many. 

Multitude, a great number. 

ITOAT2 [polys - ], much or many. 
(Gr.) Hence, 

Poly, a prefix signifying ma»y. 

Polygon, a plane figure having 
many angles. (Gr., yotna. [c/onia], an 
angle. ) 

Polyhedron, a solid figure bounded 
by many plane faces. (Gr., «<fy* 
[hedra], a base.) 

Polyglot, containing many lan- 
guages ; as, a polyglot Bible. (Gr., 
yhu>vr*\_glotta], a tongue or language.) 

Polynomial, in algebra a quantity 



OP NUMBER. 



67 



consisting of many terms. (L., no- 
men, a name or term.) 

A Legion was a body of Eoman 
soldiers consisting of about six thou- 
sand men. Hence, a large but in- 
definite number.) 

Myriad, originally ten thousand. 
Now used indefinitely to signify a 
large number. (Gr., /uupixc [my Has'], 
ten thousand.) 

18. Terms denoting Collections of 
Objects of the same Kind. 
1st. Collections of Persons. 
A Company consists of a number 
of persons collected together. 

A Crowd consists of a large num- 
ber of persons closely pressed to- 
gether. 

A Party is a company of persons 
made up for a special occasion. 

2d. Collections of Animals. 

A Herd is a collection of the larger 
animals feeding or marching to- 
getner. 

A Flock is a collection of birds, 
or of the smaller quadrupeds, as 
sheep, goats, etc. 

A Drove is a number of cattle, 
etc., driven in a body. 

A Swarm is a large body of in- 
sects. 

A School or Shoal is a large 
number of fishes swimming together. 

3d. Collections of Inanimate Objects. 

A Bunch is, 1. A number of things 
of the same kind growing together; 
as, a bunch of berries. 2. A num- 
ber of things of the same kind tied 
together ; as, a bunch of keys. 

A Cluster is, 1. A number of 
things of the same kind growing to- 
gether ; as, a cluster of grapes. 2. A 
number of things of the same kind 
collected closely together ; as, a clus- 
ter of bees ; a cluster of stars. 

19. Terms embracing, etymologically , 
the idea of Number. 
A Number consists either of a 
single unit, or of an assemblage of 
two or more units. 



Numerus, a number. (L.) Hence, 
Numeral, representing numbers ; 
as numeral characters. 

x\. Numeral is a character repre- 
senting a number ; as, 1 , 2, 3 ; or, 

1, V, X. 

Numerical, 1. Relating to num- 
bers ; as, numerical calculations. 

2. Denoting numbers ; as, numerical 
characters. 

Numerate, to determine the value 
of a number. 

Numeration, the art of determin- 
ing and reading Numbers. 

Numerous, consisting of a great 
number of individuals ; as, a numer- 
ous crowd. 

Supernumerary, beyond the re- 
quired number ; as, a supernumerary 
officer. 

API0MO2 [Arithmos], a number. 
(Gr.) Hence, 

Arithmetic, the science of numbers 
and the art of using them. 

Arithmetical, pertaining to the 
science of numbers. 

Arithmetician, one versed in the 
science of numbers. 

20. To Count. 

To COUNT is, 1. To ascertain the 
number of a collection of objects. 
2. To determine the total amount ; 
as, to count the cost. 

To Tell is to count a number of 
objects; as, "He telleth the number 
of the stars." (Ger., zahlen, to 
count.) 

A Tale is, 1. A number that has 
been told or counted ; as, " The tale 
of the bricks."— Ex. v: 8. 2. The 
act of counting ; as, some articles 
are sold by tale, and others by weight 
or measure. 

To Number is, 1. To count. 2. To 
mark with numeral characters. 

To Enumerate is, 1. To count in 
a formal manner; as, to enumerate 
the population of a country. 2. To 
count, either orally or mentally, ob- 
jects that are not present ; as, to 
enumerate acts of kindness. 

A Census is a general enumera- 
tion of the inhabitants of a country. 



68 



OF NUMBER. 



To Tally is to keep an account 
of numbers by means of marks. 

A Score is an account kept by 
notches or marks. 

21. To Calculate. 

To Calculate is, by the aid of cer- 
tain given numbers and given condi- 
tions, to find other numbers. (L., 
calculus, a pebble, calculation hav- 
ing been originally performed by 
means of pebbles.) 

To Compute is to combine numbers 
in one's mind in order to arrive at a 
desired result ; as, to compute the in- 
terest on a note. (L., con, together, 
and puto, to think.) 

To Reckon is to make the calcula- 
tions pertaining to ordinary business ; 
as, to reckon interest. 

22. Sundry Arithmetical Terms. 

An Even Number is one that can 
be divided by 2. 

An Odd Number is one that can 
not be divided by 2. 

A Prime Number is one that can 



be divided only by itself and unity, 
as, 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13. (L., primus, 
first, because all other numbers may 
be derived from these by multiplica- 
tion.) 

A Composite Number is one that 
is composed of other numbers called 
factors ; as, 6=2X3. 

An Integer is a whole number. 
(L., integer, whole.) 

A Fraction consists of one or mora 
portions of a unit broken into equal 
parts. (L.. frango \_fractum\ to 
break.) 

23. None, 

NONE is the negation of number, 
(for no one,) 

Nullus, no one. (L., from non, 
not; and ullus, any one.) Hence, 

Null, of no legal or binding force. 

Nullity, a want of legal force. 

Nullify, to deprive of legal force 
or efficacy. (L.. facio, to make.) 

Annul, to make void ; as, to annul 
a law, decree, decision, contract, etc. 
(ad, to.) 



OF MAGNITUDE 



1. General Terms. 

MAGNITUDE is 1. Extent of di- 
mensions ; as the magnitude of the 
sun, or of a grain of sand. 2. In 
Geometry, that which is extended, 
or has one or more of the three di- 
mensions, length, breadth, and thick- 
ness. 3. Greatness ; as, the magni- 
tude of an undertaking. 

Size is spoken of the magnitude 
either of surfaces or solids. 

Bulk is spoken only of the mag- 
nitude of solids. 

2. Great. 

GREAT, 1. Of more than ordinary 
size; as, a great rock. 2. Existing 
in a high degree; as, a great heat. 
3. Distinguished by possessing cer- 
tain qualities in a more than ordin- 
ary degree ; as, a great man. 

Large, 1. Great, either in extent 



of surface, or in solid contents ; as, a 
large field ; a large tree. 2. Abund- 
ant, as a large supply. 

Big, 1. Of great bulk; as, a big 
animal. 2. Having an extended sur- 
face ; as, a big meadow. 

Huge, very large. The whale is a 
huge animal. 

Vast, so large as to be with diffi- 
culty taken in by the eye, or com- 
prehended by the mind. St. Peter's 
church at Rome is a building of vast 
proportions. We speak of a vast 
ocean, a vast empire, the vast dis- 
tances of the heavenly bodies. 

Extensive, great in amount of 
surface; as, an extensive prairie. 
Fig. Having a wide range; as, ex- 
tensive knowledge. (L. extendo \_ex- 
tensum], to stretch out.) 

Immense, too large to be measured, 
numbered, or estimated; as an im- 



OF MAGNITUDE. 



69 



mense field of ice; an immense flock 
of pigeons; an immense sum of 
money. (L. in, not, and mensus, 
measured.) 

Enormous, exceeding in any par- 
ticular case the established limits of 
magnitude. (L. e, out of, and nor- 
ma, rule or order.) 

Prodigious, so great in size, quan- 
tity or degree as to excite astonish- 
ment. 

Monstrous, exceeding the natural 
in size; as, a monstrous tree. {Mon- 
ster, something unnatural in confor- 
mation.) 

A Giant is a very large man. 

Gigantic, resembling a giant in 
size. 

The Colossus was a huge brazen 
statue of Apollo bestriding the en- 
trance of the harbor at Rhodes, and 
so tall that ships could sail between 
the legs. Hence, 

Colossal, of huge proportions. 
(Applied to the productions of the 
statuary. ) 

The Cyclops were a race of giants, 
the sons of Neptune and Amphi- 
trite. They dwelt in the island of 
Sicily, and aided Vulcan in his 
workshop under Mount Etna, in 
forging thunderbolts for Jupiter. (Gr. 
xuxtos \_cyclos'], a circle; and &4 \_°V s ~\i 
the eye, from the circumstance of 
their having a single circular eye in 
the midst of the forehead.) Hence, 

Cyclopefan, or Cyclopic, gigantic. 

The Brobdignags, in Swift's Trav- 
els of Gulliver, were a race of giants 
sixty feet in night. Hence, a man 
of gigantic proportions is sometimes 
called a brobdignag. 

Atlas was a king of Mauritania, 
in Africa, who was devoted to the 
study of the stars, and hence he was 
represented by the poets as having 
had the duty assigned to him by the 
gods of supporting the heaven on his 
head and shoulders. Hence, 

Atlante'an, as applied to the human 
form, signifies having broad and 
massive proportions. Thus, in de- 
scribing Beelzebub at the council of 
Pandemonium, Milton says, 



Sage he stood, 
With Atlanlean shoulders tit to bear 
The weight of mightiest monarchies. 

ParadUe Lost. 

Hercules was a hero of gigantic 
stature and of great bodily strength. 
Hence, 

Herculean, 1. Of great bodily size 
and strength; as, a Herculean frame. 
2. Requiring great bodily strength 
in the performance ; as, a Herculean 
task ; Herculean labors. 

The Mammoth is an extinct species 
of the elephant, the remains of which 
are found in Siberia. The remains 
of the mastodon, another extinct spe- 
cies of the elephant kind, have been 
found in great abundance within 
the limits of the United States. The 
mastodon equalled or exceeded in 
size the largest of living elephants, 
and has been popularly, though erro- 
neously called by the Americans, the 
mammoth. Hence, the word mam- 
moth is employed by us as an adjec- 
tive, in the sense of very large ; as, a 
mammoth ox; the Mammoth Cave. 

Magnus, great. (L.) Hence, 

Magnitude, 1. Size. 2. In Geome- 
try, that which has one or more of 
the three dimensions, length, breadth, 
and thickness. 3. Greatness in re- 
ference to the interests involved ; as, 
managing affairs of the first magni- 
tude. — King Charles. 

Magnify, 1. To increase the ap- 
parent size of body by means of a 
lens. 2. To make great in represen- 
tation by words ; as to magnify a tri- 
fling circumstance. (L./ac/o,to make.) 

Magnificent, lit, doing things on a 
large scale. Hence, Grand in appear- 
ance. 

Magnanimity, greatness of mind. 
(L. animus, the mind.) 

Magnate, a person of rank. 

Grandis, great. (L.) Hence, 

Grand, 1. Great in age; as, a 
grandfather. 2. Great or high in 
rank; as, a grand lord. 3. Great 
in splendor or display; as, a grand 
parade. 4. Great as expanding or 
elevating our ideas; as, a grand. 
conception. The ocean and the sky 
are grand objects. 



70 



OF MAGNITUDE. 



Grandee', a person who is great or 
high in rank. 

Note. — In Spain, a grandee is a nobleman of 
the first rank, who has the king's leave to be 
covered in his presence. 

Aggrandize, to make great in 
power, rank, or honor ; as, to aggran- 
dize a nation or family. 

3. Little. 

LITTLE, not great in size. 

Small, under the proper or natural 
size. 

Diminutive, small; as, a diminu- 
tive stature ; diminutive animals. (L. 
minuo, to make small.) 

Minute, very small. (L. minuo.) 

Minutiae, minute particulars; as, 
the minutice of a story. 

Petty, little. Used only in a Jig. 
sense; as a petty offense; that is, a 
slight offense. (Fr. petit, little.) 

Tiny, very small; as a tiny insect. 

When that I was a tiny boy. — Shakspeare. 

Puny, small and feeble; as, a 
puny child. 

Wee, very small; as, a wee bit; a 
wee man. ( Used ludicrously.') 

A Dwarf is a human being, ani- 
mal, or plant, under the natural 
size. 

A Eunt is a divarf animal. 

Stunted, dwarfed in growth ; as, a 
stunted pig. 

The Pygmies were a fabulous race 
oi men not exceeding a cubit in 
hight, of whom Homer gives an ac- 
count. They are said to have waged 
a war with the cranes, and to have 
been defeated and destroyed by those 
birds. Hence, 

Pygmy, and Pygmdan, very di- 
minutive in stature or size. 

The Lilliputians of Gulliver were 
a race of men not exceeding six 
inches in hight, inhabiting the island 
of Lilliput. Hence, 

Lilliputian, very small. 

A Bit is a small piece of any 
solid substance. Properly, as much 
food as can be taken at a single 
bite. (From bite.} 

A Grain is a very small, hard, 



and roundish body, as a grain of 
sand. (From grain, a seed. ) 

A Particle is a very minute por 
tion of matter. (L. particula, a little 
part. ) 

A Speck is, 1. A very small spot. 
2. A particle. 

A Mote is a particle of solid mat- 
ter. 

An Atom is, properly, a portion 
of matter so small that it can not 
be divided. (Gr. a. [a], not; and 
<Tipva> \_temno~], to cut. 

Fine, 1. Consisting of very small 
particles ; as, fine sand. 2. Consist- 
ing of very slender fibres ; as fine 
wool. 

Coarse, 1. Consisting of large par- 
ticles ; as, coarse sand. 2. Consist- 
ing of thick fibres or thread; as, 
coarse wool ; coarse cloth. 

Dust consists of very fine particles 
of matter in a dry state. 

Pulvis [pulveris~], dust. (L.) 
Hence, 

Pulverize, to reduce to the form of 
dust. 

Pulverulent, resembling or con- 
sisting of dust ; as, pulverulent mat- 
ter. 

Powder is, 1. Dust that has been 
produced artificially by rubbing a 
dry and friable substance in a mor- 
tar. 2. Dust that has been produced 
by the growth of vegetables, as the 
pollen of flowers. 

Note. — All powders are dust, but a dust is not 
always a powder. 

4. Terms denoting the Augmentation 
of Magnitude. 

To Extend is 1. To increase in 
length; as, to extend a line. 2. To 
increase in superficial size; as, the 
American people have extended the 
area of their territory. 

To Spread is to increase in super- 
ficial dimensions. A piece of lead 
spreads under the hammer. 

Expando \_expansum\, to spread 
out. (L.) Hence, 

To Expand, 1. To increase in su- 
perficial dimensions. A small cloud 
may expand till it covers the heavens. 






OF QUANTITY. 



2. To increase in all the dimensions 
of magnitude. The metals expand 
under the influence of heat. 

Expanse, a wide, out-spread sur- 
face; as, an expanse of water. 

To Stretch is to increase any par- 
ticular dimension of a body by draw- 
ing, as when we stretch a piece of 
India rubber. 

To Distend is to increase the ex- 
ternal size of a hollow body by filling 
the cavity. A sack of varnished 
silk may be distended with air. 
(L. dis, asunder; and tendo, to 
stretch.) 

To Dilate is 1. To increase in 
superficial dimensions. The pupil 
of a cat's eye dilates in the dark. 
2. To extend in all directions. All 
fluid substances are dilated by heat. 
(L. di, asunder; and lalus, wide.) 

To Swell is to increase in bulk 
from the action of an internal force. 

Tumeo, to swell. (L.) Hence, 

Tumid, swollen; as, the tumid bil- 
lows. The sails of a vessel are tu- 
mid when inflated by the wind. 

Tumor, a morbid and local swel- 
ling on the surface of the body. 

Intumesce, to swell, as with heat. 

Intumescence, 1. The action of 
swelling. 2. A tumid state. 

Turgeo, to swell. (L.) Hence, 

Turgid, distended beyond the na- 
tural size. The superficial veins be- 
come turgid when overcharged with 
blood. 

Inturgescence, 1. The action of 
swelling. 2. The state of being 
swollen. 



Turgidity, the condition of being 
swollen. 

To Inflate or Puff up is to swell 
with air. (L. Infio [injlatum], to blow 
into.) 

Bloated, having the appearance of 
being puffed up with air. The face 
of the habitual drunkard is not un- 
frequently bloated. 

5. Terms denoting the Diminution of 
Magnitude. 

To Contract is to become less by 
a drawing together of the parts of a 
solid body. Nearly all bodies con- 
tract in cooling. (L. con, together; 
and traho [tractum], to draw. 

To Shrink is to diminish in one 
or more dimensions. Cloth usually 
shrinks in length and breadth in being 
washed. A stick of wood shrinks in 
thickness in drying. A piece of iron 
shrinks in all the dimensions in 
cooling. 

To Compress is to diminish a sub- 
stance in bulk by pressure. 

To Condense is to diminish the bulk 
by bringing the atoms closer together. 

To Dwindle is gradually to dimin- 
ish in size till the object becomes 
very small. The flame of a lamp 
may dwindle for the want of oil till 
it becomes extinct. A receding ob- 
ject, as an eagle in the sky, may 
dwindle in apparent size till it be 
comes invisible. 

To Dwindle also signifies to have 
a small and feeble growth, eithei 
from disease, or from the want of 
proper nourishment. 



OF QUANTITY. 

1. General Terms. 



QUANTITY is spoken of things 
that can be estimated either by 
weight or by measure. 

A Whole is an undivided quan- 
tity. 

A Part is one of two or more 
smaller quantities that make up a 
whole. 



Much implies that a quantity is 
large. 

Little implies that a quantity is 
small. 

More implies a greater quantity. 

Less implies a smaller quantity. 

Equal implies the comparison of 
two quantities, and that the one is 
found to be neither greater nor less 
than the other. 



OF QUANTITY. 



Enough is the exact quantity that 
is needed. 

An Excess is what is beyond the 
necessary quantity. X Deficiency. 

A Deficiency is the amount by 
which the quantity on hand falls 
short of an adequate supply. 

2. The Whole. 

All, the whole quantity or num- 
ber. 

Omnis, all. (L.) Hence, 

Omnipotent, all-powerful. (L. po- 
tens, powerful.) 

Omniscient, all-knowing. (L. scio, 
to know.) 

Omnipresent, present in all places 
at the same time. 

Omnivorous, devouring all kinds of 
food. (L. voro, to devour or eat.) 

itan [Pan], all. (Gr.) Hence, 

Pantheism, the doctrine which 
teaches that all things are part of 
God, or that the universe is God. 
(Gr. 0«c [Theos], God.) 

Pandemonium, the chamber in 
which all the devils meet in council. 
(Gr. S'Aty.uv \daimon~], a devil.) 

Pantomime, the art of represent- 
ing all kinds of ideas by gestures. 
(Gr. /ut/uog [_mimos~], a mimic.) 

Panorama, 1. A picture in which 
all the objects that are visible from 
the same point are represented on 
the interior surface of a round or 
cylindrical wall, the point of view 
being the axis of the cylinder. 2. 
A succession of views of contiguous 
portions of a street, city, &c. (Gr. 
og&fAa \orama~], a view.) 

Panacea, a medicine that cures all 
diseases. (Gr. ax.iop.ctt [aceomai], to 
cure.) 

Totus, whole. (L.) Hence, 

Total, aifecting or including the 
whole; as, a total eclipse; a total 
loss. X Partial. 

Integer, whole. (L. from in, not; 
and tango, to touch.) Hence, 

Entire, whole or undivided. 

Integral, serving to make up a 
whole. The different states are in- 
tegral parts of the American republic. 

Integrant, necessary to constitute 



an entire thing. The integrant parts 
or particles of bodies, are those into 
which bodies are reduced by mechan- 
ical division, as distinct from ele- 
mentary or constituent particles. — 
Brande. 

Integrity, 1. An unbroken state; 
as, the integrity of the empire was 
preserved. 2. U nbrokenness of moral 
principle; as, he is a man of integrity. 

Disintegrate, to separate into in- 
tegrant parts. A stone disintegrates 
when it crumbles into sand, (dis, 
asunder. ) 

Redintegrate, to make whole again. 
{re, again.) 

3. A Part. 

A Portion is, 1. A part. 2. The 
part of an estate belonging, by legal 
right, to an heir. 3. An allotment. 

A Particle is a very small part. 

Partial, 1. Affecting only a part; 
as, a partial eclipse of the sun. 
2. Treating or regarding one part or 
portion of a number of persons or 
objects more favorably than the re- 
maining portion. 

To Impart is to give to another a 
part of something that we possess ; 
as, to impart provisions. 

Impart is also used in the sense 
of to communicate ; as, to impart 
knowledge. 

Particulars are little parts or cir- 
cumstances connected with some 
general subject or whole. (L., parli- 
cula, a little part.) 

4. Much. 

A Plenty is a full supply of an 
article. (L., plenus, full.) 

Plenty, in a general sense, is a 
full supply of the necessaries and 
comforts of life. 

An Abundance is a great and 
overflowing plenty. (L., unda, a 
wave.) X Scarcity. 

Exuberant, yielding a rich and 
plentiful supply of good things; as, 
an exuberant soil. (L., ex, from; and 
uber, a pap.) 

Note. — The idea suggested by the etymology 
of the term exuberant is that of sucking fatness 
from a well-filled source of supply. 



OF QUANTITY. 



73 



5. Little. 

Scarce, 1. Existing in small quan- 
tity in proportion to the demand. 
2. Being few in number. 

Rare, not often met with on account 
of its scarcity. The American eagle 
is a rare bird. X Common. 

Scant, or Scanty, small in size or 
quantity ; as, a scant pattern : a scanty 
meal. X 1. Ample. 2. Plentiful. 

Modicum, a small quantity, as of 
food, etc. 

If anybody come, 
He shall be welcome to my modicum. — Swift. 

A Mite is, 1. A small insect. 
Hence, 2. A small quantity; as, a 
mite of flour. 3. A small coin which 
was worth about three cents. 

Tit, small. Hence, 

Tittle, a minute part. 

Titmouse, a small bird. 

A Whit is the smallest quantity 
imaginable. 

6. Equality. 

EQUALITY is the state of being 
alike in quantity or degree. 

JEquus, equal. (L.) Hence, 

Equilibrium, an exact balancing 
of weights. (L., libra, balance.) 

Equip onderance, equality of weights. 
(L., pondus, a weight.) 

Equipoise, equilibrium. (Fr., poids, 
weight. ) 

Equilateral, having equal sides. 
(L., latus, a side.) 

Equiangular, having equal angles. 

Equimultiples, the products arising 
from the multiplication of different 
numbers or quantities by the same 
number. Thus, 12 and 15 are equi- 
multiples of 4 and 5. 

An Equation is the expression of 
two equal quantities with the sign of 
equality between them ; as, 4+2=6. 

Equable, equal to or like itself; 
that is, steady ; as, an equable mo- 
tion. X Variable. 

Equanimity, an equable state of the 
mind or temper. (L., animus, the 
mind.) 

Equinox. The Equinoxes are two 
opposite points in the sun's apparent 
annual path, at which the days and 
nights are equal. (L., nox, night.) 



Equivalent, of equal value to some- 
thing else ; as, an English shilling is 
equivalent to 22 cents. 

Equity, the distribution of equal 
justice to all parties. X Iniquity. 

Iniquity (for inequity), the want of 
equality in the distribution of jus- 
tice. 

Equivocal, equally susceptible of 
either of two meanings ; as, an equiv- 
ocal expression. (L., vox, a signi- 
ficant sound of the voice.) 

Equivocate, to use words of equiv- 
ocal or double meaning with a view 
to mislead. 

1202 [Isos], equal. (Gr.) Hence, 

Isochronal, relating to or performed 
in equal times; as, isochronal vibra- 
tions of a pendulum. (Gr., x$ ovoc 
\chronos~\, time.) 

Isothermal, indicating equal de- 
grees of heat. See Art. Heat. 

Isosceles, a triangle having two 
equal sides. See Art. Form. 

7. Enough. 

Satis, enough. (L.) Hence, 

Satisfy, to give a person enough, 
according to the standard of his own 
desires. (L., facio, to make.) 

Sate, or Satiate, to satisfy the cra- 
vings of appetite. 

Satiety, the state of having the 
cravings of appetite satisfied. 

Sufficient, as much as is necessary. 

A Competence, or Competency, is 
an adequate supply of the necessaries 
and comforts of life. 

A competence is all we can enjoy ; 

be content when heaveu can give no more ! 

8. Excess. 

Excess is a passing beyond due 
limits. (L., ex, be3^ond; and cedo 
[cessuni], to go.) X Deficiency. 

Superfluous, more than necessary. 
(L., super, over; audfiuo, to flow.) 

Superabundant, abundant beyond 
what is necessary. 

Redundant, exceeding what is na- 
tural or necessary. See the term 
Unda. 

9. Deficiency. 

DEFICIENT, falling short of the 
due quantity. X Excessive. 



74 



OF MEASURE. 



A Deficiency is the amount by 
which a quantity is less than it 
should be. X Excess. 

A Deficit is the amount by which 
a revenue, or account of money, is less 
than it should be. 

10. To Grow. 

To GROW is, 1. To increase in 
bulk or stature by imperceptible 
additions of matter. 2. To become ; 
as, to grow pale. 

Growth is, 1. The gradual increase 
of animal and vegetable bodies. 2. 
That which has grown ; as, a growth 
of weeds. 

Cresco [cretum] to grow. (L.) 
Hence, 

Increase, to become greater in 
quantity or degree. X Decrease. 

Increment, the amount by which 
a quantity is increased. 

Decrease, to become less in quan- 
tity or degree. X Increase. 

Decrement, the amount by which a 
quantity has decreased. X Increment. 

Concrete, 1. Having grown together, 
as two or more pebbles that have 



spontaneously cohered and become 
united in a solid mass. 2. Existing in 
a subject ; as, the white snow. Here 
whiteness is considered as existing 
in the snow, and not as a separate 
thing. — Webster, {con, together.) 

Concretion, 1. The act of growing- 
together, or of becoming spontaneously 
united in a mass. 2. A mass formed 
by the spontaneous union of smaller 
bodies. 

Accretion, an increase, by portions, 
of matter added externally, (ad, to. ) 

To Accrue is lit, to grow to. (Fr., 
accroitre \accru~], to grow to. ) Hence, 
To be added as increase, profit, or 
damage. Interest accrues on a note. 

To Wax is, 1. To increase in size. 
The moon alternately waxes and wanes. 
2. To become, or to pass from one 
state to another; as, to wax strong; 
to wax feeble ; to wax old ; to wax 
worse and worse. X Wane. 

To Wane is, 1. To be diminished 
in brightness or splendor ; as, the 
waning moon. 2. To fail or sink; 
as, waning age. X Wax. 



OF MEASURE. 



To MEASURE is to determine the 
dimensions of a magnitude, or the 
amount of a quantity, by a reference 
to some standard. 

A Measure is the standard by which 
the dimensions of a magnitude, or the 
amount of a quantity is determined. 

Long Measure is used in measur- 
ing lines. 

Square Measure is used in measur- 
ing surfaces. 

Cubic Measure is used in measur- 
ing solids. 

Cloth Measure is a modification 
of long measure, used in the measure- 
ment of cloth. 

Land Measure is a modification of 
square measure, used in the measure- 
ment of land. 

Liquid Measure is a modification 
of cubic measure, used in the mea- 
surement of liquids. 

Dry Measure is a modification of 



cubic measure, used for measuring 
dry substances in the form of grains 
and other small masses, as corn, coal, 
etc. 

Time Measure determines the value 
of time. 

Circular Measure determines the 
ratio which an arc of a circle of a 
given radius bears to the whole cir- 
cumference. 

Note. — By cubic measure only the bulk of a 
solid magnitude can be determined. The ab- 
solute quantity of matter contained in a given 
bulk is ascertained by the weight. 

Avoirdupois Weight is used for 
determining the quantity of the bulkier 
and coarser commodities. 

Apothecaries' Weight is used in 
weighing small portions of medicine. 

Troy Weight is used in weighing 
gold and silver. 

Monetary Measure is the measure 
of value. 



OF MEASURE. 



75 



Table of Long Measure. 

3 barleycorns (b.c.) make 1 inch, (in.) 
12 inches " 1 foot, (ft.) 



3 feet 


" 1 yard, (yd.) 


6 feet 


" 1 fathom, (fa.) 


ir>y z feet 


" 1 rod, (rd.) 


40 rods 


" 1 furlong, (far 


8 furIor>gs 


" 1 mile, (mi.) 


3 miles 


' 1 league, (1.) 



Table of Square Measure. 

144 square inches make 1 sq. (ft.) 

9 square feet " 1 sq. (yd.) 

30% square yards " 1 sq. (rd.) 

40 square rods " 1 i-ood, (Ed.) 

4 roods " 1 acre, (A.) 

G10 acres " 1 sq. mile. 

Table of Cubic Measure. 

172S cubic inches make 1 cubic foot, (c. ft.) 

27 cubic feet " 1 cubic yard, (c. yd.) 

128 cubic feet " 1 cord, (C.) 



Table of Cloth Measure 

2% inches 

4 nails 
3 quarters 

5 quarters 
G quarters 



make 1 nail, (na.) 
" 1 quarter, (qr.) 
" 1 ell Flemish, (e. PI.) 
" 1 ell English, (e. E.) 
(i 1 ell French, (e. Fr.) 



Table of Land Measure. 

7 92-100 inches make 1 link. 

25 links " 1 chain. 

4 rods " 1 chain. 

80 chains " 1 mile. 

16 square rods " 1 square chain. 

2% square chains " 1 rood. 

10 square chains " 1 acre. 

Table of Liquid Measure. 

4 gills (gi.) make 1 pint, (pt.) 

2 pints 

4 quarts 
Ziy 2 gallons 
63 gallons 

2 hogsheads 

2 pipes 



1 quart, (qt.) 
1 gallon, (gal.) 
1 barrel, (bl.) 
1 hogshead, (hhd.) 
1 pipe, (pi.) 
1 tun, (T.) 



Table of Dry Measure. 

2 pints make 1 quart, (qt.) 



8 quarts 



32 bushels 



1 peck, (pk.) 
1 bushel, (bu.) 
1 chaldron, (ch.) 



Table of Circular Measure. 

CO seconds (") make 1 minute, (') 
60 minutes " 1 degree, (°) 

30 degrees " 1 sign, (S.) 

12 signs ' : 1 circle, (C.) 

Table of Avoirdupois Weight. 

16 drams (dr.) make 1 ounce, (oz.) 
16 ounces " 1 pound, (lb.) 

25 pounds " 1 quarter, (qr.) 

4 quarters " 1 hundred weight, (cwt.) 

20 hund. weight " 1 ton. (T.) 

Table of Troy Weight. 

24 grains (gr.) make 1 pennyweight, (pwt.) 
20 pwts. " 1 ounce, (oz.) 

12 ounces " 1 pound, (lb.) 

Table of Apothecaries' Weight 

20 grains makel scruple, (sc. or 9) 

3 scruples " 1 dram, (dr. or 3) 
8 drams " 1 ounce (oz. or J\ 

12 ounces " 1 pound, (it>.) 

United States Money. 

10 mills (m.) make 1 cent, (ct.) 

10 cents " 1 dime, (d.) 

10 dimes " 1 dollar, (S or dol.) 

10 dollars " 1 eagle, (E.) 

English Money. 

4 farthings, (qr.) make 1 penny, (d.) 
12 pence, " 1 shilling, (s.) 
20 shillings " 1 pound, (£.) 



French Money. 



10 centimes 
10 decimes 



make 1 decime. 
" 1 franc. 



Table of Time Measure. 



60 seconds 
60 minutes 
24 hours 
7 days 
565% days 



make 1 minute, (m.) 
" 1 hour, (h.) 
« 1 day, (d.) 
" 1 week, (w.) 
" 1 year, (yr.) 



Number of Days in the several Months 
of the Year. 

Thirty days hath September, 

April, June, and November; 

And every other thirty-one, 

Except the second month alone, 

Which hath but twenty-eight three years in four, 

Until the leap year gives it one day more. 



Relations of Weights and Measw .& 

The weight of the pound Troy is equal to i, .M 
of 22.79442 cubic inches of distilled water a' it'i 
greatest density, the barometer standing a>, jO 
inches. 

The Apothecaries' ounce is the same as the 
Troy ounce. 

The pound Avoirdupois is equal to the weight 
of 27.7015 inches of distilled water. 

The gallon of the United States contains 231 
cubic inches. 

A cubic inch of distilled water weighs 252.693 
grains. 

A Winchester bushel, which is the standard oi 
Dry Measure for the United States, is a cylin- 
drical vessel 8 inches deep, and 18^ inch»s in 
diameter, internal measure. 

The Eagle weighs 10 pwts., 18 grains, of stand- 
ard gold. 

The standard for gold coin is 22-24 of pure gold, 
and 2-24 of an alloy composed of equal pottious 
of silver and copper. 

The weight of a silver dollar is 17 pwts., 6 grs., 
of standard silver. 

The standard for silver coin is 1485 parts of 
pure silver, and 171 parts of pure copper. 

An English Pound is worth S4.S4. 

A French Franc is worth 18 cents and G tnills. 

French Linear Measure. 

The standard unit of this measure is tht Metre, 



76 



OF MEASURE. 



which is equal to the twenty-millionth part of a 
meridian passing from pole to pole, and is equal 
to 39.381 inches. 

TABLE : 
10 metres make 1 decametre 
10 decametres make 1 hectometre. 
10 hectometres make 1 killometre. 
10 killometres make 1 myriametre. 



French Square Measure. 

The Are, of which the sides are a decametre 
in length, is the unit of French Superficial 
Measure. 

TABLE : 

10 ares make 1 decare. 
10 decares make 1 hectare. 
10 hectares make 1 kilare. 
10 kilares make 1 myriare. 

French- Cubic Measure. 

The Stere is the unit of French Cubic Measure, 
and is equivalent to 61074.1564445 cubic inches. 

TABLE : 

10 decisteres make 1 stere. 
10 steres make 1 decastere. 

French Liquid and Dry Measure. 

The Litre, which is a cubic decimetre, is the 
unit both of the liquid and of the Dry Measure 
of the French. 



10 litres make 1 decalitre. 

10 decalitres make 1 hectolitre. 

10 hectolitres make 1 kilolitre. 



Terms including etymologically the 
idea of Measure. 

METPEn [Metreo], to measure. 
((lr.) Hence, 

Thermometer, an instrument for 
measuring degrees of temperature be- 
neath the heat of a furnace. (Gr., 
bi^os [thermos'], warm.) 

Pyrometer, an instrument for meas- 
uring the heat of furnaces. (Gr., 
nug [pyr], fire.) 

Photometer, an instrument for 



measuring the intensity of light, 
(Gr., <pu>; \_phos], light. 

Barometer, an instrument for meas- 
uring the weight of the atmosphere. 
(Gr., Capoc [baros], weight. 

Hygrometer, an instrument for 
measuring the moisture of the air. 
(Gr., 'vypoc [hygros], moist.) 

Anemometer, an instrument for 
measuring the force of the wind. 
(Gr., ctvi/uo; \_anemos~], the wind.) 

Geometry. — The primary significa- 
tion of the word geometry was land- 
measuring, or surveying; but, in or- 
der to be able to measure land, it is 
necessary that a person should under- 
stand the properties of regular plane 
figures. Hence, the word came to be 
employed to signify the science which 
treats of the properties of all kinds of 
regular figures, whether plane or solid. 
(Gr., yn \_ge~], land.) 

Geometer, or Geometrician, one 
skilled in geometry. 

Longimetry, the art of measuring 
lengths or distances. (L., longus, 
long.) 

Planimetry, the art of measuring 
plane surfaces. (L., planus, plane.) 

Stereometry, the art of measuring 
solids. (Gr., cmpioc [stereos'], solid.) 

Altimetry, the art of measuring 
hights. (L., alius, high.) 

Dynameter, or Dynamometer, an 
instrument for measuring the strength 
of men and animals. (Gr., Suvzpis 
[dynamis], strength.) 

Pentameter, a line of poetry contain- 
ing five measures, or feet. (Gr., 7rivrs 
[pente], five.) 

Hexameter, a line of poetry con- 
taining six measures, or feet. (Gr., 
'e| [Aex], six.) 



OF SPACE. 



1. General Terms. 

SPACE, in the absolute sense of 
the term, is unlimited cubical exten- 
sion considered apart from the bodies 
or matter which it contains. 

A Space is a limited portion of 
universal or infinite space. 



Note. — Common language recognizes three 
modifications of space: linear, superficial, and 
solid or cubical. 

A Linear Space is the portion of 
an indefinite straight line which is 
included between two fixed points. 

A Superficial Space is the portion 



OF SPACE. 



of an indefinite plane which is lim- 
ited by one or more lines. 

A Solid or Cubical Space is a por- 
tion of universal space which is lim- 
ited by one or more surfaces. 

To Contain is to have within. 

The Contents are that which is 
contained. 

To Hold is to be capable of con- 
taining; as, this cask holds thirty 
gallons. 

2. Of Fullness. 

To Occupy is to take up a portion 
of space. 

To Fill is to occupy completely. 

Full, completely filled. >£ Empty. 

Plenus, full. (L.) Hence, 

Plenum, a space that is completely 
filled. 

Plenary, full; as, a plenary con- 
sent; plenary powers. 

Plenitude, fullness; as, the pleni- 
tude of power. 

Plenipotentiary, invested with full 
power. (L., potentia, power.) 

Plenty, a full supply of good 
things. X Scarcity. 

Plenish, to fill. 

Replenish, to fill again. 

Pleo \_pletum~\, to fill. (L.) Hence, 

Eeplete, filled; as, a book replete 
with instruction. 

Complete, full in all its parts. 

To Complete, to fill out in all its 
parts ; that is, to finish. 

Expletive, serving merely to fill up. 

An Expletive is a word that serves 
merely to fill up a sentence without 
adding any thing to the sense. 

To Deplete is to empty. 

Depletion is the act of emptying. 

Note. — Deplete and depletion are medical terms, 
and are used in reference to tbe emptying of the 
vessels by bloodletting. 

3. Of Emptiness. 

EMPTY, not containing any thing. 

To Empty, to deprive a vessel, etc., 
of its contents. 

Vacuus, empty. (L.) Hence, 

Vacuum, an empty space. 

Vacuity, 1. Emptiness. 2. An 
empty space. 

Vacant, unoccupied. 

Vacancy, 1. Empty space. 2. The 



state of being destitute of an incum- 
bent. 3. An office or post which is 
destitute of an incumbent. 

Vacate, 1. To make vacant by 
quitting; as, to vacate a throne. 2. 
To annul; as, to vacate a commis- 
sion; to vacate a charter. 

Vacation, 1. The act of making 
vacant. 2. The act of annulling. 3. 
The intermission of the regular 
studies of a seminary. 4. Intermis- 
sion of a stated employment. 

Evacuate, 1. To empty, as to evacuate 
the bowels. 2. To make empty by 
leaving; as, to evacuate a house. 

Inanis, empty. (L.) Hence, 

Inane, empty; as, an inane space; 
an inane mind. 

Inanity, emptiness of space or of 
mind. 

Inanition, emptiness of the body 
from the privation of food. 

Void, empty. X Filled. 

A Void is an empty space. 

4. To Open. 

OPEX, 1. Free from obstruction, 
as a way of entrance, exit, or pas- 
sage. 2. Having the interior ex- 
posed to view; as, an open book; an 
open chest. >£ Closed. 

Aperio [apertum], to open. (L.) 
Hence, 

Aperient, opening; as, an aperient 
medicine. 

Aperture, as opening; as, an aper- 
ture in a wall. 

Overt, open; as, an overt act of 
treason. (Fr. ouvrir from L. aperio.) 

5. To Gape. 

To GAPE is, 1. To open the mouth 
wide. 2. To open by fissures or 
crevices. 

To Yawn is, 1. To gape from drow- 
siness or dullness. 2. To open wide ; 
as, a yawning gulf; the yawning 
mouth of a cavern ; a yawning grave. 

Note. — The nse of yaicn in the second sense 
is figurative. The figure is that of a monstrous 
beast with the mouth open to receive and de- 
vour its prey. 

Hio [hiatum], to gape. (L.) Hence, 

Hiatus, a gape. 

A Chasm is a deep and wide gape 



78 



or SPACE. 



caused by disrupture; as, a chasm 
in a rock. (Gr. x Mm \chaino~], to 
yawn. ) 

6. To Shut. 

To SHUT is, 1. To occupy away 
of entrance, exit, or passage with a 
solid body. 2. To bring the oppo- 
site sides or edges of an open or ex- 
panded body together ; as, to shut a 
book; to shut a flower. >£ To open. 

Claudo \_clausum~], to shut. (L.) 
Hence 

To Close, 1. To shut. 2. To end 
or finish. 

Close, presenting no intervening 
passages or openings. X Open. 

Closet, a small closed room for re- 
tirement. 

Cloister, a house in which monks 
or nuns shut themselves up in order 
to be secure from worldly influences. 

Clause, a combination of words 
forming complete sense, and capable 
of being closed with a period or full 
stop. 

Inclose, to shut in; as, to inclose 
a piece of ground with a fence; to 
inclose goods in a box; to inclose a 
letter in an envelope. 

Inclosure, 1. That which incloses ; 
as, a fence. 2. That which is in- 
closed ; as, money, etc., inclosed in a 
letter. 

Disclose, 1. To remove the cover 
which closes, or shuts any thing 
from the view. Hence, 2. To make 
known; as, to disclose a secret. 
(dis, asunder.) 



Disclosure, 1. The act of remov- 
ing the cover which shuts a thing 
from the view. Hence, 2. The act 
of making known. 3. That which 
is disclosed, or made known. 

Include, lit. To shut up within. 
Hence, to comprise or contain. The 
history of England necessarily in- 
cludes a portion of the history of 
France. Your name is not included 
in the list. X Exclude. 

Inclusive, that includes; as, from 
Monday to Saturday inclusive ; that 
is, taking in both Monday and Satur- 
day. X Exclusive. 

Exclude, to shut out. (ex, out.) 

Exclusive, 1. Debarring from par- 
ticipation ; as, an exclusive privilege. 
2. Not including or comprehending ; 
as, the general had six thousand 
troops exclusive of artillery. 

An Exclusive, one of a coterie who 
exclude others. 

Preclude, lit. To prevent from 
entering by previously shutting the 
passage. Hence, 1. To shut out; as, 
to preclude an objection. 2. To shut 
from; as, to preclude one's self from 
the enjoyment of a right, or the ex- 
ercise of a privilege, (prce, before- 
hand.) 

Conclude, 1. To shut up together. 
God hath concluded all in unbelief. 
2. To bring to a close. 3. To close 
an argument by drawing the infer- 
ence. 

Seclude, to shut up apart from 
others; as, to seclude one's self from 
society, (se, apart.) 



OF PLACE 



1. Terms relating to the general idea 
of Place. 

PLACE is any particular point or 
position in space. 

Here, in this place. 

There, in that place. 

Where, in what place. 

Hither, to this place. 

Thither, to that place. 



Whither, to what place. 
Hence, from this place. 
Thence, from that place. 
Whence, from what place. 
Somewhere, in some place. 
Elsewhere, in another place. 
Everywhere, in every place. 
Nowhere, in no place. 
(L.) 



OF PLACE. 



79 



. Note. — When a person proves that he was 
elsewhere at the time of the commission of an 
offense charged against him, he is said to prove 
an alibi. 

Present, at or in a specified place. 
X Absent. 

Presence, the existence of a person 
or thing in a specified place. X Ab- 
sence. 

Presence of Mind is the condition 
of having one' s wits about one in a case 
of sudden danger or difficulty, so 
that one is enabled promptly to adopt 
such measures as the circumstances 
demand. 

Omnipresent, present in all places 
at the same time. (L. omnis, all.) 

Omnipresence, presence in all 
places at the same time. 

Ubiquity, omnipresence. (L. ubiqiie, 
everywhere. ) 

Absent, not present. 

Absence, the condition of not being 
present. 

Absence of Mind is the condition 
of being so lost in thought as to be 
incapable of noticing present objects, 
or of adapting one's actions to the 
exigences of present circumstances. 

To Absent one's self is purposely 
to stay away from a place. 

An Absentee is one who is absent 
from a place at which he ought to 
be present, 

A Position is a place considered 
in reference to surrounding objects. 

A Situation is a place considered 
in reference to its being occupied by 
something. 

A Site is the situation occupied by 
a building, &c. . 

Locus, a place. (L.) Hence, 

Local, limited to a particular place; 
as, a local custom. X General. 

Locality. The place where any na- 
tural production, as a plant or min- 
eral, is found is its locality. 

Locate, to fix in a particular place. 

Tonos [Topos], 1. A place. 2. A 
place or source whence arguments 
are drawn. 

Topic, a subject of discourse. 

Topical, 1. Local. 2. Arranged by 
topics; as a topical lexicon. 



2. To Put. 

To PUT is to move an object to a 
place where it is to remain. 

To Place is to put in some particu- 
lar part of space. 

To Set is to place in a standing 
position. 

To Lay is to cause to lie. 

Pono \_positum~], to put. (L.) Hence, 

Position, 1. The place of a thing 
in reference to other objects. 2. The 
manner of being placed; as, a hori- 
zontal position. 

Posture, a position of the body ; as, 
a kneeling posture. 

Repose, lit., to lay one's self back- 
ward. Hence, To rest, {re, backward. ) 

Propose, lit, to lay before. Hence, 
To offer for consideration, or accep- 
tance, {pro, before.) 

Propound, to propose; as, to pro- 
pound a question. 

Oppose, lit, to place against. 
Hence, 1. To set two things front to 
front. 2. To act against. (ob, 
against. ) 

Opposite, placed over against. 

Opposition, 1. The state of being 
placed over against. 2. The act of 
opposing. 

Opponent, one who opposes. 

Compose, lit, to put or place to- 
gether. Hence, 1. To constitute or 
form by being placed together; as, 
letters compose words, and words 
compose sentences. 2. To put words 
and sentences together in writing. 3. 
To calm. 

Compound, lit, to put together. 
Hence, 1. To blend two or more in- 
gredients in one mass. 2. To settle 
amicably. 

Suppose, lit, to place under. 
Hence, To lay down or state a case 
that shall serve as the basis of an 
argument, {sub, under.) 

Depose, lit, to lay or put down. 
Hence, 1. To lay down or state un- 
der oath. 2. To put down from a 
throne or other high station, {de, 
down.) 

Deponent, one who makes a state- 
ment under oath. 

Deposit, 1. To lay. A bird deposits 



80 



OF PLACE. 



eggs. 2. To throw down. An in- 
undation deposits particles of earth. 
3. To lay in a place for preservation. 

Depositary, a person with whom 
any thing is deposited for safe keep- 
ing. 

Depository, a place where any thing 
is lodged for safe keeping. 

Interpose, 1. To place between. 
2. To place one's self between parties 
at variance, {inter, between.) 

Dispose, lit, to place asunder. 
Hence, 1. To arrange. 2. To set the 
mind in a particular frame, (dis, as- 
under. ) 

Disposal, I. The act of arranging. 
2. The power of arranging or manag- 
ing. 3. The power or right of bestow- 
ing. 

Disposition, 1. The act of dispos- 
ing. 2. The manner in which things 
are disposed or arranged. 3. Temper 
or frame of mind. 

Expose, lit, to set forth. Hence, 1. 
To lay open to public view ; as, to ex- 
pose secret villainy. 2. To remove 
from a situation of security and put 
in the way of danger, (ex, forth.) 

Exposure, 1. The act of exposing 
or laying open. 2. The situation of 
a place in regard to the points of the 
compass ; as, a northern exposure. 

Exposition, 1. A setting forth to 
public view. 2. An explanation or 
setting forth of the meaning of an 
author. 

Expositor, one who explains or sets 
forth the meaning of an author. 

Expound, to lay open the meaning; 
as, to expound a text of Scripture. 

Exponent, something that sets 
forth. An exponent, in algebra, sets 
forth, or denotes the power of a 
number or letter. 

Transpose, to change the order of 
things by putting each in the place of 
the other ; as, to transpose the letters 
of a word, (trans, beyond.) 

Impose, to lay on ; as, to impose a 
burden, tax, duty, etc. {in, upon.) 

To Impose on is to put upon ; that 
is, to deceive. 

Impostor, one who imposes on 
others by false pretenses. 



Imposture, fraud practiced by .a 
false pretender. 

Imposition, 1. The act of laying 
on; as, the imposition of a tax. 
2. Imposture. 

Postpone, lit, to place after. 
Hence, to put off. {post, after.) 

2. Within. 

INTERNAL, inward; as, the in- 
ternal parts of a body. X External. 

Interior, inner; as, the interior 
parts of a country. }£ Exterior. 

The Interior of a body is the inner 
portion. 

Intestine, occurring within ; as, in- 
testine broils or disorders in a state. 

Intrinsic, existing in a thing and 
inherent in its nature ; as, the intrin- 
sic value of gold. ^ Extrinsic. 

EN AON [Endon], within. (Grr.) 
Hence, 

Endo, a prefix signifying within, 
as in 

En'dogen, a plant that increases by 
an internal growth. (Gr. , ym^a \_gen- 
nao~\, to grow.) 

Note. — The grasses are endogenous plants. 
^ Exogen. 

3. Without. 

EXTERNAL, outward ; as, the ex- 
ternal parts of a body. }£ Internal. 

Exterior, 1. Outer; as, an exterior 
surface. 2. Existing without; as, 
when we speak of objects exterior to 
ourselves in opposition to the ideas 
which exist in our minds. 3. Foreign; 
as, the exterior relations of a govern- 
ment. >£ Interior. 

Extra, beyond the limits of a 
body, or of some definite portion of 
space. (L.) Hence, 

Extra, a prefix signifying beyond 
the proper or natural limits of a 
thing. 

Extraneous, foreign to or outside 
of the nature of a thing ; as, to sepa- 
rate gold from extraneous matter. 

Extraordinary, beyond the limits 
of the ordinary or common. 

Extravagant, ranging beyond the 
proper limits. (L., vagor, to wander 
or roam at large.) 



OF PLACE. 



81 



Extrinsic, existing without. Mere 
matter can not move unless it be 
acted upon by some extrinsic force. 
; ~ Intrinsic. 

Ezn [Exo], a prefix signifying 
without, as in 

Ex'ogen, a plant which increases by 
successive layers added to the outside. 
((Jr., yurxco [gennao], to grow.) 

Note. — Our common forest trees are exogenous 
plants. X Endogen. 

4. On the other side of. 
TRANS, beyond (L.) Hence 

Trans, a prefix signifying beyond, 
or on the other side of, as in. 

Trans-Alpine, situated beyond the 
Alps. 

Trans- Atlantic, situated on the 
other side of the Atlantic, etc. 

5. On this side of. 
CIS, on this side of. (L.) Hence, 
Ois-Alpine, situated on this side of 

the Alps. 

Ois-Atlantic, situated on this side 

of the Atlantic. 

- 6. Around. 
CIRCUM, around. (L.) Hence, 
Circum, a prefix signifying around, 

as in 

Circumnavigate, to sail around. 
nEPi [Peri], around. (Gr.) Hence, 
Peri, a prefix signifying around, as 

in 

Periosteum, the membrane that 

surrounds a bone, etc. (Gr., cttsov 

[osteon], a bone. 

7. Through. 
PER, through. (L.) _ Hence, 
Per, a prefix signifying through, 
in 

Permeate, to pass through, etc. 
ai A [Dia], through. (Gr.) Hence, 
Dia, a prefix signifying through, 
as in 

Diameter, a line drawn through 
the center of a circle from side to 
Bide. 

8. Between. 
INTER, between. (L.) Hence, 
6 



Inter, a prefix signifying between, 
as in 

Intervene, to come between, etc. 

9. Against. 
CONTRA, against. (L.) Hence, 
Contra, a prefix signifying against, 

as in 

Contradict, to speak against, or in 

opposition to, etc. 

10. Over or Above. 
SUPER, over. (L.) Hence, 
Super, a prefix, signifying over or 
above, as in 

Superintend, to oversee, etc. 

11. Under. 
SUB, under. (L.) Hence, 
Sub; (siic, suf, sug, sup, sur, sus,) 

a prefix signifying under, as in 
Subjugate, to place under the yoke 

of servitude, etc. 

12. Together. 

TOGETHER, at the same place. 

Con (cog, col, com, cor,), is a Latin 
prefix signifying with or together, as 
in 

Convene, to come together, etc. 

2TN [Syn] (syl, sym,), is a Greek 
prefix signifying with or together, as 
in 

Synthesis, a putting together, &c. 

13. To Come, or To Bring together. 

To Meet is to come together. 

A Meeting is 1. A coming together. 
2. A number of persons who have 
come together for some common pur- 
pose. 

To Convene is 1. To meet for the 
transaction of business; as, Congress 
convenes at the time prescribed in 
the Constitution. 2. To cause to 
meet for the transaction of business. 
The president may at any time con- 
vene Congress by a proclamation. 
(L. con, together, and venio [ventum], 
to come.) Hence, 

Convention, a body of persons who 
have met for the transaction of bu- 
siness. 

To Assemble is 1. To come to- 
gether. 2. To cause to come together. 



™ 



82 



OF PLACE. 



An Assembly is a number of per- 
sons who have met together. 

An Assemblage is 1. A number of 
persons assembled. 2. A collection 
of things. 

To Congregate is to come together. 
(L., con, together; and gr ex, a flock.) 

A Congregation is a number of 
persons who have assembled for re- 
ligious worship. 

A Congress is an assembly of per- 
sons representing sundry local inter- 
ests, who have met for the purpose of 
deliberating on matters pertaining to 
the common good. (L. , congressus, a 
coming together.) 

To Gather is 1. To come together; 
as, the people gather; the clouds 
gather. 2. To bring together a num- 
ber of scattered objects. 3. To bring 
together scattered portions of matter. 

A Gathering is an assemblage of 
persons. 

To Collect is to gather. 

^Collection is 1. An act of gather- 
ing. 2. A number of separate objects 
brought together. 3. A quantity of 
scattered matter brought together. 

To Aggregate is to collect smaller 
quantities of matter into a mass ; or, 
to collect particulars into a sum, or 
total amount (L., ad, to; and grex, 
the flock.) 

An Aggregate is a sum, or total 
amount of many particulars collected 
together. 

A Company is an assembly of per- 
sons. (L., eon, together ; and pannus, 
a cloth or flag, the primary significa- 
tion of the word company being a 
body of soldiers marching or fight- 
ing under the same flag.) 

To Accompany is to go with, {ad, 
with.) 

An Accompaniment is that which 
accompanies. 

14. Of Distance. 
DISTANCE is the space by which 
objects are separated. (L , di, asun- 
der; and stans, standing.) 

15. Near. 
NEAR, being at a small distance. 
Nigh, near. 



A Neighbor is one who lives near 
to us. (from nigh.) 

Neighboring, living, or situated 
near; as, neighboring inhabitants; 
neighboring countries. 

Neighborhood, 1. The region that 
surrounds a particular spot. 2. The 
condition of being neighbors. 
_ Vicinity, neighborhood; as, he 
lives in the vicinity of New York. 
(L., vicinus, belonging to the same vil- 
lage ; from vicus, a village.) 

Vicinage, neighborhood ; as, jurors 
must be of the vicinage. 

Proximity, the state of being very 
near; as, proximity of situation; 
proximity of blood.. (L., proximus, 
nearest.) }£ Remoteness. 

Proximate, nearest. X Remote. 

& proximate cause is that which immediately 
precedes, and produces the effect, as distin- 
guished from the remote, mediate, or predisposing 
cause. — Watts. 

Proximate principles are the distinct com- 
pounds which exist ready formed in animals and 
plants, such as albumen, fat, sugar, etc. — Brande. 

Approximate, to come near, {ad, to.) 
Close, very near ; as, close by the 

wall. 

Hard, close ; as, he dwells hard 

by; the house stands hard by the 

roadside. 

16. Distant. 

DISTANT, being at a great dis- 
tance, {di, apart; and stans, stand- 
ing.) 

Far, distant ; as, a far country. 

Far, to a great distance ; as, he has 
gone far away. 

Afar, 1. At a great distance ; as, he 
stood afar off. 2. To a great distance. 

'T was on Transylvania's bannat 
While the crescent shone afar, 
Like a pale, disastrous planet, 
O'er the purple tide of war. — Campbell. 

Remote, situated at a great dis- 
tance. X Near. 

17. To Scatter. 

To SCATTER is to spread objects 
or portions of matter irregularly over 
an area. 

To Disperse is to scatter. (L., dis. 
asunder, and spar go {spar sum], to 
sprinkle.) 



OF TIME. 



83 



To Dissipate is, 1. To scatter things 
of such a nature, that when scattered 
they disappear and can not be col- 
lected again; as, to dissipate a fog; 
to dissipate a fortune. 2. To scatter 
the attention. 

Dissipated, having one's sober re- 
flections scattered by giddy amuse- 
ments. Hence, devoted to pleasure 
and vicious indulgences. 

To Dispel is to scatter by driving 
asunder ; as, to dispel vapors ; to dis- 
pel darkness; to dispel doubts and 
fears. (L., dis, asunder, and pello, 
to drive. ) 

Sparse, thinly scattered ; as, a 
sparse population. 



18. To Sprinkle. 

To SPKIXKLE is to scatter par- 
ticles of any substance, either liquid 
or solid ; as, to sprinkle water, sand, 
meal, etc. 

Spargo [sparsuni], to sprinkle. (L. ) 
Hence, 

Sparse, thinly scattered. 

Disperse, to scatter abroad, (dis, 
asunder.) 

Intersperse, to scatter here and 
there among other things, (inter, 
among. ) 

Asperse, to bespatter with calumny. 
(ad, upon.) 

Spatter, to sprinkle with dirt or 
any thing offensive. 

To Bespatter, to soil by spattering. 



OF TIME. 



1. Terms including etymologically 

the idea of Time. 
TIME is a term which is not sus- 
ceptible of a proper definition. 

Note.— We gain an idea of time either from 
successive impressions upon our bodily senses, 
or from the succession of thoughts in our minds. 

Tempus \temporis~], time. (L.) 
Hence, 

Temporary, 1. Continuing but a 
short time; as, a temporary relief. 

2. Designed to last but a short time; 
as, a temporary structure. X Per- 
manent. 

Temporal, 1. Pertaining to this 
life; as, temporal interests. X Spir- 
itual. 2. Limited in duration. The 
things which are seen are temporal, 
but the things which are not seen 
are eternal. — 2 Cor. iv. X Eternal 

Temporize, to adapt one's con- 
duct to the time or occasion. 

Extempore, without premeditation. 
(L. ex, from, and tempore, the spur 
of the occasion.) 

Extemporaneous, spoken without 
previous meditation; as, an extem- 
poraneous speech. 

Extemporize, to speak extempo- 
raneously. 

Contemporary, or Contemporaneous, 



living or existing at the same time ; 
as, cotemporary authors ; contempo- 
raneous events. 

Cotemporaries, those who live at 
the same time. 

xponos [Chroxos], time. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Chronometer, a time measurer. 
(Gr. /u*.T£tce \^metreo~], to measure.) 

Note — A chronometer is properly a -watch or 
clock so adjusted as to measure time with great 
exactness. 

Chronology, the arrangement of 
historical events according to their 
dates. (Gr. *oyoe [logos'], a treatise.) 

Chronic or Chronical, of a long 
continuance ; as, a chronic disease. 

Chronicle, a history in which 
events are recorded in the order of 
time. 

Anachronism, a chronological error ; 
that is, the assigning of an erroneous 
date to a transaction or event. (Gr. 
av* \_ana~\, denoting transposition.) 

Synchronize, 1* agree in time. (Gr. 
c-w [syii], together.) 

Synchronism, a concurrence of 
two or more events in time. 

2. Before. 
ANTE, before. (A Latin prefix.) 



84 



OF TIME. 



Antecedent, going before. (L.) 
cedo, to go.) 

Antedate, to date before the true 
time. X Postdate. 

Antediluvian, existing before the 
time of the flood. (L. diluvium, a 
flood.) X Postdiluvian. 

Antemundane, being before the 
creation of the world. (L. mundus, 
the world.) 

Antemeridian, being before noon. 
X Postmeridian. 

Anterior, being before in time. 
X Posterior. 

Anteriority, the state of being be- 
fore in time. X Posteriority. 

Prae, before. (L.) Hence, 

Pre, before. (Used as a prefx.) 

Precede, to go before, either in 
place or time. (L. cedo, to go.) 

Previous, going before in time. 
(L. via, a way.) X Subsequent. 

Prior, preceding in the order of 
time ; as, a prior discovery. 

Priority, the state of being ante- 
cedent in time. 

Former, 1. Being before in time; 
as, a former occasion. 2. The first 
mentioned of two persons or things. 
X Latter. 

3. After. 

POST, after. (A Latin prefix.) 

Posterior, being after in the order 
of time ; as, a posterior event. X 
Anterior. 

Posteriority, the state of being 
after in the order of time ; as, pos- 
teriority of birth. X Anteriority. 

Postdate, to date after the proper 
time. X Antedate. 

Postdiluvian, being after the flood. 
X Antediluvian. 

Postmeridian, pertaining to the 
afternoon. X Antemeridian. 

Posi-Mortem, done or happening 
after death; as, a post-mortem ex- 
amination of the b&dy. (L. mors, 
death.) 

Posthumous, 1. Born after the 
death of the father; as, a posthu- 
mous son or daughter. 2. Published 
after the author's death; as, & post- 
humous work 3. Being after one's 



decease; as, a posthumous reputa- 
tion, (humus, the ground.) 

Posterity, those who come after us. 

Succeed, to come after in the order 
of time, (sub, after, and cedo, to 
come.) X Precede. 

Subsequent, following after in the 
order of time ; as, a subsequent 
period, (sub, after; and sequor, to 
follow.) X Previous. 

4. Terms significant of the interval 
between a specified point of time 
and the occurrence of a subsequent 
event, or the performance of a sub- 
sequent act. 

Immediately, without any interven- 
ing space of time. (L. in, not; and 
mediately, with an intervening space, 
from medius, existing between.) 

Note. — Immediately is not always used accord- 
ing to its strict lfteral meaning, but frequently 
signifies in a very short time, or, with as little de- 
lay 



Forthwith, without any delay. 

Note. — Forthwith implies greater haste and 
urgency than is implied by immediately. 

Straightway lit., without turning 
to the right or to the left ; hence, 
Without loss of time. 

Directly, lit, straightforward. 
Hence, 1. Without loss of time : as, 
he began the work directly. 2. In a 
very short time; as, he will be with 
us directly. 

Instantly, at the very instant. 

Presently, 1, and properly. At 
the present instant; but the term is 
not used in this sense. 2. In a very 
short time ; as, I will do it presently. 

Soon, after the lapse of a short 
time. 

Speedily, with haste. 

Quickly, 1. With haste. 2. With- 
out delay. 

Shortly, after the lapse of a short 
time. 

By-and-by, after some time. 

5. Of Time Present. 

The PRESENT is the passing mo- 
ment. 
Now, at the present time. 
To-day, on the present day. 



or TIME. 



85 



Instant, present; as, the tenth of 
August instant. 

Inst, abbreviation of instant; as, 
the 10th inst, that is, the 10th of 
the present month. 

Current, now passing; as, the 
current month. 

6. Of Time Past 

The PAST is the time that has 
passed or gone by. 

Hitherto, up to the present time. 

Heretofore, before the present 
time. 

Still, now, as in time past; as, 
he is still there. 

Yet. up to and at the present time ; 
as, "Doth my father yet live?" 

Of Old, in times long since gone 
by; as, in days of old. 

Ancient, pertaining to time that 
has long since gone by; as, ancient 
history. X Modern. 

The Ancients are those who lived 
in times that have long since gone by. 
X Moderns. 

Antique (an-teeh/), made in some 
distant period of past time ; as, an 
antiqiiexo.se. (L., antiquus, ancient.) 

Antiquity, ancient times. 

Antiquities, the remains of ancient 
times. 

Note. — Under the term antiquities, are com- 
prehended the history, literature, manners, arts, 
and remains of art, of any of the ancient nations. 

Antiquarian, pertaining to anti- 
quity ; as, antiquarian researches. 

An Antiquary is one who devotes 
himself to the study of ancient things, 
such as coins, statues, manuscripts, 
etc. 

Yore, ancient times; as, in the 
'days of yore. 

Ultimo, the last month ; as, the 10th 
of July ultimo. (L., ultimo mense, 
in the last month.) 

Jilt, contraction of ultimo ; as, the 
10th ult, (the 10th of last month.) 

Modern, pertaining to past times 
not far removed from the present ; 
as, modern history ; modern improve- 
ments. >£ Ancient. 

Moderns, the persons who have 
lived in modern times. >t Ancients. 

Late, pertaining to, or occurring 



at, a past time very near the present; 
as, the late news; the late disaster. 

Recent, having lately taken place ; 
as, a recent occurrence. 

Just, at the latest point of past 
time ; as, he has just arrived. 

Ago, in past time; as, a month 
ago. (For agone, from go.) 

7. Of Time Future. 

FUTURE, yet to come, or yet to 
happen; as, futu re time, or a future 
event. 

Futurity, 1. Future time. 2. The 
condition of being future. 

Hereafter, at some future time. 

Henceforth, from this time for- 
ward. 

The Morrow, the next day after 
the one specified ; as, " The Lord did 
that thing on the morrow. 

To-morrow, the next day after the 
present 

8. The Foretokening of Future Events. 

An OMEN is a sign of something 
that is to happen. 

Ominous, foretokening evil. 

To Bode is to foretoken. 

Boding, foretokening evil ; as, the 
boding owl. 

Auspices are omens drawn from 
birds. (L., avis, a bird, and specio, 
to observe.) 

Auspicious, foretokening success ; 
as, an auspicious circumstance. 

Inauspicious, ill-omened ; as, an 
inauspicious circumstance. 

To Portend is to foretoken. 

A Portent is an omen of ill. 

Portentous, foreshowing ill. 

A Prodigy is, 1. Something out of 
the usual course of nature. Hence, 
2. Something extraordinary from 
which omens are drawn. 

9. The foretelling of Future Events. 
To PROPHESY is to foretell. (Gr., 

t$o \_pro~], beforehand, and <$»y.t 
[phemi], to say.) 

A Prophecy is, 1. An act of fore- 
telling. 2. The thing foretold. 

A Prophet is one who foretells, 



86 



OF TIME. 



To Predict is to foretell. (L., pros, 
before, and dico [dictuni], to say.) 

To Divine is, 1. To foretell by con- 
sulting the gods. 2. To conjecture 
or guess. 

Note. — This second definition is a comment on 
the first, and implies that the pretended predic- 
tions of the diviners were only guesses. (L., divus, 
a god.) 

Divination is the art of foretelling 
events by consulting the gods. 

To Presage' is, 1. To forebode. 
2. To foretell. (L., prce, beforehand, 
and sagio, to be instinctively wise.) 

A Pres'age is something which 
foreshows a future event. 

A Prognostic is a sign by which 
something about to happen may be 
known beforehand. (Gr., ^o [j?ro], 
beforehand, and yryvaxriue \_gignosco], 
to know.) 

To Prognosticate is to foretell from 
signs. 

An Augur was one who pretended 
to foretell events by observing the 
actions of birds. 

Augur?/ is the art of foretelling by 
observing the actions of birds. 

Vates, a prophet. (L.) Hence, 

Vaticinate, to prophesy. 

Vaticination, prophecy. 

MANTEJA [Manteia], prophecy. 
(Gr.) Hence, 

Necromancy, the foretelling of 
events by a .pretended communication 
with the spirits of the dead. (Gr., 
vsk/50? \_newos], dead.) See Art. Witch- 
craft. 

Chiromancy, the pretended art of 
telling fortunes by an inspection of 
the hand. (Gr., %up [cheir], the 
hand. ) 

Palmistry is the art of telling for- 
tunes by an inspection of the lines 
of the palm of the hand. 

Astrology is the art of telling for- 
tunes from the relative positions of 
the planets at the birth of individ- 
uals. 

A Seer was a prophet who saw in 
vision the events which were to take 
place. 

A Soothsayer is one who predicts 
without the aid of divine inspiration. 
(Sooth, truth.) 



9. To Begin. 

To BEGIN is, 1. To perform the 
first act of a process. 2. To elapse 
as the first moment of a period of 
time. 

To Commence is to begin. 

Incipio, to begin. (L.) Hence, 

Incipient, beginning ; as, the in- 
cipient light of day; the incipient 
stage of a fever. 

Inception, a beginning. 

Initium, a beginning. (L.) Hence, 

Initial, 1. Pertaining to the begin- 
ning ; as, the initial velocity of a 
cannon ball. 2. Placed at the begin- 
ning ; as, the initial letter of a name. 

To Initiate is, 1. To cause to make 
a beginning in any art or mystery. 
2. To introduce as a member of a 
society. 

10. To Continue. 

To CONTINUE is to hold on in 
being or action. (L., continuo, to 
have an uninterrupted connection of 
parts.) 

Continual, uninterrupted. 

To Last is, 1. To continue in exist- 
ence. The Byzantine empire lasted 
a thousand years. 2. To continue un- 
consumed ; as, we had provisions 
sufficient to last three months. 

To Endure, or To Dure, is to con- 
tinue in existence. The Lord shall 
endure forever. (L., durus, hard, 
because things made of hard sub- 
stances are the most lasting.) 

Duration is existence indefinitely 
continued ; as, the duration of human 
life. 

Durable, having the quality of 
lasting long without perishing or 
wearing out. 

Eternal, existing through unlimit- 
ed duration. 

Eternity, duration or continuance 
without beginning or end. 

Perpetual, 1. Uninterrupted ; as, 
a perpetual summer. 2. Everlasting ; 
as, the perpetual hills. 

To Perpetuate, 1. To make per- 
petual; as, to perpetuate an evil. 
2. To preserve from oblivion; as, to 



OF TIME. 



87 



perpetuate the remembrance of an 
event. 

Perpetuity, endless duration. 

Always, 1. Throughout all dura- 
tion, whether past or future ; as, God 
has always existed, and alioays will 
continue to exist. 2. As a regular 
or usual thing ; as, he always stops 
at the Franklin Hotel. 

Ever, always. He will ever be 
mindful of his covenant. 

Forever, throughout all future du- 
ration. 

Aye, always, (pron. a.) . 

For Aye, forever. 

Note. — Aye and for aye are used only in 
poetry. 

Transient, of short duration. (L., 
trans, away, and tens, passing.) 

Transitory, of short continuance. 
The present life is a transitory state. 

Fleeting, passing quickly away. 

Brief, 1. Of short duration ; as, a 
brief existence. 2. Occupying but a 
short time in its delivery ; as, a brief 
discourse. 

Brevity, 1. Shortness of duration. 
2. Conciseness; as, brevity is the soul 
of wit. 

11. To End. 

To END is, 1. To come to a point 
beyond which a process is not con- 
tinued. 2. To come to a point be- 
yond which a particular period does 
not extend. 

Terminus, a limit. (L.) Hence, 

Terminate, to come to an end. 

Termination, an end. 

Interminable, having no end. 

12. Of Age. 

The AGE of an object is the length 
of time that it has existed. 

13. Old. 

OLD, 1. That has lived or existed 
a long time ; as. an old man. X Young. 
2. That has been worn or used a long 
time ; as, an old garment. X New. 

Older and Elder, comparatives of 
old. 

Oldest and Eldest, superlatives of 
old. 



Note. — Sometimes the preference is to bo 
given to the forms older and oldest, and, at other 
times, to elder and eldest. I am older than be. 
She is my elder daughter. 

The Elders of a people, in ancient 
history, were men who, on account 
of their age and wisdom, were chosen 
as magistrates and counselors. 

Elderly, somewhat advanced in 
years ; as, an elderly man. 

Aged, that has lived long; as, an 
aged man ; an aged oak. 

Note. — In speaking of persons advanced in 
life, the term aged is softer and more respectful 
than old. 

Senex, aged. (L.) Hence, 

Senate, a body of aged men selected 
to consult for the public good. See 
Art. Civil Government. 

Senior, 1. Elder. 2. Older in office. 
X Junior. 

Seniority, 1. Superior age. 2 Pri- 
ority in office. 

Vetus [veteris], old. (L.) Hence, 

Veteran, a soldier who has been 
long in service. 

Inveterate, hard to be cured, era- 
dicated or overcome on account of 
its being of long standing ; as, an 
inveterate disease ; an inveterate ha- 
bit ; an inveterate dislike. 

Inveteracy or Inveterateness, diffi- 
culty of cure, correction, or eradica- 
tion, arising from long continuance ; 
as, the inveteracy of a disease, habit, 
etc. 

14. Young. 

YOUNG, being in the first part of 
life. 

Youth is the part of life which 
succeeds to childhood. 

A Youth is a young man. 

Youths are young men. 

The Youth of a place are the young 
persons, both males and females. 

Juvenis, young. (L.) Hence, 

Juvenile, pertaining to the period 
which intervenes between childhood 
and manhood; as, juvenile sports. 

Juvenility, youthfulness. 

Junior, younger. 

Note. — James Brown the father, and James 
Brown the son, may be distinguished by calling 
the former, James Brown, senior ; and tile latter, 
James Brown, junior. 



88 



OF TIME. 



15. New. 

NEW, 1. That has lately begun to 
exist; as, a new order of things. 2. 
That has but lately become known ; 
as, a new species of plants. 3. That 
has taken the place of a former ob- 
ject of the same kind; as, a new 
master. 4. That has not been long 
used ; as, a new hat. 

Novus, new, (L.) Hence, 

Innovate, to introduce new usages. 

Novice, one who is new in any art; 
that is, a learner, or apprentice. 
XAdept. 

Novitiate, the condition of being a 
novice or learner. 

Renovate, to impart to any thing 
that is old, worn, or decayed, the 
qualities which it possessed when 
new. {re, again.) 

Nouvel, new. (Fr.) Hence, 

Novel, exciting interest by its being 
something new or unwonted; as, a 
novel procedure ; a novel sight. 

Novelty, 1. Newness. 2. Something 
that interests by its being new and 
unusual. 

16. Of the Divisions of Time. 
An INSTANT is a point of time 
separating two adjacent portions of 
duration. 

Note 1. — The term instant primarily signified 
the present point of time. (L. instans, present.) 
Note 2. — An instant has no length whatever. 

Instantaneous, accomplished in an 
instant. 

Note. — All motions and operations take up 
time, and, consequently, no motion or operation, 
can, strictly speaking, be instantaneous ; yet, 
when the time occupied by a process is shorter 
than can be appreciated by the senses, we are 
accustomed to say that the process is instanta- 
neous. 

A Moment is an infinitely small 
portion of time. 

Note 1. — The etymological sense of the term 
moment refers to the onward movement of time. 
(L. momentum, ar movement.) 

Note 2. — An infinite number of moments may 
make a minute, or any other finite portion of 
time, but an infinite number of instants amount 
to nothing at all. 

Momentary, enduring only a mo- 
ment; as, a momentary pain. 

Note. — The terms moment, and momentary 
are not always used according to their strict 



meaning, but are sometimes 'applied to portions 
of time that have an appreciable length. 

A Period is a limited portion of 
time. 

Note. — The term period signifies primarily and 
literallj r , a circuit, as that of the sun, moon, or 
other heavenly body. Hence, secondarily, The 
time occupied by a planet in its revolution 
around the sun. Hence, thirdly, A portion of 
time limited in any way whatever. (Gr. jrspioJos 
\j)eriodos], a circuit. 

Periodical, recurring at regular in- 
tervals ; as, a periodical fever. 

A Solar Hay is a period equiva- 
lent to the interval between two suc- 
cessive noons. (L. sol, the sun.) 

A Siderial Day is a period equiv- 
alent to the interval between two 
successive southings of the same fixed 
star. 

Note. — Owing to the motion of the earth in 
its orbit the solar day is about 4 minutes longer 
than the siderial day. (L. sidus [sideris], a star.) 

Dies, a day. (L.) Hence, 

Diary, a book in which is written 
an account of daily events, transac- 
tions, and observations. 

Diurnal, performed in a period 
of one day; as, the diurnal revolution 
of the earth. 

'hmepa [Hemera], a day. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Ephemeral, properly, lasting, but 
for a single day. Hence, having but 
a brief duration ; as, an ephemeral 
existence. (Gr. uri [epi], during.) 

Ephemeron, an insect that lives 
but a single day. (plu. ephemera.) 

Jour, a day. (Fr.) Hence, 

Journal, an account of daily "trans- 
actions or events. 

Journey, originally, The distance 
traveled in a single day; but at 
present the term journey signifies the 
entire distance traveled by land on 
one occasion, whatever may be the- 
time which the traveling has occu- 
pied. 

Journeyman, a mechanic who 
works by the day, month, or year 
under a master-workman. 

Day, as opposed to Night, is that 
portion of an astronomical day dur- 
ing which the sun is above the ho- 



OF TIME. 



89 



Morning is the first part of the 
day. 

Note. — Morning begina at midnight and ends 
at midday. 

Mom is a poetic form of the word 
morning. 

Matin, the morning. (Fr.) Hence, 
Mafirij used in the morning. 

To arms 
The matin trumpet sung. — Milton. 
J waste the matin lamp in sighs for thee. — Pope. 

Matfins, morning worship in the 
Catholic church. 

Vesper, the evening. (L.) Hence, 

Vesper, pertaining to evening wor- 
ship ; as, a vesper bell; a vesper hymn. 

Vespers, evening worship in the 
Catholic church. 

Noon, or Midday, is the moment 
of the day at which the sun has at- 
tained its greatest altitude. 

Meridies, noon. (L.) Hence, 

Meridian, pertaining to midday; 
as, the brightness of the meridian 
sun. 

Meridian, a noon line; that is, a 
line extending north and south from 
pole to pole. 

Antemeridian, pertaining to the 
forenoon. 

Postmeridian, pertaining to the 
afternoon. 

Xight is the portion of the astro- 
nomical day during which the sun is 
below the horizon. 

Midnight is the point of time 
which is half way between sunset and 
sunrise. 

Xox, the night. (L.) Hence, 

Nocturnal, pertaining to the night; 
as, nocturnal hours; nocturnal shades. 

A YEAR is a period of time meas- 
ured by one revolution of the earth 
around the sun. 

Annus, a year. (L.) Hence, 

Annual, 1. Occurring every year; 
as, an annual festival 2. Lasting 
only one year or season; as, an an- 
nual plant. 3. Performed in a year ; 
as, the annual revolution of the earth. 

Annuity, a sum of money payable 
yearly, to continue for a limited num- 
ber of years, for life, or forever. 



An Annuitant is a person who re- 
ceives an annuity. 

An Anniversary is a stated day re- 
turning once in the revolution of each 
year. 

Note. — An anniversary is a day on which some 
interesting event is commemorated. The 4th of 
July is the anniversary of American Indepen- 
dence. 

Annals, a species of history in 
which events are detailed in the exact 
order of time, each event being re- 
corded under the year in which it 
happened. 

Biennial, 1. Happening once in two 
years ; as, a biennial election. 2. Con- 
tinuing two years; as, a biennial 
plant. 3. Comprising two years'; as, 
a biennial period. (L., bi, two.) 

Triennial, 1. Happening once in 
three years ; as, a triennial election. 
2. Continuing three years ; as, a tri- 
ennial parliament. 3. Comprising 
three years ; as, a triennial period. 

Note. — After the same manner in which bien- 
nial and triennial have been defined above, we 
may define the terms quadrennial, quinquennial, 
sexennial, septennial, octennial, novennial, decen- 
nial, centennial, and millennial, observing that the 
prefix quadr signifies four ; quinqu, five ; sex, six ; 
sept, seven ; oct, eight ; nov, nine ; dec, teu ; cent, 
one hundred ; and mill, one thousand. 

Millenium, a period of a thousand 
years. 

A Century is one hundred years. 
(L., centum, one hundred.) 

An Olympiad, among the ancient 
Greeks, was a period of four years, 
having its designation from the Olym- 
pic games which were celebrated every 
fourth year, at the city of Olympia, 

Note. — The computation of time by Olympi- 
ads began 776 years before the commencement of 
the Christian era, and 23 years before the found- 
ing of Rome. 

A Cycle is a circle of years, at the 
end of which another similar circle 
commences, and so on, in endless suc- 
cession. (Gr., MX.X0C \_cyclos~], a circle.) 

The Cycle of the Moon is a period 
of 19 years, at the end of which the 
new and full moons return the same 
days of the month. 

The Cycle of the Sun is a period of 
28 years, at the end of which the let- 
ters by which Sunday is marked in the 
almanacs, return to their former order 



00 



OF TIME. 



Note. — The first seven days of January are 
marked by the first seven letters of the alphabet, 
A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Now, for instance, if 
the first day of January should be Sunday, A, 
the first letter of the alphabet, will be the Sun- 
day letter for that year ; or, if the second day of 
January should be Sunday, then, B, the second 
letter of the alphabet, will be the Sunday letter, 
etc. 

An Epoch is the time from which 
dates are numbered. 

Note. — The birth of the Savior is the epoch 
from which we reckon time. 

An Era is an account of time from 
some particular epoch. America was 
discovered in the year 1492 of the 
Christian era. 

A Date is, 1st and properly. The 
year, the month, and the day of the 
month, when a bond or other instru- 
ment is given (in Latin, datum,) under 
the hand and seal of the person sign- 
ing it. 2. The year, month, and day 
of the occurrence of any historical 
event. 

A Calendar is a register of the 
months, weeks, and days of the year, 
for civil and ecclesiastical purposes. 

An Almanac is a calendar, to which 
are added tables of the rising and set- 
ting of the sun and moon, the times 
of the changes of the moon, predic- 
tions of eclipses, and the monthly po- 
sitions of the principal planets. 

A Month is properly the period 
from one new moon to another, which 
is 29 days 12 hours, 44 minutes, and 
3 seconds. (From moon.) 

Note. — The foregoing period is called a lunar 
month. (L., lima, the moon.) 

A Calendar Month is one of the 
twelve portions into which the year is 
divided in the calendar. 

January, the first month of the 
year, has its name from the god 
Janus, to whom the Romans conse- 
crated it. 

February, the second month of the 
year, thus called from the Latin feb- 
ruo, to purify by sacrifices, because 
in this month the people were purified 
by sacrifices. 

March, the third month of the 
year, has its name from Mars, the 
god of war. 

April, the fourth month of the 



year, derives its name from the Latin 
aperio, to open, in allusion to the 
opening of the buds. 

May, the fifth month of the year, 
was thus named in honor of the god- 
dess Maia. 

June, the sixth month of the year, 
was thus named in honor of goddess 
Juno. 

July, the seventh month of the 
year, was thus named in honor of Ju- 
lius Cesar. 

August, the eighth month of the 
year, was thus named in honor of 
Augustus Cesar. 

September, the ninth month of the 
year, has its name from the Latin 
septem, seven, because this was the 
seventh month of the old Roman 
year. 

October, the tenth month of the 
year, has its name from the Latin 
octo, eight, because this was the 
eighth month of the old Roman year. 

November, the eleventh month of 
the year has its name from the Latin 
novem, nine, because it was the ninth 
month of the old Roman year. 

December, the twelfth month of 
the year, has its name from the Latin 
decern, ten, because it was the tenth 
month of the old Roman year. 

The Calends, among the Romans, 
were the first day of each month. 

The Nones, in the Roman calendar, 
were the fifth day of the months 
January, February, April, June, 
August, September, November and 
December; and the seventh day of 
March, May, July and October. The 
nones preceded the Ides by nine 
days, and hence the name. (L., 
nonus, ninth.) 

The Ides, in the Roman calendar, 
were the 15th day of March, May, 
July and October, and the 13th day 
of the other months. 

A Week is a period of seven days. 

Sunday, the first day of the week, 
is thus called from its having been 
anciently dedicated to the worship 
of the sun. 

Monday (Moonday), the second day 
of the week, is thus called from its 



OF TIME. 



91 



having been dedicated to the worship 
of the moon. 

Tuesday, the third day of the week, 
derives its name from the god Tuisco, 
the Mars of the ancient Germans. 

Wednesday, the fourth day of the 
week, derives its name from Woden. 
or Odin, a deity worshiped by the 
ancient nations of northern Europe. 

Thursday, the fifth day of the 
week, is thus named from its having 
been dedicated, by the ancient Ger- 
mans, to the worship of Tlior, the 
god of thunder. 

Friday, the sixth day of the week, 
has its name from the goddess Frig- 
ga, the Venus of the ancient Ger- 
mans. 

Saturday, the seventh day of the 
week, is thus named in honor of the 
god Saturn. 

The Sabbath is one of the seven 
days of the week set apart as a day 
of rest from worldly employments, 
and of devotion to religious duties. 

Note. — The seventh day of the week was 
originally observed as the Sabbath ; but, by most 
denominations of Christians, the first day of the 
week is kept as the Sabbath. 

-The Lord's Day is the Christian 
Sabbath. 

Note. — The Lord's Day derives both its name 
and observance from its being the day of the 
week on which the Savior arose from the dead. 

Dominical, pertaining to the Lord's 
day ; as, the dominical letter, (the 
Sunday letter.) (L., dominus, the 
Lord.) 

An Hour is the twenty-fourth part 
of a day. 

A Minute is the sixtieth part of 
an hour. 

Note. — The minute is thus called because it is 
a minute, or small portion of time. (L., minutus, 
small.) 

A Second is the sixtieth part of a 
minute. 

Note. — Seconds are thus called, because they 



result from a second division of an hour, the hour 
having first been divided into minutes. 

17. Of Time in relation to the execu- 
tion of our purposes. 

To DELAY is to refrain from com- 
mencing, at the present time, to do 
something which it is our purpose to 
do at some future time. 

To Put Off is to place the execu- 
tion of a purpose further in the 
future than was at first intended. 

To Defer is to put off. 

To Postpone is to put off till some 
more convenient time. 

To Procrastinate is to put off till 
to-morrow (or to any future period) 
that which ought to be done to-day, 
(or at the present time.) (L., pro, 
till; and eras, to-morrow.) 

18. Of Frequency. 

ONCE, one time. 

Again, a second time. 

To Repeat is to perform an act a 
second time. 

Repetition is the act of perform- 
ing a second time. 

To Iterate is to repeat. (L., iterum, 
again.) 

To Reiterate is to repeat again and 
again, {re, again. 

Encore, again. 

Note. — This is a French word used by the 
spectators of a play, when they call for a repeti- 
tion of some part of the performance. 

Often, many times. 

Frequent, done or occurring many 
times. 

Frequency, the condition of occur- 
ring often. 

Frequently, often. 

To Frequent', to visit often, as a 
place. 

Seldom, not often. 

Rarely, seldom. 

Now-and-then, from time to time. 

Occasionally, as occasion requires 
or as opportunity offers. 



92 



or MOTION. 



OF MOTION. 



1. General Terms. 

To MOVE is. 1. To change place. 
2. To cause to change place. 3. To 
affect the feelings ; as, to move to pity. 

Motion is a change of place. 

Locomotion is the act of moving 
from one place to another. The feet 
of animals are organs of locomotion. 
(L., locus, a place.) 

A Locomotive is a steam engine 
placed on wheels and used in draw- 
ing cars on a railway. 

A Commotion is an irregular mov- 
ing of the different portions of a col- 
lection of matter in different direc- 
tions at the same time; as, the com- 
motion of the waters of the sea in a 
storm. 

Note. — In a figurative sense we speak of civil 
commotions, by which we mean the tumults, se- 
ditions, and insurrections, which sometimes dis- 
turb the tranquillity of a state. 

An Emotion is an agitation of the 
mind, as when the mind is affected 
by some sudden and strong feeling ; 
as, an emotion of piety, of thankful- 
ness, fear, etc. 

Motive, causing motion. Steam is 
employed as a motive power. 

A Motive is that which moves' to 
action by influencing the will. 

A Movement is an act of moving. 

Moveable, capable of being moved. 
X Fixed. 

Mobility is capacity of being 
moved. 

To Promote is to move any thing 
forward. Used only in a Jig. sense ; 
as, to promote a cause, that is, to help 
it forward; to promote in rank, that 
is, to advance from a lower to a 
higher position, (pro, forward.) 

To Stir is, 1. To be in motion ; as, 
the leaves are stirring. 2. To put in 
motion ; as, the wind stirs the leaves. 

To Shift is 1. To move from one 
place or position to another for the 
sake of greater convenience or com- 
fort; as, to shift a weight from one 
shoulder to the other ; to shift the po- 
sition of one's feet. 2. To remove 



something and substitute an equiva- 
lent; as, to shift one's dress; to shift 
a scene. 3. To resort to expedients 
for a livelihood. 4. To change its 
direction ; as, the wind shifts. 

2. Of Rotary Motion. 

To REVOLVE is to turn around 
a fixed line called the axis. 

Revolution is the act of turning on 
an axis. 

A Revolution is a single turn of a 
body on its axis. Fig. An entire 
change ; as, a revolution in the govern- 
ment; a revolution in prevailing 
opinions and customs. 

To Rotate is to turn around a cen- 
ter or axis like a wheel. (L., rota, a 
wheel.) 

Rotary, turning like a wheel around 
an axis. 

To Whirl is to turn rapidly around 
an axis. 

To Twirl is to communicate a 
quick whirling motion to a small 
body. 

To Gyrate is to turn swiftly rouhd 
a central point or upright axis. > 

A Tornado is a gyrating storm. 

A Whirlpool, or Vortex, is a 
place where the water first gyrates in 
successively narrowing circles, and is 
then swallowed up at the center. 

A Top is a gyrating toy. 

To Spin is to turn very rapidly on 
an axis, as a top or a spindle. 

To Roll is to turn and advance at 
the same time, as a ball or a cylinder 
when propelled forward on a level 
surface. 

Trundle, to roll along on little 
wheels ; as, to trundle a wheelbarrow. 

3. Of Alternating Motion. 

To VIBRATE is to move backward 
and forward, like the pendulum of a 
clock. 

Vibration is the act of moving 
backward and forward. 

A Vibration is a single passage of 
the vibrating body between the ex- 



OF MOTION. 



93 



trcme limits of the motion, as a single 
swing of a pendulum. 

Note. — All elastic solids vibrate when struck, 
find communicate their vibrations to any elastic 
fluids with which they may he in contact. 

To Shake is, 1. To move with a 
rapid alternating motion. 2. To 
cause to move with a rapid alternat- 
ing motion. 

To Quake is to shake violently. 

To Tremble is to be affected with a 
small and very quick alternating mo- 
tion. 

A Tremor is a trembling. 

Tremulous, affected with trem- 
bling; as, a tremulous voice. 

To Quiver is, 1. To tremble as an 
elastic solid when violently struck. 
2. To tremble from fear or cold. 

To Shiver is to shake from cold or 
dread. 

To Shudder is to shake from dread 
or horror. 

To Agitate is to shake violently. 
Fig. 1. To excite or disturb; as, to 
agitate the mind. 2. To discuss. 

A Shock is a violent shaking. 

A Concussion is a shock produced 
by a heavy blow ; as, a concussion of 
the brain. 

To Reel is to incline first to one 
side and then to the other, after the 
manner of a drunken man. 

To Stagger is to reel in walking. 

To Totter is tc shake so as to 
threaten a fall. 

To Waver is to move to and fro. 
A leaf leavers in the wind. Fig. To 
be unsettled in opinion. (From wave.) 

To Fluctuate is 1 and lit. To wa- 
ver. 2. and Jig. To be unsettled; as, 
the markets are fluctuating; he is 
fluctuating in his notions. (L.fluctus, 
a wave. ) 

To Vacillate is to waver in one's 
purposes. 

To Rock is to move backward and 
forward in the case where a body 
rests on a foundation ; as, to rock a 
cradle. 

To Wag is to move the loose ex- 
tremity of a body backward and for- 
ward. A dog wags his tail. 



4. Downward Motion. 

To FALL is to move toward the 
center of gravitation in consequence 
of being left without support. 

To Fall out is to happen. There 
fell out a bloody quarrel betwixt the 
frogs and the mice. — L Estrange. 

To Befall is to happen to. 

Note. — The falling of objects generally seems 
to he accidental. Hence, in various languages, 
terms which primarily signify to fall, are often 
used in the secondary sense of to happen. 

To Drop is to fall suddenly. 

To Drip is to fall in drops, as wa- 
ter in falling from the edge of a 
roof. (From drop.) 

To Tumble is to fall suddenly and 
violently. 

To Stumble is to strike the foot so 
as to fall, or to endanger a fall. 

To Trip is to cause to fall by 
striking the feet suddenly from under 
a person. 

To Supplant is literally to trip up 
the heels. 

Supplanted down he fell. — Milton. 

Hence, in a fig. sense, To deprive 
another of his place by stratagem, 
and take possession of it yourself. 
A rival supplants a lover in the af- 
fections of his mistress. (L. supplanto, 
to trip ; from sub, under ; and planla 7 
the sole of the foot.) 

Cado. \casum~], or Cido, to fall. (L.) 
Hence, 

Cadence, the falling of the voice at 
the close of a sentence. 

Case, lit, a falling. Hence, 1. A 
falling off at the end. 

Note. — It is in this sense that Latin nouns 
are said to have six cases, which is equivalent to 
saying that a Latin noun has in each number 
six terminations. 2. Something that has fallen 
or happened, as a case of fever. 3. Something 
that has befallen, or happened to a person ; as, 
his is a sad case. See To Fall above. 

Casual, lit, falling. Hence, hap- 
pening by chance; as, a casual meet- 
ing. 

Casualty, 1. A chance occurrence. 
2. An injury from accident. 

Accident, 1. Any thing that befalls 
or happens to a person or thing. 
Hence, 2. A property or quality of a 
being which is not essential to it, as 
whiteness in paper. 



94 



OF MOTION. 



Incident, 1, and lit. Falling on; as, 
an incident ray. 2. Befalling or hap- 
pening to ; as, many ills are incident 
to human life, (in, upon.) 

An Incident, an event of minor im- 
portance which has fallen in by the 
way during the course of a history, 
or in the personal experience of an 
individual ; as, an incident in the life 
of Washington. 

Incidental, falling in, or happening 
by the way; as, an incidental remark; 
incidental expenses. 

Occasion, lit, the falling of some- 
thing in one's way. Hence, 1. An 
opportunity, because opportunities 
fall accidentally in our way. 2. An 
accidental cause. 

To Decay, lit, to fall down. Hence, 
by a process of spontaneous and 
gradual change to lose the quality of 
cohesiveness, so that the body which 
is the subject of this process neces- 
sarily falls apart, (de, down, and 
cado.) 

Deciduous, not permanent, but fall- 
ing out, or falling off. The first teeth 
of children, the horns of the stag, 
and the leaves of the oak, are decid- 
uous. 

Occident, the west, thus called in 
reference to the falling or setting of 
the sun. (ob, down, and cado.) 

To Sink is to descend gradually 
in a fluid medium which, by its den- 
sity, sensibly checks the rapidity of 
the descent. 

To Settle is to tend downward by 
insensible degrees. The lees of wine 
settle. The walls of a house some- 
times settle. 

Sido, to settle. (L.) Hence, 

To Subside is to tend downward 
by a slow movement. Earthy parti- 
cles diffused through standing water 
slowly subside to the bottom. Geol- 
ogists say that the surface of Holland 
is gradually subsiding beneath the 
level of the sea. The swelling waves 
subside when the surface of the wa- 
ter ceases to be acted on by the 
wind, (sub, downward.) 

Note. — From the idea of the subsidence of the 
uneven surface of a storm -agitated sea, has been 
derived the figurative use of the word, as when 



■ 
we speak of the subsiding of passion, or of an 
emotion of the mind. 

Sediment, impurities that settle at 
the bottom of vessels or reservoirs 
containing liquids. 

Residuum, lit, the matter that set- 
tles to the bottom. Hence, the fixed 
matters that remain after a process 
of separation or purification. Hence, 

Residual, remaining or left. Ashes 
contain the residual matters of wood 
after combustion, (re, back.) 

Residue, the part remaining. 

Residuary, pertaining to the part 
which remains; as, the residuary 
interest of an estate. 

Lees are the sediments usually 
found at the bottom of wine casks. 

Dregs are 1. The sediment of li- 
quors. 2, and fig. The vilest portion 
of mankind ; as, the dregs of society. 

Faex, dregs. (L.) Hence, 

Feculent, abounding in dregs or 
impurities. 

Feculence, or Feculency, the quality 
of abounding in impurities. 

Defecate, to free from impurities. 

A Precipitate is a substance which 
having been dissolved in a liquid is 
rendered insoluble by pouring in 
another liquid, and falls to the bot- 
tom in the form of a sediment. (Pre- 
cipitate, to throw down.) 

5. Upward Motion. 

To KISE is to move upward with a 
continued motion. A balloon rises 
in the air. 

To Arise is, 1. To get up; as, to 
arise from a bed. 2. To tend upward 
from a place of origin. Unwholesome 
exhalations arise in hot weather from 
accumulations of animal and vegeta- 
ble matter. 

To Mount is, 1. To- pass to the 
summit of an elevation ; as, to mount 
a hill. 2. To rise aloft in the air. 

Swift as an eagle cuts the air, 
We '11 mount aloft to thine abode. 

(L., mons, a mountain.) 

To Climb is to rise, step by step, 
by clinging to objects in our way. 

To Clamber is to climb with diffi- 
culty, as in ascending the side of a 
very steep hill. 



OF MOTION. 



95 



To Scale is a military term signi- 
fying to mount a wall by means of 
a ladder. (L., scala, a ladder.) 

Scaxdo [scanswn], or Scendo [scen- 
suin], to climb. (L.) Hence, 

Ascend, lit., to climb up. Hence, 
to move upward, (ad, upward.) 

Ascent, 1. The act of rising. 2. A 
hill. 

Ascension, the act of rising. 

Descend, lit, to climb down. Hence, 
to move downward, (de, downward.) 

Condescend, to descend from the 
privileges of superior rank or dignity 
to do some act to an inferior, which 
strict justice or the ordinary rules 
of civility do not require. — Webster. 

Scan, 1. To analyze a verse of 
poetry by passing with the voice in 
successive steps from one foot to an- 
other, as if climbing a ladder. Hence, 
2. To examine critically. 

Surgo \surrectum~\, to rise. (L.) 
Hence, 

Surge, a wave that rises to a great 
hight. 

Resurrection, a rising again. Chiefly 
used to denote the rising of the dead 
from their graves, (re, again.) 

Insurrection, a rising up against 
civil or political authority. {in, 
against.) 

Insurgent, a person who rises in 
opposition to civil or political autho- 
rity. 

Orior [orturn], to arise. (L.) 
Hence, 

Orient, rising, as the sun. 

Moon that now meet'st the orient sun. — Milton. 

Orient, the east. 

Origin, the source from which any 
thing rises. 

Aboriginal, having occupied a 
country from the beginning; as, the 
aboriginal inhabitants, (ab, from.) 

Aborigines, the original or first 
inhabitants of a country. The Indians 
are the aborigines of America. 

6. To cause to move upward. 

To RAISE is to cause, by the appli- 
cation of force, a body to pass from 
a lower to a higher position. 



To Lift is to raise a body from 
the ground. 

Levo \levatum~], to lift. (L.) Hence, 

Lever, a bar used in lifting. 

Elevate to raise, (e, up.) 

To Exalt is to raise to power, 
wealth, rank, or dignity. (L., ex, up; 
and altus, high.) 

To Extol is to exalt with praises. 
(L., ex, up; and tollo, to lift.) 

To Heave is to raise a heavy mass 
by lifting it, or by rolling it up au 
inclined plane. 

With many a weary step and many a groan, 
Up the high hill he heaves a huge round stone. 

Pope. 

Heaven, the sky, thus called from 
its being heaved up or arched. 
Lever, to lift. (Fr.) Hence, 
Levant', the east, from the lifting 
up or rising of the sun. The Levant, 
in geography, includes the countries 
which are washed by the eastern 
part of the Mediterranean. 

7. To Pass. 

To PASS is to move from one 
place to another. 

To Go is, 1. To pass; as, to go 
forward. 2. To be in operation ; as, 
the mill goes. 

Cedo \_cessum~], to go. (L.) Hence, 

Proceed, to go forward, (pro, for- 
ward. ) 

Procession, I. The act of going 
forward. 2. A company of persons 
marching in regular order. 

Process, the manner in which any 
thing is done (or goes forward) in 
order to the achieving of some re- 
sult ; as, the process of soap making. 

Procedure, 1. Mode of proceeding. 
2. Some particular step taken in the 
transaction of business ; as, that was 
a strange procedure. 

Recede, to move back ; as, the waves 
alternately strike against and recede 
from the shore. 2. To move off to a 
greater distance ; bodies moved cir- 
cularly endeavor to recede from the 
center. (L., re, back.) 

Recession, the act of moving back. 

Recess, 1. A moving back; as, the 
recess of the tide. 2. A temporary 
suspension of business, affording to 



96 



OF MOTION. 



the persons engaged an opportunity 
of withdrawing for a short time ; as, 
the legislature had a recess during 
the holidays. 

Precede, to go before in the order 
either of place or time. (L., prce, 
before.) X Succeed. 

Predecessor, one who has preceded 
another in an office. X Successor. 

Precession, the act of going before. 

Succeed, to come after. (L., sub, 
after.) X Precede. 

Succession, 1. The act of following 
or coming into the place of another ; 
as, the succession of a prince to the 
throne. 2. A series of things follow- 
ing each other in due order; as, a 
succession of kings ; a succession of 
events. 

Successor, one who follows another 
in an office. X Predecessor. 

Intercede, 1. To go between. 2. To 
go between parties for the purpose of 
reconciling differences. 3. To go be- 
tween two parties for the purpose of 
soliciting a favor of the one in be- 
half of the other, (inter, between.) 

Intercession, the act of going be- 
tween, etc. See Intercede. 

Intercessor, one who goes between, 
etc. See Intercede. 

Exceed, to go beyond in quantity 
or degree, (ex, beyond.) 

Excess, the quantity by which any 
thing goes beyond some particular 
measure or limit. X Deficiency. 

Secede, to withdraw from commun- 
ion and fellowship with a society. 
(se, aside.) 

Secession, the act of withdrawing 
from communion and fellowship with 
a society. 

Accede, lit, to come to. Hence, 
To pass over to terms proposed by 
others ; as, to accede to a treaty ; that 
is, to become a party to it. (ad, to.) 

Access, 1. A coming to. 2. The 
way by which a thing may be ap- 
proached ; as, the access to the place 
is difficult. 3. Liberty of approach ; 
as, to have access to a library. 

Accessible, that may be approached ; 
as, the place is accessible. 

Accession, 1. The act of coming to 



a dignity or office ; as, the accession 
of a prince to the throne. 2. An ac- 
ceding to, or joining; as, the king's 
accession to the confederacy - . 3. In- 
crease by something added; as, an 
accession of territory. 

Eo [ituni], to pass. (L.) Hence. 

Preterite, past; as, a preterite 
tense, [prceter, by.) 

Transient, passing. Hence, of 
short continuence. (trans, by or 
over. ) 

Transitory, passing quickly away. 

Transit, a passing; as, the transit 
of goods through a country; the 
transit of a planet across the sun's 
disk. 

Transition, the act of passing from 
one condition to another; as, a tran- 
sition from heat to cold. 

Exit, a going out. (ex, out. ) 

Vado [yasum], to go. (L.) Hence, 

Invade, 1. To enter in a hostile 
manner ; as, the French invaded Rus- 
sia. 2. To encroach upon; as, the 
king invaded the rights and privi- 
leges of the people. 

Invasion, 1. The act of entering in 
a hostile manner. 2. The act of en- 
croaching upon. 

Pervade, to pass through and occu- 
py every part. Moisture may per- 
vade a sponge. The presence of the 
Deity pervades all places. (per, 
through.) 

Evade, 1. To shun ; that is ; to pass 
out of the way of; as, to evade 
danger. 2. To elude; as, to evade 
one's pursuers; to evade the force of 
an argument, (e, out of the way of.) 

Evasion, the act of avoiding or 
eluding. 

Evasive, that avoids coming to the 
point ; as, an evasive argument; an 
evasive answer. 

To Come is. 1. To pass to the place 
of the speaker ; as, James came to my 
house. 2. To pass to any place 
when the idea of the termination of 
the passing is more prominent in the 
mind than that of its beginning. I 
may say either that he came to town, 
or that he went to town. In the for- 
mer case the town is the more promi- 



or MOTION. 



97 



nent idea; in the latter, the residence 
of the individual. 

Vexio [yentwn], to come. (L.) 
Hence, 

Convene, to come together. 

Convention, a body of persons who 
have met to deliberate on matters of 
common interest. 

Convent, an assembly of persons 
devoted to religion. 

Conventional, agreed upon by ex- 
press stipulations ; as, conventional 
services. 2. Tacitly agreed upon ; 
as, the conventional use of language. 

Covenant, a mutual agreement. 

Note. — In the terms covenant and conventional, 
we have the idea of two or more persons coming 
together in the terms upon which their agree- 
ment is based, (con, together.) 

Prevent, 1. To go before. Let thy 
grace, O, Lord, always prevent and 
follow us. — Common Prayer. 2. To 
anticipate. Mine eyes prevent the 
night watches that I might be occu- 
pied in thy word. — Psalm cxix : 4. 
3. To hinder. 

Note. — In order to hinder a person, we must 
get before him in his designs ; and hence the use of 
preventin the sense of to hinder, (prce, before.) 

Circumvent, lit., to pass around. 
Hence, Jig, To get around a person by 
artifice; that is, to cheat or deceive. 

Should man 
Fall circumvented thus by fraud ? — 

Milton. 

(circum. around.) 

Advent, a coming; as, the advent 
of the Savior, {ad, to.) 

Adventitious, not essentially in- 
herent, but coming from a foreign 
source. Diseases of continuance get 
an adventitious strength from custom. 
— Bacon. 

Event, 1. The outcome, or final re- 
sult. 

Two spear's from Meleager's hands were sent, 
With equal force, but various in the event : 
The first was fixed in earth ; the second stood 
On the boar's bristled back, and deeply drank 
his blood. — Dryden. 

Hence, 2. Any effect that results 
from the operation either of physical 
or moral causes, (e, out.) 

Eventual, pertaining to the outcome 
or final result. Eventual provision for 
the payment of the public securities. 
— Hamilton. 



Eventually, in the final result. 

Eventuate, to result; as, to eventu- 
ate in good. 

Intervene, to pass between. (L., 
inter, between.) 

Intervention, 1. The act of passing 
between. 2. A coming in betwe< n 
parties who are at variance. Lot us 
settle our quarrels at home without 
the intervention of a foreign power. — 
Temple. 

Convenient, lit, coming together. 
Hence, Jig., 1. That meets our 
wants or purposes; as, a convenient 
house. 2. That meets or suits our 
business arrangements ; as, a conve- 
nient time. 

Migeo [migratum], to pass from 
one place to another. (L.) Hence, 

Migrate, to pass from one country 
or region to another for the purpose 
of either permanent or temporary 
residence. 

Migratory, not permanently settled, 
but accustomed to pass from one tem- 
porary residence to another. The 
Tartars are migratory in their habits. 

Emigrate, to remove from a country 
for the purpose of settling in another. 
(L., e, out.) 

Emigrant, one who removes from a 
country for the purpose of seeking a 
residence elsewhere. 

Immigrate, to pass into a country 
for the purpose of permanent resi- 
dence. (L., im for in, into.) 

Transmigrate, 1. To pass from one 
country to another for the purpose of 
residence. 2. To pass from one bod} r 
to another. (L., trans, over.) 

Note. — It was held by Pythagoras, that, at 
death, the souls of men trayismigrated, or passed 
over into the bodies of brutes. 

Meo \jneatum\, to pass. (L.) 
Hence, 

Permeate, to pass through the pores 
of a body. Water permeates sand. 

Permeable, having pores through 
which fluids may pass. Glass is per- 
meable to light. 

8. Locomotion of Animals. 
To STEP is to move a foot from one 
position to another. 

A Step is 1. The act of moving a 



98 



OF MOTION. 



foot from one position to another. 
2. The space passed by a single 
movement of the foot in walking or 
running. 

To Tread is I. To set the foot. 
2. To walk or go. Every place 
whereon the soles of your feet shall 
iread shall be yours. — Pent, xi. 3. 
To walk with form or state. 

Ye that stately tread or lowly creep.— Milton. 

To Tramp is 1. To tread. 2. To 
travel or wander. 

To Walk is to move slowly on the 
feet. 

Ambulo [ambulatum], to walk. (L.) 
Hence, 

Perambulate, to walk through, (per, 
through. ) 

Circumambulate, to walk around. 
(circum, around. ) 

Preamble, lit, something that walks 
or goes before. Hence, an introduc- 
tion to a discourse or writing, (prce, 
before. ) 

Marcher, to walk. (Fr.) Hence, 

March, to walk with a measured 
tread after the manner of soldiers. 

Promener, to walk for pleasure. 
(Fr.) Hence, 

To Promenade, to walk for plea- 
sure. 

A Promenade, 1. A walk taken for 
pleasure. 2. A place for walking. 

A Pace is, 1. A single step. 2. The 
space between the two feet in walk- 
ing. 3. The rate at which a person 
or animal moves in walking or run- 
ning. 

To Pace is to move by lifting both 
legs on the same side together. 

A Pacer is a horse that paces. 

To Amble is to pace. 

To Trot is to move faster than in 
walking, by lifting one forefoot and 
the hind foot of the opposite side at 
the same time. 

To Run is 1. To pass rapidly on 
the feet. 2. To pass rapidly on the 
ground in any manner whatever. 3. 
To be in motion, as machinery. 

To Gallop is to run with leaps or 
bounds, after the manner of a horse. 

Note. — In galloping the horse lifts his fore feet 
at nearly the same time, and reaches them for- 



ward ; and as soon as these touch the ground the 
hind feet are raised and advanced together. 

To Canter is to move with a mod- 
erate gallop. 

Curro [cur sum], to run. (L.) 
Hence, 

Current, passing; as, current 
money; the current month. 

A Current, a body of any moving 
fluid. 

Currency, 1. A passing from per- 
son to person ; as, the report has had 
a long or general currency. 2. Cur- 
rent money; as, the currency of a 
country. 

Courier, (pron. coo'-re-er,) a run- 
ner who carries public despatches. 

Course, 1. Progressive movement; 
as, the sun never stops in his course. 
2. Direction of motion; as, to move 
in a straight course. 3. Ground on 
which a race is run. 4. A regular 
series or order ; as, a course of study. 
5. A train of methodical procedure; 
as, he was subjected to a course of 
medical treatment; he obtained re- 
dress by due course of law. 6. The 
collective transactions and events of 
a person's life. I have finished my 
course. — St. Paul. 

Incur, to run into ; as, to incur ex- 
pense; to incur a risk; to incur a 
penalty. 

Incursion, a running or passing 
into a country with hostile intent. 
The northern barbarians made fre- 
quent incursions into the territory 
of the Roman empire. 

Excursion, lit, a running forth; 
hence, a short, rambling journey. 
(ex, forth.) 

Excursive, rambling ; as, an excur- 
sive fancy. 

Precursor, a forerunner, (pros, 
before. ) 

Precursory, preceding, as a har- 
binger or forerunner ; as, the pre- 
cursory symptoms of a disease. 

Succor, lit., To run hastily up to; 
hence, to help in distress, (sub, up 
to.) 

Discourse, the act of running over 
a field of thought in speech, (dis, 
abroad. ) 



OP MOTION. 



99 



Recur, 1. To return. A former 
thought may recur to the mind. 2 
To return at regular intervals. A 
tertian is an ague whose paroxysms 
recur every third day. (re, back.) 

Recurrence, a return; as, a recur- 
rence of error. — Brown. 

Recourse, 1. A going to, with an 
application for aid; as, in the em- 
barrassed condition of his affairs, he 
had recourse to a friend for assist- 
ance. 2. A resorting to as a means 
of accomplishing some end; as, to 
have recourse to stratagem. 

To Occur, lit, To come before us, 
or to meet us. Hence, 1, To present 
itself to the mind; as, the idea oc- 
curred to me. 2. To meet us in our 
daily experience; that is, to happen. 
{oh, before.) 

Occurrence, any thing that meets 
us in our daily experience; that is, 
an event. 

Concur, lit, To run together. 
Hence, 1. To agree in opinion; as, I 
concur with you in the sentiment 
which you have expressed. 2. To 
contribute to one common event with 
joint power; as, various influences 
may concur in deranging a person's 
health. (L., con, together.) 

Concurrent, lit, running together. 
Hence, 1. Contributing jointly to the 
same effect. 2. Existing together and 
acting on the same objects. The 
United States courts and the courts 
of the States, have, in some cases, 
concurrent jurisdiction. 

To Creep is 1. To move with the 
belly on the ground. Hence, 2. To 
move slowly; because animals that 
creep are usually slow in moving. 

To Crawl is 1. To move slow by 
thrusting or drawing the body along 
on the ground after the manner of 
a worm. 2. To move slowly on the 
hands and knees. 

Serpo, to creep. (L.) Hence. 

Serpent, a snake. 

Repo \reptum~], to creep. (L.) 
Hence, 

Reptile, an animal that moves on 
its belly, or by means of small, short 
legs, as snakes, lizards, tortoises, etc. 



Gradior \_gressum~], to advance by 
steps. (L.) Hence, 

Progress', to go forward. 

Progress, a going forward, {pro, 
forward. ) 

Progressive, going forward; as, a 
progressive motion. 

Progression, the act of going forward. 

Ingress, a going in. (in, into.) 

Egress, agoing out. (e, out.) 

Digress, lit, to step aside from the 
way, or road. Hence, To depart or 
wander from the main subject, (di, 
aside.) 

Digression, lit., a stepping aside. 
Hence, a departure from the main 
subject. 

Congress, lit, a coming together. 
Hence, a body of persons who have 
come together to deliberate on matters 
of common interest, (con, together.) 

Retrograde, moving backward, (re- 
tro, backward.) 

To Retrograde, to move backward. 

Gradtts, a step. (L. ) Hence, 

To Grade, to range in a regular 
ascending series, like the steps of a 
stairway. 

Degrees, 1, and lit The steps of a 
ladder or stairs. Hence, 2. The di- 
visions of a scale, because, by their 
regular intervals, they resemble the 
steps of a ladder. Hence, 3. Higher 
or lower states of the same quality ; 
as, degrees of heat ; degrees of excel- 
lence. 

Gradual, proceeding by degrees. 

Graduate, 1. To mark with equal 
divisions ; as, to graduate a scale. 2. 
To mark degrees or differences of any 
kind ; as, to graduate punishments. 

Gradation, a series of regularly as- 
cending steps or degrees. 

Degrade, 1. To move from a higher 
to a lower degree in rank ; as, to de- 
grade an officer. 2. To lower in the 
degree of estimation ; as, vice de- 
grades a man in the eyes of the virtu- 
ous, (de, down from.) 

9. To Leap, etc. 
To LEAP, when spoken of men, is 
to raise both feet from the ground at 
the same time. 



100 



OF MOTION. 



To Leap, when spoken of quadru- 
peds, is either to raise all the feet at 
the same instant, or first to raise the 
fore feet, and then to project the body 
forward by the action of the muscles 
of the hind legs. 

To Leap, when spoken of inani- 
mate objects, is to rise by an inhe- 
rent elastic force. Grains of corn, in 
parching, leap from the elastic force 
of vapor in the act of escaping. 

To Jump is to leap with the feet. 

To Hop is to leap with one leg. 

To Spring is 1. To begin suddenly 
to move from the action of an elastic 
force. 2. To leap with a quick elas- 
tic motion. 

To Bound is, 1. To leap with a free 
and nimble motion ; as, the bounding 
roe. 

The bounding steed we pompcrasly bestride, 
Shares with his lord the pleasure and the pride. 

— Pope. 

2. To rebound. 

To Rebound is to be thrown back 
by the force of elasticity, {re, back.) 

To Skip is to leap with a light mo- 
tion. (Usually spoken of the smaller 
quadrupeds and of children.) The 
mountains skipped like rams, and the 
little hills like lambs. — Psalm cxiv. 

To Prance is to spring and bound 
like a horse of high mettle. 

A Curvet is a particular leap of a 
horse, when he raises both his fore- 
legs at once, equally advanced, and, 
as the fore legs are falling, he raises 
his hind legs, so that all his legs are 
raised at once. 

To Frisk is to spring suddenly one 
way, and then the other, as a playful 
dog. 

To Caper is to skip about from a 
disposition to be playful. 

To Recoil is, 1. To be moved back 
by the force of reaction, as a gun 
when fired. 2. To rebound, as when 
a moving body strikes against an ob- 
stacle. 3. To start back, as at the 
sight of sudden danger. 4. To feel 
an inward and sudden shrinking, as 
at the sight or recital of some horrid 
deed. 

Salio, or Silio [saltum], to leap. 
(L.) Hence, 



Salient, lit, leaping or springing 
forward. Hence. Jig. Projecting; as, 
a salient angle. 

Insult, lit., to leap on. Hence, 
Jig. To treat with great indignity, as 
if by leaping on and trampling upon. 

Result, lit, to rebound. Hence, 
Jig. To follow, as an effect, {re, back.) 

Exult, properly, to leap for joy. 
Hence, to rejoice exceedingly, as on 
account of victory or any other suc- 
cess, {ex, up.) 

Desultory, skipping irregularly 
from one topic to another ; as, a de- 
sultory discourse, {de, from.) 

Resilience, the act of leaping or 
springing back; as, the resilience of 
a ball, {re, back.) 

10. To Dance. 

To DANCE is, 1. To move with 
steps regulated by music. 2. To 
move nimbly up and down. 

A Country Dance is a dance in 
which the partners are arranged op- 
posite to each other in a line. (A 
corruption of contra dance.) 

A Minuet is a slow and stately 
kind of dance. 

The Waltz is a national dance 
among the Germans. 

The Polka is a fashionable Hun- 
garian dance. 

The Reel is a lively dance peculiar 
to Scotland. 

The Jig is a light kind of dance. 

The Fandango is a lively dance 
practiced among the Spaniards. 

11. To Fly. 

To FLY is, 1. To move through 
the air by the aid of wings. 2. To 
move with great velocity as if by the 
aid of wings. 

Flight is the act of flying. 

To Flit is, 1. To fly with a light 
and nimble motion, as the swallow. 
2. To move hither and thither on the 
wing. 

Here the owl, still brooding, sits, 
And the bat incessant flits. — Grainger 

Volo [volatwrn], to fly. (L.) Hence, 
Volatile, 1. Flying off freely, either 
in the form of vapor or of minute 
particles. Ether is a volatile liquid 



OF MOTION'. 



101 



Camphor is a volatile solid. 2. In- 
capable of confining the attention to 
any serious subject. The volatile 
mind flits giddily from one trifling 
object to another, like a restless bird 
or a roving butterfly. 

A Volley is, 1. A flight of shot, 2. 
A flight of noisy words. 

Distrustful sense, with modest caution speaks ; 
£he still looks home, nor long excursions makes ; 
But rattling nonsense in full volleys breaks. -Pope. 

12. To Swim. 

To SWIM is, 1. To be supported 
on the surface of a fluid, in conse- 
quence of being specifically lighter 
than the fluid. 2. To pass through 
water by voluntary effort. 

To Float is, 1. To be supported 
by a liquid. 2. To be borne along 
by a current. 

Xato \jiatatum~], to swim or float. 
(L.) Hence, 

Katant, floating; as, a natant leaf. 
{Botanical.) 

Natation, the act of swimming or 
floating. 

13. To Glide. 

To GLIDE is to pass smoothly and 
silently. A gentle river glides. Cer- 
tain birds glide through the air. A 
ship glides through the water. 

To Slide is to glide on a smooth 
surface. 

To Slip is, 1. To move along a 
surface without bounding, rolling or 
stepping. 2. To slide accidentally, 
as the feet in walking. Hence, 3, 
and Jig. To fall into an error. 

Labor [lapsurri], to glide. (L.) 
Hence, 

Lapse, 1. A gliding; as, the lapse 
of a river ; the lapse of time. 2. A 
slip in moral deportment. 

Relapse, to slip back into a former 
bad condition either of health or 
morals [re, back.) 

14. To Travel. 

To TRAVEL is to pass to a dis- 
tant place. 

To Peregrinate is to travel in 
foreign lands. (L., per, through ; 
and agros, the fields.) 



A Journey is a passage by land 
from one place to another. 

A Voyage is a passage by sea. 

A Trip is a short journey. 

A Jaunt is a short ride/ 

A Tour is a journey in a circuit : 
as, thetour of Europe. (Fi\, tour. 
a circuit.) 

A Tourist is one who performs a 
journey in a circuit. 

To Fare is to move forward, as a 
person on a journey. 

So on he fares, and to the border comes 
Of Eden.— Milton. 

(Ger., fahren, to pass.) 

Fare is, 1. The money paid for 
conveying a person either by land 
or by water. 2. The treatment that 
a person meets with as he fares or 
passes forward on a journey. Hence, 

To Fare, in a Jig. sense, is to 
meet with various treatment, good 
and ill, as we pass onward in the 
journey of life. 

A Wayfarer is one who fares, that 
is, travels along the public way. 

A Thoroughfare is a passage 
through. 

Warfare is a faring, or going to 
war. 

Farewell I Go well ! that is, I wish 
you a prosperous journey, whether 
in distant lands, or in the passage 
through life. 

Welfare, lit, a good going. Hence, 
A prosperous journey through this 
world. 

A Pilgrim is, 1, and properly. A 
wanderer in a foreign land. 2. One 
who goes to a foreign country for the 
purpose of visiting a holy place. 3. 
One who, while traveling through 
the present world, looks upon another 
as his permanent home. The patri- 
archs " confessed that they were 
strangers and pilgrims on earth." — 
Heb. xi. {\j.,peregrinus, wandering 
in foreign lands, from peragro, to 
wander through, from per, through, 
and agros, the fields.) 

A Pilgrimage is a religious jour- 
ney. 

To Depart is to go or move from. 
(Fr., partir, to go away.) 



102 



OF MOTION. 



Departure is, 1. The act of leaving 
a place. 2. A forsaking ; as, a de- 
parture from evil. 

To Set Out is to begin a journey 
or course. 

A Destination is the point toward 
which a journey is directed. (L. 
destine-, to set or appoint.) 

To Arrive is lit, To come to the 
shore or bank, (ad, to ; and Fr. rive, 
a shore, from L. ripa, a bank.) Hence, 
To reach the place of one's destina- 
tion. 

Note. — Arrive was primarily applied to the 
coming of vessels into port. 

15. To pass irregularly from place to 
^ place. 

To WANDER is to pass from place 
to place without any certain course. 
The Arabs wander in the desert. A 
person wanders who has lost his way 
in the woods. 

To Ramble is to pass from place 
to place as chance directs. A person 
rambles when he takes a walk with- 
out knowing or thinking where he 
shall go. Children ramble in the 
woods in quest of flowers and birds' 
nests. 

To Roam is to move about from 
place to place without any certain 
purpose or direction. A wild beast 
or a savage roams through the forest. 

To Rove is to pass hither and 
thither from a love of adventure or 
novelty. 

To Range is, 1. To roam at large. 

Other animals unactive range, 
And of their doings God takes no account. 
— Milton. 

2. To pass freely through in various 
directions; as, the huntsman ranges 
the forest in quest of game. 

To Stroll is to pass idly from 
place to place. The gypsies are a 
race of strollers. 

Vagor, to wander. (L.) Hence, 

Vagabond, one who wanders from 
place to place without the means of 
honest livelihood. 

Vagrant, one who wanders from 
place to place without any settled 
habitation. 



Vagrancy, the state of wandering 
about without a settled home. 

To Stray is 1. To wander from the 
right way, either in a literal or moral 
sense. 2. To wander from company, 
or from the proper limits. A sheep 
strays from the flock. 

Erro [erratum~\, to wander. (L.) 
Hence, 

Errant, wandering; as, a kniglit- 
errant. 

Errantry, lit., a roving or rambling 
about. Hence, the employment of a 
knight-errant. 

Error, 1. A wandering of the judg- 
ment. 2. A mistake in conduct. 3. 
A mistake in writing, etc. 

Erroneous, wandering from truth 
or justice; as, an erroneous opinion 
or judgment. 

Erratum, an error in printing. 

To Swerve is to deviate from a 
prescribed line, or from a rule of 
duty. . I sioerve not from thy com- 
mandments. — Com. Prayer. They 
sioerve from the strict letter of the 
law. — Clarendon. 

16. Of Ways. 

A WAY is a place of passing. 

A Road is a wide way along which 
persons pass from one city, town, or 
place to another. 

A Path is a narrow way for foot 
passengers. 

A Highway is a public road. 

A By-way is a private way. (by, 
private. ) 

A Turnpike is 1, and properly. A 
cross of two bars armed with pikes 
at the end, and turning on a pin, 
fixed to hinder horses from entering. 
2. A gate set across a road to stop 
travelers till toll is paid for keeping 
the road in repair, (from turn and 
pike. ) 

A Turnpike-road, or Turnpike, is a 
road on which tollgates are estab- 
lished. 

A Turnstile is a revolving frame 
at the entrance of an inclosure, to 
hinder cattle from passing, (from 
turn and stile.) 

A Stile is a set of steps from one 
inclosure to another. 



OF MOTION. 



103 



A Bridge is a structure raised over 
water for the passage of raen and 
other animals. 

A Viaduct is a structure made for 
conveying a carriage-way from one 
road to another, either by perforation 
through hills, by levelling uneven 
ground, or by raising mounds or 
arched supports across rivers or 
marshes. — Sanckey on Railroads. (L. 
via, a way, and ductum, to conduct.) 

A Culvert is an arch, under a 
road or canal, for the passage of 
water. 

Via, a way. (L.) Hence, 

Pervious, admitting a passage ; as, 
glass is pervious to light. (L., per, 
through. ) 

Impervious, that does not admit a 
passage; as, India rubber is imper- 
vious to water. (L., in, not.) 

Deviate, lit, To turn aside from 
the way. Hence. Jig., 1. To decline 
from a plan or purpose. 2. To stray 
from the path of duty, (de, from.) 

Devious, 1. Out of the common 
wav or track; as, a devious course. 
2. Gambling. 

To bless the -wildly devious morning walk. — 
Thomson. 

Obvious, lit, lying in our path. 
Hence, Jig., Plain to be perceived 
either by the eye or by the intellect. 

Obviate, 1, and properly. To meet 
in the way. Hence, 2. To meet and 
remove out of the way, as a difficulty 
or objection. (06, in.) 

17. Of Inns. 

An INN is a house for the enter- 
tainment of travelers. 

A Tavern, in England, is a house 
where wine is sold and drinkers are 
entertained. — Johnson. In the Uni- 
ted States, an inn. (L., taberna, a 
shop. ) 

A Hotel is a house for the enter- 
tainment of genteel strangers. (L., 
hostis, a stranger.) 

A Caravan, in eastern countries, 
is a company of traveling merchants. 
Hence, 

Caravansera, a kind of inn where 
caravans rest at nisht. 



A Landlord is the master of an 
inn. 

13. To Turn. 

To TURN is 1. To change the 
'position of a body. 2. To change 
the direction of motion. 

Verto [versuni], to turn. (L.) 
Hence, 

Verse, a line of poetry. 

Version, the turning of a literary 
production from one language to 
another; that is, a translation. 

Invert, 1. To turn upside down; 
as, to invert a cup. 2. To place in 
a contrary order; as, to invert the 
order of words in a sentence. 

Inverse, taken in a contrary order. 

Inversion, 1. The act of turning 
upside down. 2. The act of placing 
in a contrary order. 

Subvert, to overturn, (sub, over.) 

Convert, 1. To change or turn from 
one form to another; as, to convert 
water into ice. 2. To change or turn 
from one state to another; as, to 
convert a barren desert into fruitful 
fields. 3. To turn from one religion 
to another. 4. To turn from bad to 
good. 5. To turn from one use or 
destination to another; as, to convert 
blessings into curses. 6. To turn to 
one's own use the property of others. 

Divert, 1. To turn any thing aside 
from its proper or natural course; 
as, to divert a stream. 2. To turn 
the mind from business or study. 
Hence, to please, (di, aside.) 

Diverse, lit., turned away from 
each other. Hence, different. 

Pervert, 1. To turn any thing from 
its proper end and use; as, to per- 
vert justice; to pervert the meaning 
of an author. 2. To corrupt, [per, 
thoroughly. ) 

Advert, to turn the mind or atten- 
tion to; as, to advert to a fact, [ad, 
to.) 

Advertence or Advertency, a turn- 
ing of the attention to. 

Inadvertence or Inadvertency, a not 
turning of the mind or attention to ; 
that is, heedlessness, [in] not.) 

Animadvert 1. To turn the mind 



104 



OF MOTION. 



to. 2. To turn the mind to in the 
way of criticism or censure. (L. 
animus, the mind.) 

Adverse, lit, turned against. Hence, 
1. Opposing; as, adverse parties. 2. 
Counteracting ; as, adverse winds. 3. 
Contrary to our wishes or interests; 
as, adverse circumstances ; adverse 
fortune, {ad, against.) 

Adversity, adverse fortune. 

Adversary, one whose inclinations 
or exertions are turned against us ; 
that is, an enemy or antagonist. 

Obverse, the face of a coin or 
medal, {ob, toward [the person in- 
specting it.] ) 

Revert, to turn back, {re, back.) 

To Reverse, 1. To turn upside 
down. 2. To change the order by 
placing the first last, and the last 
first. 

A Reverse, a change for the worse. 

The Reverse, 1. The opposite or 
contrary of any thing. 2. The back 
side of a coin or medal. 

9. To Throw. 

To THROW is to cause a body to 
move through the air by a sudden 
and momentary application of force 
on the side opposite to the direction 
of the motion. 

To Cast is to throw. 

To Htjrl is to throw with violence. 

To Fling is to cast with a quick 
motion from the hand. 

To Dart is, 1. To throw a pointed 
instrument with a sudden thrust. 2. 
To run with the velocity of a dart. 
(From dart, a pointed missile wea- 
pon.) 

To Shoot is, 1. To cause to fly 
with speed from any kind of an en- 
gine for missiles ; as, to shoot an ar- 
row from a bow, or a ball from a 
gun. 2. To move with great velocity 
as if shot from a bow, etc. 

To Toss is to throw with a mode- 
rate force ; as, to toss a ball. 

To Dash is, 1. To throw with the 
utmost violence ; as to dash from the 
hand. 2. To strike violently against ; 
as, to dash one stone against another. 



To Precipitate is to throw head- 
long. (L., pro?,, foremost; and ceps, 
the head.) 

Jacio \_jactum, or jectum~], to throw 
(L.) Hence. 

Project/ 1. To cast forward. A 
gun projects a balL 2. To cast for- 
ward in the mind; as, to project a 
plan. 3. To throw itself forward in 
front of the body of which it is a 
part. The eaves of a house project 
A cape projects into the sea. (pro, 
forward.) 

A Proj / ect is a scheme, or plan, pro- 
jected or formed in the mind. 

A Projectile is a body designed to 
be projected or thrown; as an arrow, 
a bullet, etc. 

Reject, to cast back as not being 
acceptable, or as not being adapted 
to the purpose, {re, back.) 

Inject to throw or force in. 

Eject, to cast forth, {e, forth.) 

Deject, to cast down, (de, down.) 

Abject, properly, thrown away as 
being of no account. Hence, 1. 
Mean or despicable ; as an abject flat- 
terer. 2. Very low in condition, as 
if cast off by fortune, hope, and the 
regard of men; as, abject poverty. 
{ab, away.) 

To Subject* is to cast, or put under 
the power or authority of any one. 
{sub. under.) 

A Sub'ject is, 1. One who is under 
the authority of a civil ruler. 2. Any 
thing thrown, or placed under the 
action of any process or operation ; 
as a subject of thought ; a subject of 
discussion ; an anatomical subject 

To Object' is lit., to throw some- 
thing in the way of a moving body in 
order to arrest its progress. Hence 
Jig. To cast impediments in the form 
of reasons and arguments, in the 
way of any measure, or course of 
action proposed by others, {ob, in 
the way of.) 

An Ob'ject is lit., something thrown 
immediately before us so that we can 
not help noticing it. Hence, Jig. 
Any thing that engages our attention. 
{ob, before.) 

To Conjecture is to cast probabili 



OF MOTION. 



105 



ties together, that is, to guess, (con, 
together. ) 

20. To Push. 

To PUSH is, 1. To cause to move 
by applying a force behind. 2. To 
press against an object for the pur- 
pose of moving it. 

To Shove, is to cause to move by 
applying a force on the side opposite 
to the direction of motion. 

To Shuffle is, 1. To shove one 
way and then the other; as, to shuf- 
fle the feet. 2. To mix by pushing 
or shoving ; as, to shuffle cards, (dim 
andfreq. of shove.) 

To Thrust is to push with a sudden 
force. 

Trudo \trusum\, to push. (L.) 
Hence. 

Protrude, to thrust itself forward 
beyond the natural limit. The eye- 
ball may protrude from its socket. 
(pro, forward.) 

Protrusion, the act of protruding. 

Intrude, to thrust one's self into a 
place where one has no business, or 
where one's presence is not desired 
by the company, (in, into.) 

Intrusion, the act of intruding. 
Obtrude, lit, to thrust upon. Hence 
to obtrude one's self, is to thrust one's 
self upon others against their wishes. 
(ob, upon.) 

Abstruse, lit, thrust aside into some 

Slace of concealment. Hence, fig 
ifficult to be understood ; as, an ab 
struse subject, (abs, aside.) 

21. To Draw. 

To DRAW is to cause to move by 
applying the moving force on the 
side of the direction of the motion. 

To Pull, is to exert muscular pow- 
er in order to draw a body toward 
the person or animal exerting the 
power. 

To Haul is to cause to move along 
the surface of the ground, or through 
the water, by drawing; as, to haul a 
sled or a boat. 

To Drag is to haul any thing that 
moves heavily ; as, to drag a log, or a 
net. 



Traho \tr actum], to draw. (L.) 
Hence, 

Protract, lit, to draw out. Hence, 
to lengthen, or draw out in duration ; 
as, to protract a discussion, (pro, 
out.) 

Retract, to draw back; as, to re- 
tract a hasty expression, (re, back.) 

Distract, to draw at the same time 
in different directions. The mind 
may be distracted by cares, (dis, 
asunder. ) 

Detract, to (draw, or) take away 
from reputation or merit, through 
envy, (de, from.) 

Subtract, to (draw, or) take away 
from a given number or sum. (sub, 
away. ) 

Attract, to draw to. (ad, to.) 

Extract, to draw out. (ex, out.) 

Contract', to draw together, (con, 
together.) 

22. To Drive. 

To DRIVE is, 1. To cause to move 
forward by applying a powerful force 
behind. The wind drives a ship. 
A hammer drives a nail. 2. To cause 
to move forward by controlling the 
will; as, to drive cattle. 3. To force 
to any step or course of action. 

To Urge is to cause to move by 
strong pressure. Pig. To attempt to 
influence to action by forcible repre- 
sentations and arguments. 

Pello \_pulsum~], to drive. (L.) 
Hence, 

Impel, 1. To drive forward by me- 
chanical force. 2. To influence ir- 
resistibly by motives, or by internal 
feelings ; as, to be impelled by a 
sense of duty; to be impelled by 
hunger, (in, forward.) 

Impulse, 1. A driving or moving 
force communicated instantaneously. 
2. A sudden influence acting on the 
mind and impelling us to action. 

Impulsive, inclined to act from im- 
pulse. 

Propel, to drive forward. A ship 
may be propelled by steam, (pro, 
forward.) 

Repel, to drive back or away, (re, 
back.) 



106 



OF MOTION. 



Repulsive, calculated to drive 
nway by being offensive or disagree- 
able. 

Expel, to drive out. (ex, out.) 

Dispel, to drive asunder, or to scat- 
ter, (dis, asunder.) 

Compel, to drive by irresistible 
force. 

Compulsion, the act of driving or 
urging by force, either physical or 
moral. 

23. To Carry. 

To CARRY is to sustain the weight 
of a body, and, at the same time, to 
pass with it to another place. 

To Bear is 1. To sustain the 
Weight of a body. 2. To carry. 

A Burden, or Burthen, is a weight 
which is borne. (From bear.) 

To Lug is to carry a burden which 
is very heavy in proportion to the 
strength of the bearer. 

To Lade, or To Load, is to charge 
with a burden. 

Laden, or Loaded, charged with a 
burden. 

A Load is, 1. A burden. 2. A 
heavy burden. 

A Cargo is the lading of a ship. 

To Charge is, 1. To put a load into; 
as, to charge a gun. 2. Impose a 
load upon; as, to charge with a debt; 
to charge with the performance of a 
duty. See Art. Debt 

Freight is the lading of any 
vehicle for the transportation of mer- 
chandise, whether by water or by 
land. 

Fraught, laden. Used only in a 
jig. sense, as when we speak of a 
scheme fraught with mischief. In 
a lit. sense, freighted should be used; 
as, a ship freighted with cotton. 
(Participle of freight) 

Porto \_portatunt\, to carry. (L.) 
Hence, 

Porter, a bearer of burdens. 

Portfolio, a case for carrying loose 
leaves of paper. (L., folium, a leaf. 

Port-crayon, a small metallic 
handle with a clasp for holding a 
crayon when used in drawing. 

Portmanteau, a case for carrying 



apparel, etc., in traveling. (Fr., 
manteau, a cloak.) 

Port-monnaie' ', a purse. (Fr., mon- 
naie, coin.) 

Import, to bring in goods, etc., 
from a foreign country. [i?i, into.) 

Export, to carry the productions of 
a country to foreign markets, (ex, 
out.) 

Transport, to carry goods, etc., to a 
distant place, (trans, over.) 

Report, to bring back, as intelli- 
gence, (re, back.) 

Support, to bear up. (sub, under, 
the bearer being under the burden.) 

Deport, to carry one's self in any 
particular manner in one's behavior; 
as, to deport one's self well. 

Deportment, carriage, or manner of 
acting in relation to the duties of 
life. 

Comport, lit, to carry together. 
Hence, to be suitable to; as, his con- 
duct does not comport with his sta- 
tion, (con, together.) 

Veho [yectuni], to carry. (L.) 
Hence, 

Vehicle, that on which any thing is 
carried, as a coach, wagon, etc. 

Vehement, violent, (from veho, in 
the sense of to rush, or to carry itself 
with great velocity and force.) 

Convey, 1. To carry, as letters, 
goods, etc. 2. To carry over to an- 
other by means of certain legal for- 
malities ; as, to convey a right to prop- 
erty. 

Conveyance, 1. The act of convey- 
ing. 2. A vehicle. 

Inveigh, lit, to bring against. 
Hence, to utter censure or reproach ; 
as, to inveigh against the vices and 
the follies of the age. Hence, 

Invective, a harsh or reproachful 
accusation. 

Fero \latum~\, to bear. (L.) Hence, 

Fertile, bearing, or yielding in 
abundance; as, & fertile soil. 

Confer, lit, to bring together. 
Hence, 1. To bring together different 
views and plans for the purpose of 
comparing them and adopting the 
best. Persons confer together in re- 
lation to matters of common interest. 



OF MOTION. 



107 



I confer zcith a friend in relation to 
a matter that chiefly interests myself. 
2. To bring together for the purpose 
of bestowing. Hence, simply, to be- 
stow ; as, to confer a favor. 

Conference, the act of comparing 
one's views and plans with those of 
another person. 

Refer, to carry or send back. We 
refer, or carry back, a reader to a par- 
ticular author for further information. 
A matter in dispute may be referred, 
or carried back, to some particular 
person for decision, (re, back.) 

Prefer, lit, to carry before. Hence, 

1. To carry any thing to the foremost 
place in one's liking; that is, to 
choose one thing rather than another. 

2. To carry a matter before a tribu- 
nal; as, to prefer a charge against 
any one. (prce, before.) 

Infer, to bring in a conclusion 
from premises. 

Defer, 1. To put off. (dis, off; and 
fero, to put.) 2. To acquiesce in the 
sentiments of another rather than 
one's own; as, he defers to the opin- 
ion of his father, (dis, aside; and 
fero, to lay, implying that the person 
who defers lays aside his own opinion 
out of respect for the authority of the 
person to whom he defers. ) 

Deference, respect for the authority 
of another in matters of opinion. 

Offer, lit, to carry before. Hence, 
to present for acceptance or rejection. 
(ob, before.) 

Differ, lit, to bear or carry them- 
selves asunder. Hence, to be dis- 
similar, (dis, asunder.) 

Proffer, lit, to bear forward. 
Hence, to present for acceptance. 
(pro, forward.) 

Suffer, lit, to underbear. Hence, 

1. To bear a load of pain, grief, etc. 

2. To bear the doing of something 
by others which it is in our power to 
prevent; that is, to allow, or permit. 
(sub, under.) 

Interfere, lit, to carry between, or 
into the midst of. Hence, to carry 
one's authority or power of control 
between parties, or into the midst of 
the affairs of others ; that is, to inter- 



pose, or to intermeddle, (inter, be- 
tween, or among. ) 

Circumference, a curve line de- 
scribed in a plane by carrying ^ a 
movable point around a fixed point 
in such a manner that the movable 
point shall be continually at the 
same distance from the fixed point. 
(circum, around.) 

Note. — The space contained within a circum- 
ference is called a circle. 

24. To Lead. 

To LEAD is, 1. To go before, in 
order to show the way. 2. To guide 
with the hand ; as, to lead a child. 
3. To cause to move forward by 
drawing with a gentle force; as, to 
lead a horse with a bridle. 4. To be 
foremost. 

Duco \_ductum~], to lead. (L.) 
Hence, 

Duct, a tube by which a fluid or 
other substance is led, or conveyed. 
The vessels that convey the fluids of 
animal bodies are ducts. 

Aqueduct, a structure for leading 
or conveying water. (L., aqua, water.) 
See Art. Water. 

Viaduct, a structure for leading a 
way across water or uneven ground. 
(L., via, a way.) See Art. Ways. 

Ductile, 1. Easy to be led or drawn ; 
as, the ductile mind of a child. 2. That 
may be drawn into wire. Platinum 
is the most ductile of all the metals. 

Induce, to lead or influence to any 
thing. We induce a person to do 
something by persuasion. A person 
may also be induced by considera- 
tions presenting themselves sponta- 
neously to his mind. 

Inducement, a consideration which 
leads to the doing of any thing. 

Educe, to draw out from, (e, out.) 

From seeming evil still educing good. — Thomson. 

Produce, 1. To draw forth. The 
zaxth. produces herbage; that is, draws 
it forth from her bosom. 2. To bring 
forward ; as, to produce evidence in 
a court. 3. To extend or draw out 
in length ; as, to produce a line. 
(pro, forth or forward.) 

Production, 1. The act of produc 
ing. 2. A thing produced. 



108 



OF MOTION. 



Product, any thing produced either 
by nature or by human labor and 
skill; as, the products of the soil; 
the products of the workshops. 

Reduce, 1. To bring back to a for- 
mer position or state; as, to reduce 
a dislocated joint. 2. To bring from 
one state or condition to another ; as, 
to reduce to order ; to reduce to po- 
verty ; to reduce to powder, {re, back.) 

Conduce, to lead or tend with other 
things to some end. {con, together.) 

Conducive, having a tendency to 
promote ; as, exercise is conducive to 
health. 

Conduct', 1. To lead as a guide. 
2. To lead in a certain train the 
business with which one is charged ; 
that is, To manage; as, to conduct 
one's affairs well or ill. 3. To lead 
one's self; that is, To behave. 

Con' duct, 1. Guidance. 2. Man- 
agement. 3. Behavior. 

Introduce, 1. To lead into ; as, to 
introduce into society. 2. To lead 
into the presence of another for the 
purpose of making the party to whom 
the introduction is made acquainted 
with the party introduced, [intro, 
within.) 

Adduce, to bring forward, as an 
argument or example, {ad, forward.) 

Deduce, to draw from ; as, to de- 
duce inferences from premises in rea- 
soning, {de, from.) 

Abduction, in law, the act of lead- 
ing or carrying away the child, ward, 
or wife, etc., of another person, [ab, 
away. ) 

Seduce, to lead aside from the path 
of virtue, (se, aside.) 

25. To Follow. 

To FOLLOW is to come after. 

Sequor [secutiun], to follow. (L.) 
Hence, 

Sequel, the part of a story which 
follows the main narrative. 

Subsequent, following after in the 
order of time, {sub, after.) 

Consequent, following as an effect. 

Consequence, 1. That which follows 
as a result or effect. 2. Importance. 

Note.— When we say, " He is a person of but 
little consequence" we mean that the world will 



neither be much benefited nor much harmed by 
the effects which follow his doings. 

Persecute, to follow with repeated 
acts of annoyance or injury, {per, 
through.) 

Prosecute, 1. To follow with a view 
to accomplish; as, to prosecute a 
course of study. 2. To follow with 
a criminal process before a legal 
tribunal; as, to prosecute for theft. 
{pro, forward.) 

Execute, primarily, To follow out 
the details of any matter of business 
with which we have been charged. 
Hence, simply, To perform. Hence, 
also, To put to death by legal autho- 
rity, {ex, out.) 

Obsequious, following a superior 
with a ready submission to his will 
and wishes, {ob, after.) 

Suivee, to follow. (Fr.) Hence, 

Pursue, to follow, {pur, after.) 

Pursuit, 1. The act of following. 
2. The branch of business that a 
person follows. 

Suite, (pron. sweet), a company of 
persons following a prince or other 
distinguished personage on a jour- 
ney or in an excursion. 

26. To Send. 

To SEND, in a general sense, sig- 
nifies to cause to move or go from. 
Hence, 1. To throw; as, to send a 
ball. 2. To cause to be conveyed; 
as, to send letters. 3. To cause a 
person, whom we have the right or 
the power of controlling, to go any- 
where. 

Mitto [mAssuni], to send. (L.) 
Hence, 

Mission, a being sent with certain 
powers for the transaction of busi- 
ness. An ambassador goes on a mis- 
sion to a foreign court. 

Missionary, one sent to propagate 
religion. 

Missile, a weapon thrown, or in- 
tended to be thrown ; as, a lance, an 
arrow, or a bullet. 

Dismiss, to send away, {dis, away.) 

Remit, 1. To send money or bills 
to a person at a distance. 2. To send 
away a punishment; that is, to resign 



OF MOTION. 



109 



the right of inflicting it; as, to remit 
the punishment of a crime. 3. To 
slacken ; as, to remit one's zeal or ef- 
forts. The violence of a fever remits. 
The literal idea is that of slackening 
a bow-string, so that the extremities 
of the bow are sent bach to their nat- 
ural position, (re, back.) Hence, 

Remiss, slack in one's exertions. 

Admit, 1. To let (or send) in. 
Hence, 2. To let or receive into the 
understanding; that is, to receive as 
true; as, to admit the truth of a 
proposition, (ad, to.) 

Submit, 1. To send or put one's 
self, without resistance, under the 
power or authority of another. 2. To 
leave to the judgment of another; 
as, to submit a question to the court. 
(sub, under.) 

Commit, 1. To send or intrust to 
for care or safe keeping. 2. To do or 
perpetrate. 

Note. — In Latin commiltere prcelium is to join 
battle, committere signifying literally to send or 
put (the two armies) together. Committere, in 
this manner, first acquired the sense of to begin; 
afterward, the sense of to do; and, finally, the 
sense of to do that which is wrong, or to perpe- 
trate. 

Permit, lit, to let or send through. 
Hence, to allow or suffer, (per, 
through.) 

Intermit, lit., to send or put be- 
tween. Hence, to cease for a time, 
and thus to put an interval between 
two portions of a process, (inter, be- 
tween.) 

Omit, to give any thing the go-by. 
(ob, aside; and mitto, to lay.) 

Omission is 1. A neglect or failure 
to do something. 2. A leaving out ; 
as, the omission of a word or clause. 
27. To Leave. 

TO LEAVE is to depart from. 

To Quit is to leave with the inten- 
tion of not returning. 

To Desekt is to separate ourselves 
from that to which we ought to be at- 
tached. (L., de, privative; and sero, 
to sow. To desert, therefore, literally 
signifies to leave unsown.) 

To Forsake is lit, to cease to seek. 
(Sax., for, privative; and secan, to 
seek.) Hence to forsake is to with- 



draw our regard for, and interest in 
an object, and to keep at a distance 
from it. 

To Abandon is totally to withdraw 
ourselves from an object, and to lay 
aside all care and concern for it. 
(Fr., donner a ban, to give up to a 
public ban or outlawry.) 

Lin quo [lictuni], to leave. (L.) 
Hence, 

Relinquish, to leave behind what 
we would fain take with us, or to 
leave with reluctance, (re, behind.) 

Relict, a woman -who has been left 
behind by a deceased husband. 

Relics, things that are left after the 
loss or decay of the rest. 

Derelict, left or abandoned. 

A Derelict, in law, is any com- 
modity left by the owner without the 
intention of reclaiming it. 

Dereliction is 1. The act of leaving 
with an intention not to reclaim. 
2. An utter forsaking. 3. The state 
of being utterly forsaken. 

28. Of Motion in its relation to Time. 

VELOCITY is the rate of motion. 

Speed is, 1. Kate of motion ; as, the 
speed of a horse ; the speed of a snail. 
2. Kate of performance ; as, the speed 
of an operation. 

Note. — Velocity is usually spoken of mechan- 
ical motion ; as, the velocity of light ; the ve- 
locity of a current ; — and speed, of voluntary mo- 
tion ; as, the speed of a courier. 

Haste is speed prompted by a de- 
sire to accomplish a purpose in a 
short time. 

To Haste, or to Hasten, is to exert 
one's self to accomplish a purpose in 
a short time. 

Hasty, 1. Executed with great 
speed ; as, a hasty march. 2. Per- 
formed, etc., without taking time for 
deliberation; as, a hasty action; a 
hasty word. 3. Excitable; as, a 
hasty temper. 

A Hurry is an undue haste. 

To Hurry is, 1. To move or act 
with undue haste. 2. To urge for- 
ward with undue haste. 

Precipitate, 1. Characterized by 
a headlong speed; as, a precipitaU 



110 



OF MOTION. 



flight. 2. Sudden; as, a precipitate 
departure. 3. Over-hasty; as, the 
king was too precipitate in declaring 
war. (L., prceceps, headlong.) 

Precipitation is a tumultuous 
haste; as, the army retreated with 
great precipitation. 

Precipitance, or Precipitancy, is 
haste in resolving or acting without 
due deliberation. 

To Expedite is to cause a process 
to go forward with greater speed. 
(L., expedio, to remove obstacles.) 

Expedition is speed in performing ; 
as, to transact business with expedi- 
tion. 

Expeditious, occupying but a short 
time; as, an expeditious process. 
2. Speedy in performing; as, an ex- 
peditious workman. 

Despatch is speed in performance ; 
as, the business was done with des- 
patcli. 

A Despatch is a letter or message 
sent in haste. 

To Despatch is, 1. To finish in a 
short time ; as, to despatch a piece of 
business. 2. To send in haste; as, 
to despatch a messenger. 3. To send 
hastily out of the world; that is, to 
put to death. 

Quick, executing a motion or per- 
forming an act in a short time. 

Swift, moving over a great space in 
a short time. 

Rapid, 1. Moving with great swift- 
ness ; as, a rapid stream, 2. Advanc- 
ing with great speed; as, a rapid 
growth; a rapid progress. 3. Of 
quick utterance of words ; as, a rapid 
speaker. 

Fast, moving rapidly ; as, a fast 
horse. 

Fleet, moving very swiftly; as, a 
fleet horse; \h% fleet winds. 

Celerity is quickness in the exe- 
cution of successive motions, or in the 
performance of successive acts; as, 
the celerity of military evolutions; 
the celerity of thought; celerity in 
the despatch of business. 

To Accelerate is to increase the 
rate of motion. 

Active, quick in motion. 



Agile, very quick in the motions 
of the limbs. 

Agility is great quickness in the 
motions of the limbs, and especially 
in the motions of the lower extrem- 
ities. 

Nimble, very quick and light in the 
motions of the limbs; as, a nimble 
boy; nimble feet; nimble fingers; 
nimble speed. 

Brisk, that moves with a lively 
motion; as, a brisk horse; a brisk 
wind. 

To Rush is to move with great ra- 
pidity; as, water rushes down a pre- 
cipice; the horse rushes to battle. 

Impetuous, moving with great ra- 
pidity and violence ; as, an impetu- 
ous torrent; impetuous speed; an 
impetuous onset. 

Impetuosity is great rapidity and 
violence of motion. 

To Scurry is to make great haste 
in running. A horseman came scur- 
rying along the road. The dog is 
scurrying across the fields. 

Tantivy, with great speed; as to 
ride tantivy. 

Slow, requiring a long time to 
move over a small space, or to per- 
form a small amount of labor. 

Sluggish, slow in motion or action; 
as, a sluggish stream; a sluggish 
man. 

Sloth is 1. Slowness in action. 2. 
Disinclination to action or labor. 

Tardy, 1. Slow in motion or action ; 
as, a tardy pace; a tardy process. 
2. Late in attendance; as, a tardy 
scholar. 

To Retard is to cause to move or 
to advance more slowly. 

29. Rest. 

REST is 1. The absence of mo- 
tion. 2. A state free from disturb- 
ance. 

To Rest is 1. To cease from mo- 
tion. 2. To cease from labor. 3. 
To be free from disturbance. 4. To 
be supported by lying upon, or press- 
ing against. 

Repose is 1. A lying at rest. 2. 
Freedom from disturbance. 



OF MOTION, 



111 



Fast, that can not be moved in 
consequence of being attached to or 
held by something else. 

To Fasten is to make fast. 

To Fix is 1. To make fast. 2. To 
establish immovably. 3. In America, 
to adjust, or put in order; as, to fix 
the clothes. (Xot good English.) 

Fixation is 1. The act of fixing. 
2. The firm state of a body which 
resists evaporation or volatilization 
by heat. 

A Fixture is that which is fixed or 
attached to something as a perma- 
nent appendage. 

Note.— The fixtures of a farm or dwelling are 
articles which the tenant can not legally take 
away when he removes to another house. 

Affix, to fasten or attach at the 
end. (ad, to.) 

Prefix, to fasten or join at the be- 
ginning, (prce, before.) 

Qcies \_quietis~\, rest. (L.) Hence, 

Quiet is 1. The state of a thing 
not in motion. 2. Freedom from 
disturbance. 

Quiet, 1. Xot moving. 2. Undis- 
turbed. 

Quiescent, 1. Xot moving; as, a 
quiescent body. 2. Xot agitated by 
passion, as the mind. 

Quietude, freedom from disturb- 
ance. 

Acquiesce, 1. To rest satisfied with 
something done by another. 2. To 
rest satisfied of the truth of an opin- 
ion expressed by another, (ad, in.) 

Requiem, 1. In the Catholic Church, 
a hymn or mass sung for the dead, 
for the rest of his soul. — P. Cyc. 2. 
A grand musical composition per- 
formed in honor of some deceased 
person. — Branch. 

Still. 1. Motionless; as, to stand 
still. 2. Xot agitated; as, & still at- 
mosphere. 

To Still is to stop motion or agi- 
tation. 

Calm, 1. Being at rest, as the air. 
Hence, not stormy; as, a calm day. 
2. Xot agitated; as, a calm sea. 3. 
Undisturbed by passion; as, a calm 
mind. 

Tranquil, free from agitation or dis- 



turbance; as, a tranquil sea; a tran- 
quil mind. 

To Tranquil ize is to allay agita- 
tion. 

30. To Remain. 

To REMAIX is to continue to be 
in the same place or condition. A 
sentinel remains at his post. A body 
incapable of self-motion will, if un- 
disturbed, remain wherever it is 
placed. We may say of a sick per- 
son that he remains in a low condi- 
tion. 

To Stay is to continue in the same 
place either voluntarily or from re- 
straint. Some persons are of so rest- 
less a temper that they can not stay 
long in a place without giving symp- 
toms of uneasiness. 

Note. — To stay always implies the existence 
of a will either free or under restraint. 

To Abide is to stay in a place for 
any period of time, either long or 
short. 

Abode is a continuance in a place 
for a longer or shorter time. 

An Abode is a place of continu- 
ance. 

To Settle is to cease to move from 
place to place, and to become fixed. 
(From sit) 

To Eeside is to have a settled abode 
for a time. (L., re, down; and sedeo, 
to sit.) 

A Resident h one who resides. 

Residence, or Residency, is the act 
of abiding in a place for some con- 
tinuance of time. 

A Residence is a place of abode. 

A yon-Resident is a person who 
does not reside on his own lands, or 
where official duties require, (non, 
not.) 

To Dwell is to have a settled resi- 
dence in a place. 

A Dwelling is a place of residence. 

To Live is to have a settled resi- 
dence in any place. 

To Sojourn is to live in a place 
as a temporary resident. (Fr., se- 
journer, from L. sub, during; and 
diurnus, of a day's continuance.) 

To Inhabit is to occupy perma- 



112 



ANATOMY. 



nently as a residence. (L., in and 
liabito, freq. of habeo, to have.) 

An Inhabitant is one who resides 
permanently in a place. 

Inhabitancy is permanent or legal 
residence in a town, city, or parish. 

Inhabitativeness, in phrenology, is 
the organ which produces the desire 
of permanence in place or abode. — 
Brande. 

Inhabitable, that may be inhabited. 
Some regions of the earth are not in- 
habitable by reason of cold or ster- 
ility. 

Habitable, that may be inhabited; 
as, the habitable world. Some cli- 
mates are scarcely habitable. 

A Habitat is the natural abode or 
locality of an animal or plant. 



Habitation is the act of inhabit- 
ing. 

A Habitation is a house or other 
place in which a man or any animal 
dwells. 

A Home is the house or place in 
which one resides. 

A Mansion is a dwelling house. 
(L., maneo [niansum], to stay.) 

A Manse is a habitation; particu- 
larly a parsonage house. 

A Manor is, 1. A country house, 
or gentleman's seat. 2. The land 
belonging to a lord or nobleman, or 
so much land as a lord or other great 
personage formerly kept, in his own 
hands, for the use and subsistence 
of his family. (L., maneo, to 
abide.) 



ANATOMY. 



1. Definition of the Term. 

ANATOMY is the science of the 
structure of the human body. (Gr., 
ctvct [ana], apart; and <n[xvoo \_temno], 
to cut; because the structure of the 
body is ascertained by separating the 
parts with the knife.) 

Comparative Anatomy treats of 
the structure of animals in general, 
and compares the structure of ani- 
mals of one species with that of ani- 
mals of other species. 

2. Of the Animal Tissues. 

BONE is the hard substance which 
forms the framework of the higher 
orders of animals. 

Os [osszs], a bone. (L.) Hence, 

Osseous, composed of bone. 

Ossify, to change into bone. (L., 
Jico \_ficatum], to make.) 

Ossification, the process of becom- 
ing changed into bone. 

osteon [Osteon], a bone. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Osteology, that part of anatomy 
which treats of the bones. (Gr., xoyog 
[logos'], a discourse.) 

Periosteum, the membrane that in- 
vests the bones, (mp [peri], around.) 



A Skeleton consists of the bones 
of an animal separated from the 
flesh, and retained in their proper 
positions. (Gr., axshiroc \_skeletos], 
dried. ) 

An Articulation is a natural con- 
nection of one bone with another. 
(L., articulus, a joint.) 

A Joint is a moveable articulation. 

The Knee is the articulation of 
the thigh with the leg. 

The Ankle is the joint connecting 
the leg with the foot. 

The Elbow is the joint connecting 
the humerus, or shoulder bone, with 
the fore-arm. 

The Wrist is the joint connecting 
the fore-arm and hand. 

The Knuckles are the joints of 
the fingers. 

The Ligaments are white, solid, in- 
elastic cords which tie the bones to- 
gether. (L., ligo, to tie.) 

Cartilage is a smooth, solid, elas- 
tic substance, softer than bone. 

Note. — The bones are lined with cartilage at 
the joints, where the ends of the bones rub 
against each other. 

Flesh consists of the soft sub- 
stance that covers the bones. 

Caro [carnis], flesh. (L.) Hence, 



ANATOMY. 



113 



Carneous. having the qualities of 
flesh. 

Carnify, to form flesh. (L., fico, 
to make.) 

Carnivorous, eating flesh (L., voro, 
to eat.) 

Carnal, pertaining to the flesh ; as 
carnal pleasures. X Spiritual. 

Carnation, a flesh color. 

Cornelian, a precious stone of a 
deep flesh color. 

Incarnate, clothed in flesh ; as, a 
fiend incarnate. 

The Muscles are the organs of 
animal motion. 

Note 1. — The muscles correspond to the red 
parts of butcher's meat. Each muscle is usually 
an oblong body and consists of three portions— 
the head, the belly, and the tail. The head is 
attached to some immovable part, and the tail 
is inserted into the part to be moved. The 
muscles are susceptible of contraction and re- 
laxation. In contracting, a muscle is dimin- 
ished in length, and thus the part into which 
the tail is inserted, is drawn toward the fixed 
point to which the head is attached. By the 
relaxation of the muscle, the part is allowed to 
return to its original position. 

Note 2. — The muscles which move the differ- 
ent portions of the frame of the body, are sub- 
ject to the will, and are, therefore, called the 
voluntary muscles. The muscles which move the 
internal organs are not subject to will, and are, 
therefore, called the involuntary muscles, as the 
muscles of the heart and stomach. 

Brawn is the protuberant and 
muscular portions of the body. 

A Tendon is the contracted, cord- 
like portion of a muscle by which it 
is attached to the part to be moved. 
(L., tendo, to stretch.) 

A Sinew is a tendon. 

Gristle is a term used in speaking 
of butchers' meat, and includes both 
the cartilaginous and the tendinous 
portions. 

A Membrane is any thin, expanded 
and flexible portion of an animal or 
vegetable body. 

Skin is a membrani form cover- 
ing of animal bodies. 

The Cuticle or Scarf-skin is the 
outer layer of the skin. (L., cuticula, 
a little skin.) 

Note. — The cuticle is thin, transparent, and 
destitute of sensibility. 

The Re'te Muco'sum is the second 
layer of the skin, and is the seat of 



the coloring matter of the skin. (L., 
re'te, a net, and mncosum, slimy.) 

The Cu'tis Ve'ra, or True Skin, is 
the inmost and thickest layer of the 
skin. (L., cutis, the skin; and vera, 
true.) 

Note. — The cutis is supplied with bloodvessels 
and nerves, and is very sensitive. 

Cutaneous, affecting or belonging 
to the skin; as, a cutaneous disease. 

The Hide, 1. The skin of a beast. 
2. The human skin in contempt. 

A Pelt is the skin of a beast with 
the hair on. 

Peltry, in mercantile language, is 
a collective designation of skins with 
the fur on them. 

A Hair is a small filament or 
thread-like body, issuing from the 
skin of an animal. 

Hair, in a collective sense, consists 
of a large number or mass of fila- 
ments growing from the skin of an 
animal. 

Fur is a very fine and soft kind 
of hair, as that of the beaver, otter, 
etc. 

Down is exceedingly minute and 
soft hair, as that on the chin of a 
young boy. 

Pubescent, covered with down. (L., 
pubcs, down.) 

Pubescence is a downy substance 
on plants. 

Villous, abounding with fine hairs 
orwooly substance. (L., villus, hair.) 

Wool is curled hair, like that of 
the sheep. 

Bristles are coarse, stiff hairs like 
those of swine. 

Seta, a bristle. (L.) Hence, 

Setaceous, resembling bristles; as, 
setaceous hairs. 

Setiferous, producing bristles. 

Setose or Setous, bristly. 

Beard is the hair growing on the 
lower part of the human face. 

Barba, the beard. (L.) Hence, 

Barber, one who treats the beard 
professionally, either by dressing it, 
or removing it with a razor. 

Note. — Barbers also dress the hair of the head. 

Barb, a reversed, beard-like point 



Ill 



ANATOMY. 



or prickle; as, the barb of a fish- 
hook. 

Barbate, armed with barbs, as the 
stems of certain plants. 

Whiskers consist of long beard on 
the sides of the face. 

Mustaches (pron. mus-tasW-es) con- 
sist of long beard on the upper lip. 

A Mane is a collection of long 
hair growing on the neck of an ani- 
mal. 

A Lock is a tuft of hair. 

A Curl is a small portion of curl- 
ing hair. 

A Ringlet is a small, ring-like curl. 
[dim. of ring.) 

Tresses are locks of human hair. 

A Cue is a long, tail-like body of 
braided hair worn at the back of the 
head. (Fr. queue, a tail.) 

Pilum, a short hair. (L.) Hence, 

Pile, the nap of cloth. 

Pilose, or Pilous, hairy; as, a pi- 
lose leaf. 

Shag is coarse hair or nap. 

Shagged, or Shaggy, rough with 
long hair or wool. 

Capillus, a long hair. (L.) Hence, 

Capillary, resembling hair in being 
long and slender; as, capillary tubes. 

A Horn is a hard body growing 
from the head of an animal. 

Cornu, a horn. (L.) Hence, 

Cornigerous, bearing horns. Oxen 
and goats are cornigerous animals. 
(L. gero, to bear.) 

Corn, an indurated and horny ex- 
crescence on the skin of the toes, 
caused by pressure. 

Corny, having the nature of horn. 

Cornu- Copice, the horn of plenty. 
See Art. Mythology. 

The Nails are horny substances 
growing at the ends of the human 
fingers and toes. 

The Claws are the nails of a fowl 
or quadruped. 

Talons are the claws of fowls. 

Hoofs are the horny bodies that 
cover the feet of certain quadrupeds. 

Feathers are the covering of birds 
and correspond to the hair of quad- 
rupeds. 



The Shaft is the long and stiff body 
of a feather. 

The Barrel is the round, hollow, 
and horny portion of the shaft. 

The Vane consists of the upper 
portion of the shaft with its membra- 
neous edges. 

A Quill is a very large and stiff 
feather, such as those which are used 
for pens. 

Down consists of very fine, soft 
feathers. 

Pluma, a feather. (L.) Hence, 

Plumage, feathers as they exist on 
the birds to which they belong. 

Plume, a feather worn in the way 
of ornament. 

To Plume one's self on any thing 
is to be proud of it; as, he plumes 
himself on his skill. 

A Scale is a small, thin, horny 
plate, forming a part of the covering 
of a fish. 

Squama, a scale. (L.) Hence, 

Squa'miform, having the form of 
scales. 

Squa f mose or Squa'mous, scaly. 

Squamig' erous, bearing scales. 
(L., gero, to bear.) 

A Crust is the hard covering of the 
crab and other animals of the same 
class. 

Crustaceous, covered with a crust. 

Crustacea, a class of animals dis- 
tinguished by being covered with a 
crust-like armor after the manner of 
the crab. 

A Shell is the hard, stony covering 
of moluscus animals, such as the 
oyster or muscle. 

Testa, a shell. (L.) Hence, 

Testaceous^ covered with a shell; 
as, a testaceous animal. 

Testacea, a class of animals distin- 
guished by having hard, stony shells. 

3. Divisions and Organs of the Hu- 
man Body. 

The HEAD is the uppermost part 
of the human body, or the foremost 
part of prone or creeping animals. 

The Poll is the head. 

A Poll is a head or person in an 
enumeration for civil purposes. 



ANATOMY. 



115 



The Xoddle is the head in con- 
tempt. 

Caput [capitis], the head. (L.) 
Hence, 

Chapter, a head or principal divi- 
sion of a book. 

Capital, 1. The head of a column. 
2. The head or chief city of a coun- 
try. 3. The head or principal sum 
in contradistinction from the interest. 

Capital, (adj.) 1. Being the head 
or chief in point of importance; as, 
a capital city; the capital articles 
of religion. 2. Punishable by the 
loss of the head, or of life ; as a cap- 
ital offense. 3. Used in headings of 
chapters, etc., as capital letters. 

Capitation, a numbering of per- 
sons by the head. 

Capitation-tax, a tax of a certain 
fixed amount levied on each head or 
person without reference to property. 

Captain, 1. A head or chief mili- 
tary leader. The Duke of "Welling- 
ton was a distinguished captain. 1. 
The head officer of a company. 

Decapitate, to behead. 

Sinciput, the forepart of the head. 
(sin. fore; and ciput for caput.) 

Sincipital^ pertaining to the fore- 
part of the head; as, the sincipital 
region.) 

Occiput, the hinder part of the 
head, (ob, hinder.) 

Occipital, pertaining to the hinder 
part of the head; as, the occipital 
region. 

Ceps \_cipitis~], the head. (L., for 
caput.) Hence, 

To Precipitate, to throw headlong; 
that is, headforemost. {prce, fore- 
most.) 

Precipitate, 1. Moving with head- 
long speed; as, a precipitate flight. 
2. Acting with headlong haste ; that 
is. without due deliberation. 

Bicipital, having two heads, (hi, 
two.) 

kesaah [Ceph'-a-le], the head. 
(Gr.) Hence, 

CephaVic, pertaining to the head. 

Acephalous, without a head, (a, 
without.) 



The Temples are the sides of the 
head. 

Tem'pora, the temples. (L.) Hence. 

Temporal, pertaining to the tem- 
ples; as, the temporal bones. 

The Crown is the top of the head. 

The Vertex is the middle part of 
the crown where the hair turns in 
different directions. (L. verto, to turn.) 
Hence, 

Vertical, situated directly over- 
head. 

The Scalp is the hairy part of the 
skin of the head. 

The Skull consists of several con- 
cavo-convex bones, so united as to 
form the large cavity which contains 
the brain. 

Cranium, the skull. (L.) Hence. 

Cranial, pertaining to the skull : 
as, the cranial bones. 

Craniology, the science which in- 
vestigates the structure of the skulls 
of animals, particularly in relation to 
their specific character and intel- 
lectual powers. (Gr., xs>o? [logos'], a 
discourse.) 

Pericranium, the periosteum of the 
skull. (Gr., -m^i \_peri]. around.) 

The Face is the forepart of the 
human head, from the hair of the 
scalp to the lower part of the chin. 

Facial, pertaining to the face. 

The Facial Angle is the angle con- 
tained between a line drawn from 
the middle of the entrance of the ear 
to the edge of the nostrils, and another 
drawn from this latter point to the 
most prominent part of the ridge of 
the eyebrow. 

Note. — The size of this angle is regarded as 
the measure of intelligence or intellectual capa- 
city in comparing the different races of men with 
each other, or in comparing different species of 
animals. 

The Features consist in the con- 
formation of the different portions of 
the face. 

The Lineaments are the outlines 
of the human face. (L., linea, a line.) 

Note. — The lineaments are the lines which the 
artist copies in sketching the human features. 

The Physiognomy is the fixed form 
of the features as indicative of intel- 
lectual character. ((jr., yuei; [phi/sis], 



116 



ANATOMY. 



the character, and >v«/w» \_gno'me~], a 
sign by which to judge.) 

The Countenance is the face in 
reference to its varying expression as 
indicative of the thoughts and feel- 
ings ; as, a sad countenance ; a cheer- 
ful countenance. (L., contineo, to 
contain, because the countenance 
contains all the features of the face.) 

The Visage is the human face in 
reference to its general aspect. 

Note.— The term visage is used, 1. In reference 
to the form of the face ; as, an elongated visage; 
a broad visage. 2. In reference to the appearance 
of the face as modified by the state of the health ; 
as, ajjafe visage; a ghastly visage. 3. In reference 
to the expression of the face ; as, a stem visage ; 
a rueful visage. 

The Looks are the general appear- 
ance. 

Note.— The looks include the features, the 
complexion, and the expression of the face. 

Expression is the visible manifes- 
tation, in the face, of the feelings 
and emotions, and of mental or moral 
character. 

The Phiz is the human visage. 
(Contracted from physiognomy.) 

Note. — The term phiz is used either ludicrously, 
or by way of contempt. 

The Forehead is the portion of the 
face included between the eyes and 
the hair of the scalp. 

Frons \_frontis~], the forehead. (L.) 
Hence, 

Frontal, pertaining to the forehead. 

Confront, to bring together front 
to front, or face to face ; as, to con- 
front one person with another, {con, 
together.) 

Affront, lit, to meet face to face. 
Hence, 1. To offer abuse to the face. 
2. To give cause of offense to, with- 
out being present with the person. 
{ad, to.) 

The Eye is the organ of sight. 

The Eyeball is the globe of the eye. 

The Cornea the circular, convex, 
and transparent membrane which 
forms the forepart of the ball of the 
eye. (L., comu, horn, from its horny 
texture. ) 

The Sclerotica is a strong, Avhite- 
colored membrane which forms the 
outer coat of that portion of the eye- 



ball which is situated behind the cor- 
nea. (Cr., ca^goc [scleros'], hard.) 

The Iris is a flat, colored mem- 
brane seen through the transparent 
cornea. (L., iris, the rainbow.) 

Note. — The iris of the eye is thus called in 
reference to its lively color, as well as in refer- 
ence to its form. 

The Pupil, or Apple of the Eye 
is a small road opening in the 
middle of the iris, presenting the 
appearance of a dark spot. 

The Choroid is a membrane lining 
the interior of the sclerotica. 

The Ket / ina is a membraneous ex- 
pansion of the optic nerve lining the 
inside of the choroid coat. (L., ref-te, 
a net. ) 

The Crystalline Lens is a trans- 
parent, double convex body situated 
directly behind the pupil. Its office 
is to converge the rays to a focus on 
the retina. 

The Aqueous Humor is a watery 
liquid filling the anterior chamber of 
the eye. (L., humor, moisture.) 

The Vitreous Humor fills the pos- 
terior chamber of the eye, and con- 
sists of water contained in a collec- 
tion of very small membraneous cells. 
(L., vitrum, glass.) 

The Sockets or Orbits are the ca- 
vities which contain the eyeballs. 

The Eyelids consist of portions of 
moveable skin with which animals 
cover and uncover the eyes at plea- 
sure. 

The Eyelashes consist of stiff 
hairs inserted in the edges of the 
eyelids. 

The Eyebrows are the hairy arches 
above the eyes. {Brow, the border 
of a steep place.) 

Cilia, the eyelids. Also the hairs 
of the eyelid. (L.) Hence, 

Cilia, long hairs on the margin of 
a vegetable body. 

Ciliary, pertaining to the eyelids, 
or to hairs resembling the hairs of 
the eyelids. 

Super cilium, the eyebrow. (L., 
super, over ; and cilium, the eyelid. ) 
Hence, 

Superciliary, pertaining to the eye 
brows. 



ANATOMY. 



117 



Supercilious, haughty, because 
haughtiness is manifested by draw- 
ing up the eyebrows. 

Oculus, the eye. (L.) Hence, 

Ocular, received by the eye; as, 
ocular evidence. 

Oculist, one who professes to cure 
diseases of the eye. 

o$0AAMO2 [Ophthalmos], the eye. 
(Gr.) Hence, 

Ophthalmia, an inflammation of 
the eye. 

The Ears are the organs of hear- 
ing. 

Note 1. — The ear is composed of three parts ; 

1. The external ear. 2. The middle ear or tympan- 
um. 3. The internal ear or labyrinth. 

The Tympanum is thus called on 
account of its resemblance to a drum. 
A membrane separating the meatus 
or passage of the external ear from 
the cavity of the middle ear, serves 
as the head of the drum. It is filled 
with air. (L., tympanum, a drum.) 

The Labyrinth is thus called from 
the winding passages with which it 
abounds. It is filled with water. 

Note. — The auditory (hearing) nerve lines the 
passages of the labyrinth. 

Auris, the ear. (L.) Hence, 

Auricular, whispered or spoken 
privately in the ear; as, auricular 
confession. 

Aurist, one who professes to cure 
diseases of the ear. 

The Nose is that prominent portion 
of the face in which the organs of 
smell are situated. 

The Nostrils are the two corre- 
sponding cavities of the nose. 

The Bridge is the upper and bony 
portion of the nose. 

The Septum is the partition which 
separates the nostrils. 

The Al.e or Wings are the soft ex- 
ternal sides of the nose. 

Nasus, the nose. (L.) Hence, 

Nasal, 1. Pertaining to the nose. 

2. Formed or affected by the nose ; 
as, a nasal sound. 

A Snout is the projecting nose of 
a beast, as that of the swine. 

A Proboscis is, 1. The long flexible 
snout of the elephant. 2. The instru- 
ment with which an insect sucks the 



blood of animals. 3. The human 
nose, either ludicrousl} 7 , or by way of 
contempt. 

A Nozzle is a nose or snout. 

Nosle (pron. nozzle), a little nose. 
(Dim. of nose.) 

A Snub Nose is a short and flat 
nose. 

A Pug Nose is a short and thick 
nose. 

The Mouth is the orifice through 
which an animal utters his voice and 
receives his food. 

A Beak, Bill, or Neb, is the horny 
mouth of a bird. 

The Nib is the end of the beak. 

Os [oris'], the mouth. (L.) Hence, 

Oral, uttered by the mouth, in op- 
position to written ; as, oral testimo- 
ny, oral traditions. 

Oration, a speech, in reference to 
its being uttered by the mouth. 

Orifice, a mouth-like opening. 

The Lips are the borders of the 
opening of the mouth. 

Note.— The rips consist of two fleshy parts 
covering the front teeth, and are capable of be- 
ing open and shut at pleasure. 

Labium, a lip. (L.) Hence, 

Labial, modified by the lips; as, 
labial sounds. 

Labiate, lip-formed. (Spoken of 
certain flowers.) 

The Cheeks are the sides of the 
face below the eyes. 

Mala, a cheek. (L.) Hence, 

Malar, belonging to the cheeks; as, 
the malar bones. 

The Palate, or Koof of the Mouth 
is the upper boundary of the cavity 
of the mouth. 

The Jaws are the bones in which 
the teeth are fixed. 

Maxilla, a jaw. (L.) Hence, 

Maxillary, pertaining to the jaws, 
as the maxillary bones. 

A Tooth (plural teeth,) is a bony 
substance growing out of the jaw of 
an animal, and serving as an organ 
for seizing, tearing, or masticating its 
food. 

The Enamel is a substance harder 
than ordinary bone which covers the 
crown or visible part of a tooth. 



118 



ANATOMY. 



Ivory is the substance of the teeth 
of elephants. 

The Incisors, or Cutting Teeth, 
have a sharp, thin edge, adapted to 
the division of hard substances by 
cutting, and are situated at the front 
of the mouth, four above and four 
below. (L., incido [incisum], to cut 
into.) 

The Canine Teeth, or Cuspids, are 
four in number — two in each jaw — 
and are situated on each side of the 
incisors. They are pointed at the 
extremity, and are adapted to hold- 
ing or tearing. 

Note. — These are called canine teeth, because 
they resemble the teeth of a dog ; ( L., canis, a 
dog ; ) and they are called cuspids on account of 
their pointed form. (L. cuspis, a point.) 

The Eye Teeth are the upper cus- 
pids. 

The Bicuspids are eight in number, 
four in each jaw, and are situated in 
pairs behind the cuspids. Each bi- 
cuspid has two cusps, or points, and 
hence the name, {bi, two.) 

The Molars, or Grinding Teeth, 
are twelve in number, six in each 
jaw, and are situated in threes be- 
hind the bicuspids. They are crowned 
with broad, flat, uneven surfaces, and 
are thus adapted to process of grind- 
ing. (L., mola, a millstone.) 

The Wisdom Teeth are the hind- 
most molars. They are thus called, 
because they do not make their ap- 
pearance till the person is verging on 
the age of manhood, or womanhood. 

The Temporary, Deciduous, or 
Milk Teeth, are those which make 
their appearance in infancy, are shed 
in childhood, and are succeeded by 
the permanent teeth. {Deciduous, 
from decido, to fall, or to be shed.) 

Tusks, in animals, are the canine 
teeth much elongated. 

A Fang is the sharp pointed tooth 
of a serpent. 

A Snag is the remnant of a broken 
tooth. 

Dens \_dentis~], a tooth, (L.) 
Hence, 

Dental, pertaining to the teeth, as 
dental surgery. 



Dentist, a surgeon who practices 
on the teeth. 

Dentistry, the art of operating on 
the teeth. 

Dentate, in botany, spoken of a 
leaf whose edges are notched so as 
to represent teeth. 

Denticulated, notched so as to rep- 
resent little teeth. (L., denticuius, a 
little tooth.) 

Indent, to form a small depression 
in the surface of a solid body like a 
toothmark. 

The Tongue is an elongated, soft, 
and flexible organ, situated at the 
bottom of the cavity of the mouth, in- 
serted backward, and extending for- 
ward. 

Note. — The tongue is the principal organ of 
taste, and also aids in deglutition and articula- 
tion. The fibers of the gustatory nerves (or nerves 
of taste) are distributed over the surface of the 
tongue and the adjacent parts of the mouth. 

Lingua, the tongue. (L.) Hence, 

Lingual, articulated by the aid of 
the tongue; as, lingual letters. 

The Uvula is a small and some- 
what elongated body situated at the 
back and upper part of the mouth. 
{Dim. of L. uva, a grape.) 

The Neck is the narroAV portion of 
the body which connects the head 
with the trunk. 

The Throat is the forepart of the 
neck. 

The Throttle is, 1. The throat. 
2. The windpipe. 

To Throttle is to seize by the throat. 

The Nape of the Neck is the prom- 
inent part of the neck behind. 

Collum, the neck. (L. ) Hence, 

Collar, something to be worn 
around the neck. 

Decollate, to behead, {de, off.) 

A Trunk is a thick portion of a 
body, as a tree exclusive of its 
branches and roots. 

The Trunk of the human body con- 
sists of all the parts below the neck, 
exclusive of the legs and arms. 

The Backbone, Spine, or Spinal 
Column, consist of 26 irregularly 
shaped pieces of bone, fitted one piece 
to another, and forming a continuous 
column which extends from the up- 



ANATOMY. 



119 



per part of the neck to the lower part 
of the trunk. 

A Vertebra (plural vertebrae) is a 
single bone of the spinal column. 
(L., verto, to turn, because these 
bones turn freely on each other.) 

Vertebrate animals are such as 
have a spinal column, as man, quad- 
rupeds, birds and fishes. 

The Collar Bones or Clavicles 
are two bones immediately below the 
neck, joined at one end to the shoul- 
der blade, and at the other, to the 
breast bone. 

The Scapula, or Shoulder Blades, 
are two broad triangular bones lying 
at the back of the ribs, and articu- 
lated with the upper bones of the 
arms. 

The Sternum, or Breast-Bone, ex- 
tends on the front of the body from 
the neck to the stomach. 

The Ribs are long, narrow, curving 
bones reaching from the spine to the 
sternum. 

Costa, a rib. (L.) Hence, 

Costal, pertaining to the ribs; as, 
costal nerves. 

Intercostal, situated between the 
ribs; as, the intercostal muscles. 
{inter, between.) 

The Thorax is the strong, bony 
case which is composed of the 
sternum, the ribs, and that portion 
of the spine with which the posterior 
ends of the ribs are connected. 

The Chest includes the upper part 
of the trunk, and contains within its 
cavity the lungs and the heart. 

The Breast is the front part of the 
chest. 

Note. — In popular language the breast is spo- 
ken of as the seat of the feelings and passions ; 
but we must not understand such language as 
being literally true. By the term breast is 
meant the soul. 

Pectus [pectoris], the breast. (L.) 
Hence, 

Pectoral, pertaining to the breast ; 
as, the pectoral muscles ; pectoral dis- 
eases ; pectoral remedies. 

Expectorate, to throw up matter 
from the breast by coughing, (ex, 
from.) 



Expectorants, medicines which pro- 
mote epectoration. 

2TH0O2 [Stethos], the breast. 
(Gr.) Hence, 

Stetl/oscope, an instrument for de- 
termining the condition of the lungs 
in regard to disease. (Gr., vwmu 
[scopeo], to observe.) 

Note. — The stethoscope consists of a funnol- 
shaped wooden tube, the broad end of which the 
physician applies to the breast of his patient. 
while to the other end he applies his ear. Tho 
character of the murmur arising from the pas- 
sage of the air to and from the cells of the lungs 
affords to the physician the desired information. 

The Bosom is, 1. The breast, 
2. The folds of the garments about 
the breast. 

To Embosom is to surround and 
inclose, as in the bosom of a loose 
robe, (en, in.) 

The Breasts are two soft protuber- 
ances situated on the anterior part of 
the thorax, and designed for the se- 
cretion of milk. 

The Paps or Nipples are small 
spongy protuberances surmounting 
the breasts. 

Mamma (plural mammas), a breast. 
(L.) Hence, 

Mammiferous, bearing mammce, or 
organs for the secretion of milk. 
(L.,/ero, to bear.) 

Mammalia, a class comprehending 
all such animals as suckle their young. 

Mammal, a mammiferous animal. 

Mammology, that branch of natural 
science which treats of mammiferous 
animals. (Gr., uyzs [logos], a dis- 
course.) 

An Udder is an organ for the se- 
cretion of milk. (Spoken in relation 
to female beasts.) 

A Bag is a large round udder, like 
that of the cow. 

A Teat is a pap. 

A Dug is the teat of a beast. 

The Pleura is a membrane lining 
the cavity of the chest. (Gr., Khiv^* 
[pleura], the side.) 

Pleurisy, or Pleuritis, is an inflam- 
mation of the pleura. 

The Lungs, or Lights, are the 
organs of respiration (or breathing.) 
They are very soft and spongy, and 



120 



ANATOMY. 



consist of a vast number of minute 
membraneous cells. 

Pulmo [pulmonis'], the lungs. (L.) 
Hence, 

Pulmonic, affecting the lungs ; as, 
pulmonic disease. 

Pulmonary, 1. Pertaining to the 
lungs; as, a pulmonary artery. 2. Af- 
fecting the lungs ; as, pulmonary dis- 
ease. 

nNETMfiN [Pneumon], the lungs. 
(Gr., from mv* [pneo], to breathe.) 
Hence, 

Pneumonic, affecting the lungs ; as, 
pneumonic disease. 

Pneumonia, or Pneumonitis, in- 
flammation of the lungs. 

Peripneumonia, an inflammation 
of the investing membrane of the 
lungs. (Gr., 'rigi [pert], around.) 

The Windpipe, Weasand, or Tra- 
chea, is a large cartilaginous tube ex- 
tending from the upper part of the 
throat to the upper part of the lungs. 

The Bronchia are the ramifications 
of the windpipe in the lungs. 
- Bronchial, pertaining to the bron- 
chiae ; as, the bronchial tubes. 

Bronchitis is an inflammation of 
the bronchice. 

The Heart is the organ which 
gives the first impulse to the blood in 
the circulation. 

Note. — The heart consists of muscular fibers. 
It is somewhat conical in form, and is situated in 
the left cavity of the chest, with the base directed 
backward and upward, and the apex forward and 
downward. 

The Ventricles are two large cavi- 
ties contained within the body of the 
heart. (L., ventriculus, a little belly.) 

Note. — The ventricles are distinguished as 
the right and the left. 

The Auricles are two earlike ap- 
pendages situated at the base of the 
heart. (L., auricula, a little ear.) 

Note. — The auricles are likewise distinguished 
by the designations right and left; and the cavity 
of each auricle communicates with the cavity of 
its corresponding ventricle. 

The Pericardium is a membraneous 
sheath which incloses the heart. 
(Gr., vm [peri'], around; and xa/xfca 
[cardia], the heart.) 

Cor [cordis], the heart. (L.) 
Hence, 



Cordate, heartshaped. (Spolcen of 
leaves. ) 

Cordiform, having the form of the 
human heart. 

Cordial, 1. Reviving to the heart 
in a medicinal sense. 

Note. — A cordial is a drink calculated to re- 
vive a person who is weary or faint. 

2. Coming from the heart; as, a cor- 
dial Avelcome. 

Cceur, the heart. (Fr.) Hence, 

Courage, bravery. 

Note. — The heart is figuratively spoken of as 
the seat of the affections, such as love, pity, ha- 
tred, etc. 

The Bloodvessels are appendages 
of the heart which serve to convey 
the blood to and from the different 
parts of the system. 

Note. — The bloodvessels are divided into two 
, to wit : the arteries and the veins. 



The Arteries are elastic tubes 
which serve to convey the blood 
from the heart to the different parts 
of the body. (Gr., «o»g [aer], air; and 
Tnpta> [tereo], to hold.) 

Note. — The arteries had their designation from 
the circumstance that in the lifeless body these 
vessels are always empty of blood, and filled 
with air ; and, hence, the ancients supposed that 
their office was to convey air, or animal spirits 
through the system. Their true office was dis- 
covered by Hervey, an English physician of the 
17th century, who first established the doctrine 
of the circulation of the blood. 

The Veins are soft, flabby vessels, 
which convey the blood from the dif- 
ferent parts of the body to the heart. 

Vena, a vein. (L.) Hence, 

Venous, be 
venous blood. 

The Abdomen or Belly embraces 
the front and lateral portions of the 
trunk below the chest. 

Venter, the belly. (L.) Hence, 
Ventral, pertaining to the belly ; 
as, the ventral fins of a fish. 

Ventricose, swelling out like a 
belly. 

Ventriloquist, one who seems to 
speak from the belly. See the Term 
Loquor. 

The Diaphragm or Midriff is the 
membrane that separates the cavity 
of the abdomen from that of the 
chest. 



ANATOMY. 



121 



Note. — The cavity of the abdomen contains 
the stomach, the intestines, the liver, the pancreas, 
the spleen, and other organs. 

The Stomach is a musculo-mem- 
braneous sack, into which the food 
is first received, and where it is par- 
tially digested. 

TA2THP [Gaster], the stomach. 
(Gr.) Hence, 

Gastric, pertaining to the stomach ; 
as, the gastric juice; gastric disor- 
ders. 

Gastritis, an inflammation of the 
stomach. 

Gastronomy, the science of good 
eating. (Gr. vo/uos [nomos~], a' law.) 

A Maw is the stomach of a brute. 

The Paunch, in ruminating quad- 
rupeds, is the first and largest stom- 
ach into which the food is received 
previous to rumination. 

Note. — The term paunch is also applied to 
the human stomach or abdomen by way of con- 
tempt. 

Tut paunches have lean pates, and dainty bits 
Make rich the ribs, but bankrupt quite the 
wits. — Shakspeare. 

The Crop is the first stomach of 
a fowl. 

Note. — The crop is membraneous in its struc- 
ture. 

The Gizzard is the second stom- 
ach of a fowl. 

Note. — The gizzard is a strong, hollow muscle, 
and is adapted to the trituration of grains and 
other solid food. 

The Gullet or (Esophagus is a 
muscular tube which conveys the 
food from the mouth to the stomach. 

The Intestines are the long mus- 
culo-membranous tube which receives 
the food from the stomach, and in 
which the process of digestion is 
completed. (L., intus, within.) 

ENTEPON [Enteron], an intestine. 
(Gr.) Hence, 

Enteritis, an inflammation of the 
intestinal tube. 

Entrails, 1. The intestines. 2. The 
internal parts; as, the entrails of the 
earth. 

The Bowels are 1. The intestines. 
2. The internal parts; as, the bowels 
of the earth. 3, and jig. The seat 
of pity or kindness. Hence, the 



term bowels is used in the sense of 
tenderness or compassion. 

The Viscera [plural of viscus~\, are 
the contents of the abdomen, thorax, 
and cranium. (L.) Hence, 

To Viscerate, or Eviscerate is to 
deprive of the viscera, (e, privative.) 

The Liver is a large glandular 
organ situated at the right side and 
in the upper part of the abdomen. 
Its office is to secrete the bile. 

The Pancreas (called by butchers 
the Sweet-Bread), is an organ of a 
fleshy appearance, secreting a fluid 
called the pancreatic juice. (Gr., ttwi 
\_pan~], all; and *§**£ \creas~\, flesh.) 

The Spleen or Milt is an oblong, 
flesh-colored organ whose office is 
not known. 

Note. — The ancients supposed this organ to be 
the seat of melancholy, anger, and vexation. 
Hence, in a fig. sense the word spleen signifies 
anger, ill-humor, or secret spite ; as, when we 
say, he vents his spleen. Hence, 

Splen'etic, peevish. 

The Mesentery is a membrane 
which incloses the different portions 
of the intestines, and is itself at- 
tached posteriorly to the lumbar ver- 
tebrae. (Gr. juicrs; \jnesos~], middle, and 
iVTt^ov [enteroii], an intestine.) 

The Peritoneum is the membrane 
which lines the cavity of the abdo- 
men. (Gr. sreg/ [perQ, around; and 
Toviu [toneo~\, to stretch.) 

The Loins are the space on each 
side of the backbone between the 
lowest of the ribs and the haunch- 
bone. 

Lumbus, the loin. (L.) Hence, 

Lumbar, pertaining to the loins; 
as, the lumbar vertebrae. 

The Haunches or Hips are the 
lower and lateral portions of the 
trunk which are situated between the 
lower ribs and the thighs. 

The Pelvis is the lowest part of 
the cavity of the abdomen. (L., pelvis, 
a basin.) 

The Extremities are the extreme 
parts or ends of the body. 

The Limbs are the legs and the 
arms. 

The Legs are the lower extremi- 



122 



ANATOMY. 



ties, and serve as organs of locomo- 
tion. 

The Thigh is the portion of the 
leg which is between the hip and the 
knee. 

Femur \_femoris~\, the thigh. (L.) 
Hence, 

Femoral, pertaining to the thigh; 
as, the femoral artery. 

The Patella or Kneepan is a fiat, 
moveable bone, situated on the front 
of the knee. 

The Lower Leg contains two long 
bones extending from the knee to the 
ankle. They are called by anatomists 
the tibia, and the fibula. 

The Tibia is the shinbone. 

The Fibula is similar to the tibia, 
but smaller. 

The Shank is the bone of the leg 
from the knee to the ankle. 

The Shin is the fore-part of the 
leg directly above the foot. 

The Foot is the lowest portion of 
the lower extremity. 

Pes [pedis], a foot. (L.) Hence, 

Pedestrian, one who travels on foot. 

Pedestal, the foot of a column. 

Pedal, a contrivance attached to a 
piano, and designed to be pressed by 
the foot for the purpose of modifying 
the sound of the instrument. 

Peduncle, the footstalk which sup- 
ports the flower of a plant. (Pedun- 
culus, a little foot.) 

Pedicel, the ultimate division of a 
common peduncle. (Pedicellus, a 
little foot.) 

Impede, lit., to lay things in the 
way of the feet. Hence, To hinder. 
(in, in the way of.) 

Peddle, to travel on foot and carry 
small wares for sale. 

Pediluvium, 1. A bathing of the feet. 
2. A bath for the feet. (L. lavo, to 
wash.) 

HOT2 [Pous, podis], a foot. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Tripod, a stool with three feet. 
(tri, three.) 

Antipodes, those who live on the 
opposite side of the earth, and have 
their feet opposite to ours, (*vt/ 
[anti], opposite.) 



The Instep is the fore and upper 
part of the foot near its junction with 
the leg. 

The Heel is the hinder part of the 
foot. 

The Sole is the bottom of the foot. 

The Toes are the extremities of the 
foot. 

The Tarsus is the part of the foot 
to which the leg is articulated, and 
includes the instep and heel. 

The Tarsal Bones are the bones of 
the instep and heel. Their number 
in each foot is seven. 

The Metatarsus is the portion of 
the foot between the instep and the 
toes. (Gr., [Air* [meta~], beyond.) 

The Metatarsal Bones are situated 
between the instep and the toes. 

Note. — There are five metatarsal bones in each 
foot. 

The Arms are the upper extremi- 
ties. 

The Shoulder is the joint which 
connects the arm with the body. 

Humerus, the shoulder. (L.) Hence, 

Humeral, pertaining to the should- 
er ; as, the humeral artery. 

Humerus, the bone of the upper 
arm. 

The Forearm is that part of the 
arm which is included between the 
elbow and the wrist. 

Note. — The forearm consists of two bones, the 
ulna and the radius. 

The Ulna is articulated with the 
humerus at the elbow, forming a 
hinge joint. 

The Radius is articulated with the 
bones of the wrist. 

Note. — The ulna and the radius are, at each 
extremity, articulated with each other. 

The Hand is the extremity of the 
arm, and includes the palm and 
fingers. 

Manus, the hand. (L.) Hence, 

Manual, performed by the hand ; 
as, manual labor. 

A Manual is a book for frequent 
use, and made so small that it may 
be conveniently handled. 

To Manufacture is to make by 
means of the hands. (L.,facio [fac- 
tum], to make.) 



ANATOMY. 



123 



A Manuscript is written with the 
hand, (in opposition to printed.) (L., 
scribo [scrvpturri], to write.) 

To Manumit is to send away a 
slave from one's hand with his free- 
dom. (L., mitto \_missum~], to send.) 

A Maniple is a handful. 

To Manipulate is to operate upon 
any thing with the hands. 

xeip [Cheir], the hand. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Chirography, the art of writing; 
or, of employing the hand in the 
formation of letters. (Gr., ypzqa 
[grapho], to write.) 

Chiromancy, a pretended art of 
telling fortunes and determining char- 
racter by an inspection of the lines 
of the hand. (Gr., pom^ua [manteia~], 
prophecy. ) 

The Palm is the inner part of the 
hand. 

Palmistry is the art of telling 
fortunes by an inspection of the 
lines on the palm of the hand. 

Palmate, resembling the hand 
with the fingers spread. (Spoken of 
leaves, and of the horns of certain 
animals of the deer kind.) 

The Fingers are the extremities 
of the hand. Their office is to seize. 
(Ger. fdngen, to seize.) 

The Thumb is the short, thick finger 
of the human hand. 

The Index or Forefinger is the 
finger next to the thumb. (L., index, 
a pointer.) 

The Middle Finger is next to the 
forefinger. ) 

The King Finger is next to the 
middle finger. 

The Little Finger is on the oppo- 
site part of the hand from the thumb. 

Digitus, a finger or a toe. (L.) 
Hence, 

Digit, in arithmetic, a character 
representing any whole number under 
ten. Thus, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 
are called digits. These figures are 
thus called from the practice of 
counting small numbers on the fin- 
fe >rs. 

Digitate, finger-shaped. 

Note. — A digitate leaf, in botany, is one which 



branches into several distinct leaflets, like 
fingers. 

Digitigrade, walking on the toes, 
as the dog or wolf. (L., gradior, to 
walk. ) 

AAKTTA02 [Dactylos], a finger. 
(Gr.) Hence, 

Dactyl, a poetical foot consisting 
of one long and two short syllables, 
and resembling, in this respect, a 
finger, which consists of one long 
and two short bones. 

The Fist is the hand closed. 

The Carpus or Wrist is a short 
portion of the upper extremity inter- 
mediate between the forearm and the 
hand. 

Note. — The Carpus is composed of eight bones, 
arranged in two rows. 

The Metacarpus consists of the 
bones which lie between the corpus 
and the fingers. 

Note. — The metacarpal bones of each hand 
are five in number. 

The Phalanges are the ranges of 
bones which form the fingers and the 
toes. (Gr., <pa\*y{; [phalanx], a body 
of armed men. ) 

Note 1. — The regular ranges of the bones of 
the fingers and toes resemble files of soldiers, 
and hence the designation phalanx. 

Note 2. — Each finger and toe consists of three 
bones. 

4. Of the Nervous System. 

The NERVOUS SYSTEM in- 
cludes the brain, the spinal marrow, 
and the nerves. 

The Brain is the portion of the 
nervous system which is contained 
within the skull. 

Note. — The brain is inclosed within three 
membranes ; to wit : the dura mater, the arach- 
noid, and the pia mater. 

The Dura Mater is a firm, fibrous 
membrane which lines the interior 
of the skull and spinal column. It 
also sends forth processes or branches 
which serve as sheaths for the 
nerves. (L., dura, hard; and mater, 
mother.) 

Note. — This membrane was called mater by 
the ancient anatomists, because they supposed 
it to be the mother or origin of all the other 
membranes of the body. 

The Arachnoid lines the inside of 



124 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



the dura mater. It is so called from 
its extreme tenuity, as it resembles 
in this respect a spider's web. (Gr., 
a f>*X Vi > [aracJme], a spider; and uSoc 
[eidos], a resemblance.) 

The Pia Mater, lying next to the 
brain, and insinuating itself between 
the convolutions of that organ, con- 
sists of innumerable vessels held to- 
gether by cellular membrane. (L., 
pia, tender; and mater, mother.) 

Note. — This membrane is termed pia on ac- 
count of its texture being less firm than the 
dura mater. 

The Cerebrum is the anterior por- 
tion of the brain. (L., cerebrum, the 
brain. ) 

Note. — The cerebrum i§ divided into two 
hemispheres, right and left, by a cleft or fissure. 

The Cerebellum is the posterior 



and smaller portion of the brain. (L., 
cerebellum, a little brain.) 

Note. — The brain is regarded by physiologists 
as the organ of the mind. The cerebrum is sup- 
posed to be the seat of the thinking faculties, 
and the cerebellum, the seat of the" animal pro- 
pensities. 

The Spinal Cord or Spinal Mar- 
row is a prolongation of the sub- 
stance of the brain along the cavity 
of the spinal column. 

The Medulla Oblongata is the 
portion of the spinal cord which lies 
within the cavity of the skull. 

The Nerves are small, threaddike 
cords issuing in pairs from the skull 
and spinal column, and consisting of 
the substance of the brain inclosed 
in membranous sheaths. 

Note. — The nerves may be divided into three 
classes : 1. The nerves of sensation. 2. The motor 
nerves on which muscular motion depends. 3. The 
nerves which preside over the vital functions. 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



1. Definition of the Term. 

PHYSIOLOGY, according to its 
etymology, and according to the an- 
cient use of the term, is the science 
of nature. (Gr., <$u<ric \j)hysis~\, nature; 
and xoyoc [logos'], a discourse.) 

Physiology, according to the mod- 
ern use of the term, is that depart- 
ment of natural science which treats 
of the laws and phenomena of life. 

Note. — This science is divided into two great 
departments, to wit: animal physiology and vege- 
table physiology. 

2. Sensation. 

SENSE is the faculty by which 
the mind becomes aware of the ex- 
istence and properties of external 
objects by impressions made on cer- 
tain organs of the body. (L., sentio 
[sensuni], to feel or perceive.) 

Sensible, capable of feeling the im- 
pressions made by external objects. 
The hand is sensible to heat, and the 
eye to light. 

Sensitive, having a quick and acute 
sensibility. 

Sensual, affecting the senses, or de- 
pending on them ; &s,sensual pleasures. 



A Sensualist is a person given to 
excessive or gross indulgence of the 
appetites or senses. 

The Five Senses are sight, hear- 
ing, smell, taste, and touch or feeling. 

Note 1. — The general sense of feeling is dis- 
tributed among 36 pairs of nerves, of which 30 
pairs have their origin in the spinal marrow, one 
pair passing off at each vertebral joint. To each 
of the other senses but a single pair of nerves is 
appropriated, and these arise from the brain 
within the cranium. 

Note 2. — The nerves of sight are termed the 
optic nerves; those of hearing, the auditory; those 
of smell, the olfactory ; those of taste, the gusta- 
tory ; and those of touch, the tactual nerves. 

Note 3. — A membranous expansion of one 
of the optic nerves is spread over the interior 
of the posterior chamber of each eye. One 
of the auditory nerves is distributed among 
the winding passages of the internal portion of 
each ear. One of the olfactory nerves spreads 
its ramifications over the lining membrane of 
each nostril ; the fibers of the gustatory nerve3 
terminate in the surface of the tongue and pal- 
ate ; and the nerves of feeling are found in every 
part of the body, both external and internal. 

Note 4. — Each class of the nerves of sensa- 
tion have a kind of sensibility which is peculiar 
to themselves. The optic nerves are sensible 
only to light ; the auditory, to sound ; the olfac- 
tory, to scents ; the gustatory, to the chemical 
qualities of substances ; and the nerves of feel- 
ing take cognizance of the properties of hard- 
ness, roughness, weight, and beat. 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



125 



3. To See. 

To SEE is to perceive by the eye. 

Sight is, 1. The act of seeing; as, a 
sight of land. 2. The faculty of see- 
ing. Certain animals are destitute of 
sight. 3. That which is seen ; as, an 
interesting sight. 

To Look is, 1. To direct the sight; 
as, to look at; to look toward; to 
look away from. 2. To have a par- 
ticular appearance ; as, to look well. 

A Look is, 1. An act of looking. 
2. A cast of the countenance. 

Lo ! is an exclamation used to di- 
rect the attention to some object of 
sight. 

To Behold is to. have the sight di- 
rected to some object. 

To View is to examine with the 
eye. 

A View is, 1. An act of seeing. 
2. The whole extent taken in by the 
eye. 

To Review is to view again, (re, 
again.) 

To Survey is to direct the sight 
successively to every part of an object 
or scene. (Fr., sur, over; and voir, 
to see ) 

A Glimpse is a momentary view. 

To Peep is to look slyly, or to look 
through a crevice. 

To Stare is to look with the eyes 
wide open and fixed. 

To Gaze is to look steadily and 
earnestly. 

To Ogle is to view with side 
glances, as in fondness. 

To Pry is to inspect closely ; as, to 
pry into. 

Video [visum], to see. (L.) Hence, 

Visible, that maybe seen. 

Visual, pertaining to the sight; as, 
the visual organs. 

Vision, 1. The faculty of sight. 
2. Actual seeing. 3. A supernatural 
appearance. 4. A dream. 

Visit, to go to see. 

Revise, to look over again for the 
purpose of correction ; as, to revise a 
composition, {re, again.) 

Revision, the act of looking over 
again. 

Supervise, to oversee, (super, over. ) 



Superv is ion , overs igh t. 

Envy, to look at with a feeling of 
uneasiness caused by the view of the 
superior prosperity or superior ex- 
cellencies of the party envied, (en 
for in, at.) 

Provide, lit., to see beforehand. 
Hence, To prepare or procure before- 
hand the things which we foresee 
will be needed, (pro, beforehand.) 

Provision, the act of providing. 

Provident, foreseeing wants and 
making the necessary arrangements 
for supplying them. 

Providence, 1. Foresight, accom- 
panied with the procurement of what 
is necessary for future use. 2. The 
superintending care of God. 

fePECio [spectum], to look. (L.) 
Hence, 

Spectacle, a sight. 

Spectator, a looker-on. 

To Speculate is to employ the men- 
tal vision in viewing a subject in its 
various aspects. 

Inspect, to examine by looking at. 
(in, at.) 

Respect, lit, to look back at, or to 
look again. Hence, Jig. To entertain 
a regard for. (re, back, or again.) 

Suspect, lit., to look at from under 
a cover, or from a place of conceal- 
ment. Hence. Jig. To apprehend the 
existence of guilt, mischief, or danger. 



Note. — The figure implied in the term 
is that of secretly watching the motions of an 
ill-disposed person, (sub, under.) 

Prospect, 1. A view of things within 
reach of the eye. 2. An intellectual 
view of things to come, (pro, for- 
ward.) X Retrospect. 

Prospective, looking forward in 
time. >£ Eetrospective. « 

Retrospect, a looking back on 
things past, (retro, backward.) 

Despise, to look down upon with 
contempt, (de, down.) 

Despicable, deserving to be looked 
down upon with contempt. 

Aspect, 1. The general appearance 
of things, whether seen by the bodily 
or by the mental eye ; as, the region 
presents a dreary aspect; public affairs 
have a favorable aspect 2. Position 



126 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



in relation to the points of the com- 
pass; as, the house has a southern 
aspect; that is, it looks toward the 
south, (ad, toward.) 

Circumspect, lit., looking around on 
all sides. Hence, jig. Cautious, (cir- 
cum, around.) 

Perspective, the application of geo- 
metrical principles to drawing on a 
plane surface true resemblances or 
pictures of objects as they appear to 
the eye from a given point, (per, 
through.) 

Perspicuous, easy to be looked 
through by the eye of the mind ; that 
is, clear and easily understood ; as, a 
perspicuous style, (per, through.) 

Perspicuity, the quality in style 
which renders the sense clear or 
transparent to the mental vision. 

Expect, to look out for; as, to ex- 
pect the arrival of a friend, or the oc- 
currence of an anticipated event. 

Note. — The term expect suggests the idea of 
looking out at a window in order to watch for 
the approach of some one whose coming is 
awaited with interest, (ex, out.) 

Conspicuous, adapted by its size 
and position to strike the view. 

Espy, to catch suddenly the sight 
of something secluded or partially 
hidden. 

To Descry is, 1. To have a sight of 
from a distance; as, the seamen de- 
scried land. 2. To distinguish one 
among a number of objects; as, to 
descry a person in a crowd. 

Pareo [paritum], to be visible. 
(L.) Hence, 

Appear, to be in view, (ad, to.) 

Apparent, 1. Seen either by the 
bodily or by the mental eye. 2. Seem- 
ing, in opposition to real. 

Apparition, a visible spirit. 

oiitomai [OpTOMAi],to see. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Optic, pertaining to vision ; as, the 
optic nerve ; an optic glass. 

Optics, the science of the laws of 
light and vision. 

Optician, one who makes or sells 
optic instruments. 

Dioptrics, that part of optics 
which treats of vision through tran- 



sparent media, as air, water and glass. 
(dia, through.) 

Catoptrics, that part of the science 
of optics which treats of vision by 
light reflected from mirrors, (cata, 
against.) }£ Dioptrics. 

Synopsis, an abridgement which 
presents the entire subject in a single 
view, (syn, together.) 

2KOnEf2 [Scopeo], to view. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Telescope, an optical instrument 
for viewing distant objects. (Gr, 
mht \tele~], afar.) 

Microscope, an instrument for view- 
ing minute objects. (Gr., /umpos [mi- 
cros'], small.) 

Anemfoscope, an instrument for 
showing visibly the course of the 
wind. (Gr., ctvejuos \a7iemos~\, the 
wind.) 

GEfiPEn [Theoreo], to see. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Theory is, 1. Speculation, or the 
viewing of principles. 2. The sci- 
ence of any thing as distinguished 
from the art; as, the theory and the 
practice of medicine. X Practice. 

A Theory is a system of principles 
conceived in the mind in relation to 
a particular subject; as, the theory of 
musical sounds. 

A Theorem is a proposition which 
the understanding sees to be true, 
and which may be proved by a chain 
of reasoning. 

To Vanish is, 1. To pass from a 
visible to an invisible state. Mist 
vanishes by being dissipated. 2. To 
pass beyond the limits of the vision. 
The lark may rise so high in the air 
as to vanish from the sight. 

Evanescent, 1. Quickly vanishing 
or passing away. The pleasures of 
this world are evanescent 2. Lessen- 
ing beyond the perception of the 
senses, (e, away.) 

The downy orchard, and the melting pulp 
Of mellow' fruit, the nameless nations feed 
Of evanescent insects. — Thomson. 

4. To Hear. 

To HEAR is to perceive by the 
ear. 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



127 



To Listen is to exert the attention 
in order to catch sounds or words. 

List is a contraction of Listen. 
(Used by the poets.) 

To Hearken is to listen to words 
addressed to ourselves. 

Hark ! listen ! (Used as the im- 
perative of to Hearken. ) 

Audio [auditum~], to hear. (L.) 
Hence, 

To Audit is to hear, officially, a 
statement of accounts in cases when a 
compensation is claimed for services, 
or where public funds have been re- 
ceived or disbursed by the person 
making the statement. 

An Audit is an official hearing of 
accounts. 

Am Auditor is, 1. One who listens 
to a public discourse. 2. An officer 
whose duty is to audit accounts. 

Auditory, that has the power of 
hearing ; as, the auditory nerve. 

An Auditory is an assembly of 
hearers. 

Audience, 1. Admittance to a hear- 
ing. The ambassador had an audi- 
ence with the king. 2. An assembly 
of hearers. 

Audible, that may be heard. 

AKOrn [acouo], to hear. (Or.) 
Hence, 

Acoustic, pertaining to hearing, or 
to the doctrine of sounds. 

Acoustics, the science of sounds. 

5. The Touch. 

To FEEL is, 1. To experience sen- 
sation in the general system of nerves. 
2. To be either pleas urably or pain- 
fully affected; as, to feel happy; to 
feel sad. 

Tango [tactum], to touch. (L.) 
Hence, 

Tangible, that may be touched. 

Tactile, susceptible of being per- 
ceived by the touch ; as, tactile quali- 
ties. 

Tactual, pertaining to, consisting 
in, or derived from touch. 

Tact, skill in the management of a 
delicate affair, as if by judiciously ap- 
plied touches. 

Intact, untouched. 



Palpo, to feel with the fingers. 
(L.) Hence, 

Palpable, 1. Perceptible to the 
touch; as, & palpable substance.; pal- 
pable darkness. 2. That is suscep- 
tible of being felt or handled in a figu- 
rative sense; as, a palpable absurdi- 
ty ; that is, a gross absurdity. 

A Thrill is a vibratory sensation 
running suddenly through the frame ; 
as, a thrill of pleasure; a thrill of 
horror. 

To Tingle is, 1. To feel a thrilling 
sound. The ears of them that hear it 
shall tingle. — Bible. 2. To feel a 
thrilling pain. 3. To experience a 
sensation as of slight pricking. 

In palsy sometimes the sensation or feeling is 
either totally abolished or dull, with a senso of 
tingling. — Arbuthnot. 

To Tickle is to cause a peculiar 
thrilling sensation by slightly touch- 
ing the skin. 

To Titillate is to tickle. 

Titillation is, 1. The act of tickling. 
2. A tickling sensation. 

An Itching is an unneasy sensation 
in the skin, which may be relieved 
by rubbing. 

6. Of Sleep. 

SLEEP i3 that state of the body in 
which the functions of sensation and 
volition are suspended, while the vi- 
tal functions retain their usual activ- 
ity. 

To Doze is to sleep lightly. 

To Slumber is, 1. To doze; 2. To 
sleep. 

A Nap is a short sleep. 

Drowsy, inclined to sleep. 

Lethargy is, 1. A preternatural 
drowsiness. 2. A continued and pro- 
found sleep from which a person is 
with difficulty awakened. 

Coma is a heavy stupor attending 
certain states of disease. 

Comatose, affected with coma. 

Somnus. sleep. (L.) Hence, 

Somnolent, inclined to sleep. 

Somniferous, causing sleep ; as, 
a somniferous potion. (L. fero, to 
bring.) 

Somnambulism, the act or practice 



128 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



of walking in sleep. (L., amtulo, to 
walk.) 

Dormio \_dormituni\, to sleep. (L.) 
Hence, 

Dormitory, a building or room to 
sleep in. 

Dormant, lit., sleeping. Hence, 
Not in action; us dormant energies. 

Morpheus, the god of sleep. Hence, 

Morphine, a principle extracted 
from opium, and thus designated, he- 
cause it promotes sleep. 

Sopor, sleep. (L.) Hence, 

Soporific, causing sleep. (L.,facio, 
to cause.) 

7. Of Food. 

FOOD is whatever supplies mate- 
rials for the growth, for the secre- 
tions, and for the repairing of the 
waste of the body. 

To Feed is to supply with food. 

A Pabulum is anything that serves 
as food, either actually or analogi- 
cally. Honey is the pabulum of the 
bee. Fuel is the pabulum of fire. 

To Nourish is to supply with such 
food as increases the growth or the 
strength. (L., nutrio.) 

Nourishment is, 1. Food that pro- 
motes the growth or strength. 2. 
The act of nourishing. 

A Nurse is one who nourishes and 
takes care of a child. (L., nutrio.) 

Nurture is the act of providing 
with moral or spiritual nourishment. 
— Eph. pi: 4. (L., nutrio.) 

Nutrio \_nutritum~\, to nourish. 
(L.) Hence, 

Nutrition, the act of nourishing. 

Nutriment, any substance that 
serves for nourishing the body. 

Nutritious, adapted for nourishing 

Alo, to nourish. (L.) Hence, 

Aliment, any substance that serves 
as food. 

Alimentary, 1. Serving as food. 2. 
Pertaining to, or connected with, ali- 
mentation, as the alimentary canal. 

Alimentation, the process by which 
food nourishes the body. 

Sustenance is food in the relation 
of sustaining or supporting animal 
life. 



Subsistence is food in relation to 
its being that whereon we subsist or 
live. 

Provisions are food that has been 
provided beforehand in anticipation 
of future need. 

Victuals are food prepared for the 
table. (L., vivo [victum], to live.) 

Viands are food on the table. 

Diet is, 1. One's habitual food. 2. 
Food regulated by a physician. 

Meat, in the older English, and in 
the more elevated style of the recent 
English, is a collective term, embrac- 
ing all kinds of solid food. In the 
familiar style, the application of the 
term meat is restricted to the flesh 
of animals used as food. 

Fare is one's ordinary daily food. 

A Dish is some particular article 
of food served up in a dish. 

Bread is, 1. A species of food pre- 
pared from flour or meal, by first 
wetting it with water ; by next knead- 
ing it, and by finally baking it. 2. 
Food in general. " Give us this day 
our daily breads — Lord's Prayer. 

8. Of those Internal Sensations that 

have a relation to Food and Drink. 

HUNGER is an uneasy sensation 
of the stomach, occasioned by a want 
of food. 

Thirst is the sensation caused by a 
deficiency of the watery element in 
the system. 

Appetite is a desire for food. 

A Longing is a desire for some 
particular article of food. 

A Craving is a very strong desire 
for food. 

Greedy, inclined to partake too 
freely of food. 

Ravenous, raging with hunger. 
(L., rapio, to seize,) as a feeling of 
hunger thus hightened, disposes an 
animal under its influence, to seize 
and devour anything that may ap- 
pease this feeling. 

A Relish is a liking for any ar- 
ticle Of food or drink. 

A Zest is a keen relish. 

To Sate is to satisfy the appetite. 
(L., satis, enough.) 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



120 



Satiety is the feeling of having ta- 
ken as much food as the appetite 
demands. 

Sated, filled to satiety. 

Then sated Hunger bids his brother Thirst, 
Produce the mighty bowl. — Thomson. 

To Satiate is to satisfy fully with 
food. 

An Insatiable appetite is one that 
can not be satisfied. The miser has 
an insatiable thirst for gold. 

Disgust is a strong feeling of dis- 
like toward any particular article of 
food. 

To Loathe is to have a strong 
feeling of disgust. 

To Cloy the appetite is to create a 
disrelish for food by over-eating. 

To Surfeit is to sicken by over- 
feeding. (Fr., sur, over; and /aire, 
to do.) 

To Founder is to surfeit a beast. 

To Stall is, I. To become tired of 
food from over-eating. (Spoken of 
cattle.) 2. To over-feed. 

To Pall is, 1. To cloy ; as the 
palled appetite. 2. To become in- 
sipid; as, the liquor palls. 

9. To Eat. 

To EAT is to take solid food. 

Eatable, that may be eaten. 

Eatables are things that may be 
used as food. 

Edo [esum], to eat. (L.) Hence, 

Edible, suitable to be eaten; as, 
edible birds' nests. 

Esculent, fit to be eaten. The 
buckeye is not an esculent fruit. 

Voeo [yoratum], to eat after the 
manner of a beast. (L.) Hence, 

Voracious, eating greedily. 

Voraciousness, or Voracity, greed- 
iness of appetite. 

Devour, to eat greedily. 

Carnivorous, eating, or subsisting 
on flesh. (L., caro [carnis'], flesh.) 

Granivorous, eating corn. (L., gra- 
num, a grain.) 

Insectivorous, eating insects. 

Herbivorous, eating herbage. 

Graminivorous, eating grass. (L., 
gramen, grass.) 
9 



Omnivorous, eating ail kinds of 
food. (L., omnis, all.) 

$Aro [PHAGo],toeat. (Gr.) Hence, 

Anthropoph'agi, man-eaters. (Gr., 
srvS/iawoc [anthropos], a man.) 

Anthropophagous, feeding on hu- 
man flesh. 

Anthropoph'agy, the practice of 
eating human flesh. 

Sarcop¥agus, 1. A stone that con- 
sumes the flesh of the dead. 2. A 
coffin made of such a stone. (Gr., 
«p| [sarx\, flesh. 

To Crop is to bite off the ends of 
plants. 

To Graze is to crop grass as cattle 
do in feeding, (horn grass.) 

A Grazier is one who feeds cattle 
on grass. 

To Browse is to eat the ends of 
branches and shrubs. 

To Feed is, 1. To take food. 2. To 
give food to. 

Pasco \_pasium~], to feed. (L.) 
Hence, 

Pasture, 1. Green food, as grass 
and herbage, cropped by cattle. 2. 
A field covered with grass, etc., and 
kept for grazing. 

Pasturage, 1. Growing grass on 
which cattle feed. 2. The business 
of grazing cattle. 

Pastor, primarily, a feeder of sheep. 
Hence, A minister of the gospel who 
has the charge of a congregation. 

Note. — The people are the sheep and the min- 
ister is the shepherd whose duty is to supply his 
flock -with spiritual food. 

A Meal is the quantity of food 
taken at one time. 

Breakfast is the morning meal, 
(from break and fast, because it 
breaks the fast of the foresroinir 
night. ) 

To Dine is to take the second meal 
of the day. 

Dinner is the second meal of the 
day, and is usually taken about 
noon. 

To Sup is to take the last meal of 
the day. 

Supper is the last meal of the day, 
and is thus called because liquid 
food that may be taken by supping 



130 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



is used more freely at this than at 
the other meals. 

A Lunch or Luncheon is a piece 
taken between meals. 

A Repast may be either a regular 
meal, or it may consist in eating 
some special dainty apart from ordi- 
nary food. (L, re, again; and pasco 
\_pastum~], to feed.) 

A Feast is 1. A rich repast. 2. 
A sumptuous repast of which a num- 
ber of guests partake. 

A Festival is 1. A casual feast. 
2. An anniversary feast. 

Festal, pertaining to the material 
accompaniments of a feast; as, the 
festal board; festal decorations. 

Festive, pertaining to the enjoy- 
ments of the guests at a feast; as, 
festive mirth ; festive amusements. 

Festivities are the joyous accom- 
paniments of a feast. 

To Serve is to wait on a table. 

A Service or Course consists of 
any one of a regular succession of 
dishes served at a table. 

The Des'sert is the last course, and 
consists of fruits and sweetmeats. 
(Fr., desservir, to clear the table; 
from de, priv. ; and servir, to serve. ) 

A Banquet is a rich entertainment 
of food and drink. 

To Revel is to feast with noisy 
merriment. 

To Riot is to run to excess in eat- 
ing and drinking. 

To Pamper is to feed to the full 
with rich food ; as, to pamper a horse. 

To Fast is to refrain from eating. 

To Starve is to destroy life by pri- 
vation of food. 

Fames, hunger. (^.) Hence, 

Famine, a scarcity of food. 

Famish, 1. To die of hunger. 
2. To kill with hunger. 

10. The Action of the Teeth. 

To BITE is, 1. To separate a por- 
tion of an edible or other substance 
by means of the teeth. 2. To insert 
the ends of the teeth in anything. 

A Bit is a portion bitten off. 

To Snap is to bite suddenly. 



Snappish, inclined to bite sudden- 
ly ; as, a snappish dog. 

Mordeo \_morsum~\, to bite. (L.) 
Hence, 

Mordant, any substance used by 
dyers to fix a color. (From the idea of 
causing the color to bite, or hold fast. ) 

Morsel, a small piece of food. (L., 
morsellus, a little bite; dim. of mor- 
sus, a bite. ) 

Remorse, the biting or gnawing of 
conscience. 

To Chew is to bite and grind any 
substance with the teeth. 

To Masticate is to divide food mi- 
nutely by chewing in order to pre- 
pare it for deglutition and digestion. 

To Scranch is to grind between 
the teeth. 

To Champ is to bite repeatedly on 
any hard substance within the mouth. 
The horse champs the bit of his 
bridle. 

To Munch is to chew by great 
mouthfuls. A boy sometimes munches 
an apple. 

To Nibble is, 1. To bite slightly 
and repeatedly at anything. A fish 
nibbles at a bait. 2. To eat by small 
bits. A mouse nibbles a piece of 
cheese. 

To Ruminate, or Chew the Cud, 
is to chew the food a second time. 

Note 1. — When a cow eats she does not take 
time thoroughly to masticate her food, but stores 
it away in her first, or great stomach. When 
she has eaten sufficiently she retires to the shade, 
lies down, and soon, by the action of the stom- 
ach, a pellet or wad of grass is forced up into 
the mouth. This she masticates for a minute or 
two, and then, having swallowed it, it passes 
into the second or true stomach, where it begins 
to undergo the process of digestion. After a few 
moments another pellet is thrown up which is 
operated upon and disposed of in the same man- 
ner; and thus the animal continues till she ha3 
emptied her first stomach, when she is ready to 
begin to eat again. 

Note 2. — To Ruminate is, in a figurative sense, 
to chew the cud of thought, that is, calmly to med- 
itate on ideas and images that have been stored 
away in the mind, but have not been properly 
digested. 

To Gnaw is to bite continuedly at 
some hard substance. 

Rodo \rosnm~], to gnaw. (L.) 
Hence, 

Corrode, to gnaw or waste away by 
rust, or by other chemical action. 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



131 



Vinegar corrodes copper. In a figura- 
tive sense cares are said to corrode 
the mind. 

Corrosion, the act of eating or 
wearing away by small degrees. 

Corrosive, having the power of eat- 
ing or wearing away by small de- 
grees; as, corrosive sublimate; cor- 
rosive cares. 

To Gnash is to strike the teeth 
together in violent anger or pain. 

11. To Drink. 

To DRINK is to swallow a liquid. 

A Draught is the quantity drank 
at one time. 

Poto \_potatum~\, to drink. (L.) 
Hence, 

Potion, the quantity of a liquid 
medicine that is to be taken at a 
single time by drinking. 

Potations, draughts from the in- 
toxicating bowl. 

Potable, fit to be drank; as potable 
water. 

Bibo, to drink. (L.) Hence, 

Bibber, a drinker; that is, one 
who drinks habitually, and to excess ; 
as, a wine-bibber. 

Imbibe, 1. To take in by drinking; 
as to imbibe wine. 2. To take in by 
absorption. A sponge imbibes water. 
3. To drink, in a figurative sense; as 
to imbibe wrong principles. 

To Sup is to drink by a little at a 
time. 

To Sip is to perform very slightly 
the act of supping. 

Note.— Sip is a diminutive of sup. The dim- 
inutive force resides in the slender sound of 
the .vowel i in sip, which is substituted for the 
fuller souud of u in sup. 

Soup is food that is to be supped. 

A Sop is a piece of bread dipped 
in soup or other liquid. 

Supper is the meal at which a 
larger proportion of our food than 
at other meals is taken by supping. 

To Quaff, is to drink largely, and 
with a good relish. 

To Swig is to drink in excessive 
quantities. 

A Swig is a copious draught. 

To Swill is to drink in excessive 



quantities, after the manner of a 
beast. (From swill, liquid food given 
to swine.) 

To Suck is to cause a liquid to 
flow into the mouth by atmospheric 
pressure. 

Suction is the act or principle of 
sucking. 

12. Of Swallowing 

To SWALLOW is to pass food 
from the mouth to the stomach. 

Note. — In swallowing, the food is forced 
downward bj r the contraction of successive por- 
tions of the gullet, immediately above the food. 

Deglutio, to swallow. (L.) Hence, 
Deglutition, the act of swallowing. 
To Gulp is to swallow a liquid ea- 
gerly and in large draughts. We say, 
To gulp it down. A gulp is as much 
as is swallowed at once. We say, 
to take a thing at a single gulp. 

13. Excess in Eating. 

To GLUT is to fill beyond the de- 
mands of the appetite. Fig. To glut 
a market is to overstock it with any 
particular commodity. 

To Goege is, literally, to fill, not 
only the stomach, but the very throat. 
Gorge is, therefore, a stronger term 
than glut. (Fr., gorge, the throat.) 

To Stuff is to eat immoderately. 

To Ceam is to fill the stomach to 
its utmost capacity, by, as it were, 
forcing the food down. 

A Glutton is one who gluts him- 
self with food. 

A Goemand is a voracious and im- 
moderate eater. 

To Gormandize is to eat vora- 
ciously and immoderately. 

14. Excess in the use of Intoxicating 
Drinks. 

To INTOXICATE is to produce a 
temporary derangement in the men- 
tal and nervous functions, by the use 
of spiritous liquors. In a figura- 
tive sense we may say that a man is 
intoxicated with zeal, with delight, 
etc. 

Deunk signifies overpowered by 
the influence of intoxicating drinks. 

Boosy is slightly intoxicated. 



132 



PHYSIOLOGY 



Tipsy is moderately under the in- 
fluence of liquor. 

Fuddled is tolerably drunk 

Ebrius, drunk. (L.) Hence, 

Ebriety, intoxication by spiritous 
liquors. 

Ebriosity, habitual drunkenness. 

To Inebriate, to make drunk. 

An Inebriate, an habitual drunk- 
ard. 

Inebriety, intoxication by the use 
of spiritous liquors. 

A Sot is one who has stupefied 
himself by habitual drunkenness. 
(Fr. sot, stupid.) 

To Tipple is to drink frequently, 
but with some degree of moderation. 

To Tope is to drink habitually and 
immoderately. 

A Tippler is one who tipples. 

A Toper is one who topes. 

Orgies (pron. orjiz,) are drunken 
revels. 

To Carouse is to indulge in drunk- 
en revelry. 

15. To Abstain. 

To ABSTAIN is to hold ourselves 
back from any indulgence toward 
which we are naturally inclined ; as, 
to abstain from food or drink. (L., 
abs, from, and teneo, to hold.) Hence, 

Abstinent, refraining from indul- 
gence, especially in the use of food 
and drink. 

Abstinence, the refraining from an 
indulgence of appetite. 

Abstemious, refraining from a free 
use of food and strong drink. (L., 
abs, from, and temetum, wine.) 

Sober, abstaining from the exces- 
sive use of intoxicating beverages. 
(L., sine, not, and ebrius, drunk. 

Temperate, moderate in the in- 
dulgence of the appetites. (L., tem- 
per o, [temperatum\, to moderate or 
regulate.) 

Temperance is habitual moderation 
in regard to the indulgence of the 
appetites. 

16. Of Digestion, etc. 

DIGESTION is a process carried 
on in the stomach and the upper por- 



tion of the intestinal canal, by which 
the food is dissolved and chemically 
changed. (L., di, asunder, and gero, 
to carry, in allusion to the separation 
and distribution of the elements of 
the food.) 

The Gastric Juice is a liquid, 
transparent, and slightly acid, secre- 
ted by the stomach, and endowed 
with the property of dissolving and 
chemically changing the food. 

Note. — A given quantity of gastric juice can 
dissolve only a certain amount of food, and the 
stomach can not secrete at one time more of 
this juice than is just sufficient to dissolve and 
change the quantity of food required for sup- 
plying the existing wants of the system. 
Therefore, if more than the necessary quantity 
of food should he taken into the stomach, the 
surplus would not be acted on by the gastric 
juice, but would either remain unchanged, or 
it would ferment aud become sour, and in 
either case would cause sickness of the stom- 
ach, colic, or diarrhea. 

Chyme is a grayish, semi-fluid, and 
homogeneous substance, into which 
the food is converted in the stomach 
by the action of the gastric juice. 
(Gr., ^y^tto? \_chymos~], juice.) 

Note. — The chyme, when fully prepared, is 
forced by the contraction of the stomach into the 
duodenum, which is the upper portion of the in- 
testinal canal, where it is mingled with the bil- 
iary and pancreatic secretions. 

The Bile or Gall is a bitter liquid 
secreted by the liver, from the differ- 
ent parts of which it is collected by 
minute ducts (conducting pipes), that 
unite in one single large duct, by 
which the bile is conveyed to the gall 
bladder. 

The Gall Bladder is a small sack 
in which the bile is kept in reserve 
for future use. 

The Pancreatic Juice is a liquid 
secreted by the pancreas. 

Note. — The stimulus of the chyme, in the duo- 
denum, causes the gall bladder to contract, and to 
discharge its contents through a duct opening 
into that intestine; and the same stimulus ex- 
cites a flow of the pancreatic juice into the same 
intestine. The mingling of the bile and pan- 
creatic fluid with the chyme causes a separation 
of the chyme into three distinct parts, to wit: a 
reddish brown sediment at the bottom, a whey- 
colored fluid in the middle, and a creamy 
pellicle at the top. The middle portion is called 
chyle; the top is of an oily nature ; and the sedi- 
ment, mingled with bile, consists of those ele- 
ments of the food which are unfit for nutrition, 
and are therefore destined to be rejected from 
the body. 

The Chyle is a liquid, whey-col- 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



ored substance, generated in the 
stomach by the action of the gastric 
juice, separated in the duodenum 
from the refuse matter of the chyme 
by the action of the bile and the pan- 
creatic juice, and containing those 
elements of the food which are 
adapted to the purposes of nutrition. 
(Gr., x uX ^ [chylos], juice.) 

Absorbents are tine vessels whose 
oriiices or mouths open on the various 
surfaces both internal and external, 
as well as within the various tissues 
of the body. Their office is to absorb 
the various liquids and matters in 
solution that are presented to their 
mouths. 

The Lacteals are a set of absorb- 
ents whose orifices open on the inter- 
nal surface of the upper portion of 
the intestinal canal. Their office is to 
absorb the chyle. (L., lac, milk, 
from the milky color of the clryle.) 

Note. — The chyle is conveyed by the lacteals 
into the thoracic duct, a large membraneous tube 
through which the chyle is discharged into one 
of the large veins, where it is intermingled with 
the blood. 

Lymph is a colorless fluid diffused 
throughout the body. It consists of 
water, albumen (the substance of the 
white of eggs), and fibrin (the sub- 
stance of muscular fiber), with some 
other matters. (L. lympha, pure 
water. ) 

Note. — The lymph has its name from its 
being, in appearance, like pure water. 

The Lymphatics are a system of 
thin membraneous vessels destined 
for the conveyance of the lymph. 

Note. — The lymph approximates to chyle, in 
its composition and nature, and is conveyed to 
the thoracic duct, where it is mingled with the 
chyle in order to aid in the nutrition of the 
body. 

17. Of the Blood. 
The BLOOD is the fluid _ which 
serves as a vehicle for conveying the 
nutrient elements of the food to all 
the organs and tissues of the body, 
through the medium of the circula- 
tory system. 

Note. — The blood of man, quadrupeds, and 
6ome other animals, is red. That of insects and 
several other classes of animals is transparent 
and colorless. 



A Coagulcm is a soft, jelly-like 
mass, separated from the liquor in 
which it was suspended or dissolved, 
as in the case of blood and milk. 

To Coagulate is to form a coagu- 
lum. Milk and blood coagulate. 

A Clot is a small portion of coagu- 
lated blood. 

Note. — The coagulum of blood consists of 
fibrin mixed with that portion of the blood in 
which the coloring principle resides. 

The Coloring Principle of the 
blood resides in very minute bodies 
in the form of oval disks. 

Note. — Iron is regarded as one element of 
the coloring principle of the blood. 

The Serum is the fluid portion of 
the blood that remains after the sep- 
aration of the coagulum. 

Note. — The serum maybe coagulated by heat. 
The coagulum of serum consists of albumen (the 
substance of the white of an egg). The liquor 
that remains after this second coagulation is wa- 
ter holding in solution certain salts. The blood 
also contains a small proportion of fatty matter. 

Sanguis, blood. (L.) Hence, 

Sanguine, 1. Having the color of 
blood; as, a sanguine countenance. 
2. Abounding in blood; as, a san- 
guine habit of body. 3. Ardent; as, 
a sanguine temper. 4. Confident; 
as, to entertain sanguine expectations. 

Ensanguine, to stain or cover with 
blood, {en, in.) 

Ensanguined, stained with blood; 
as, an ensanguined field. 

Consanguinity, relationship by 
blood; that is, by descent from a 
common ancestor, {con, together) 

Exsanguine, not reddened by blood ; 
that is, pale; as an exsanguine coun- 
tenance, {ex, without.) 

Exsanguious, Exsanguinous, or Ex- 
sanguineous, destitute of red blood, 
as insects. 

'aima [Haima], blood. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Hematite, an iron ore of a deep- 
red color. 

Hemorrhage, a violent flow of 
blood. (Gr., \*ywfju [rhegnymi], to 
break forth. 

Hemorrhoids, the piles. (Gr., fix 
\rheo~], to flow, in reference to the 
flow of blood with which this disease 
is accompanied.) 



134 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



18. Of the Circulation. 

The CIRCULATION consists in 
the transmission of the blood from 
the heart to the different parts of 
the body through the arteries, and 
in its return to the heart through the 
veins. 

Note. — The blood undergoes a twofold circu- 
lation. The impure and dark-colored blood 
which is returned from the system to the right 
ventricle of the heart is thence sent to the lungs, 
where it comes in contact with the air which is 
inlialed in breathing, by which it is purified and 
caused to assume a bright scarlet color. From 
the lungs it is returned to the left ventricle of 
the heart from whence it is distributed through 
the system. 

19. Of Respiration or Breathing. 

To RESPIRE, or To BREATHE 
is alternately to draw air into the 
lungs and to expel it from them. 
(L., re, again; and spiro, to blow.) 

To Inspire is to draw in air in 
breathing. 

Inspiration is the act of drawing 
air into the lungs. 

An Inspiration is a single act of 
drawing in air. 

To Inspire, in a fig. sense, is, 1. To 
breathe into any one a divine influ- 
ence. The authors of the books of 
the Bible were inspired; that is, an 
influence from above was breathed 
into them by which they were guided 
in what they wrote. 2. To animate, 
as if by the inbreathing of some 
supernatural influence. Certain 
pieces of music, when well executed, 
have an inspiring effect, [in, into.) 

To Expire is to emit the breath. 
Fig. To emit the breath for the last 
time ; that is, to die. 

Expiration is the act of emitting 
the breath. Fig. The act of dying. 

To Pant is to breathe quick, and 
with a heaving of the breast, as from 
the effects of heat, or violent exercise. 

To Gasp is to breathe with the 
mouth wide open, as in laborious 
respiration, or in dying. 

To Sigh is to draw a long and au- 
dible breath from the influence of 



To Wheeze is to breathe with a 
murmur, indicating an obstruction to 



the free passage of the air, as in 
asthma or bronchitis. 

A Cough is a sudden and convul- 
sive emission of breath designed for 
the expulsion of some offending mat- 
ter from the trachea or bronchial 
tubes. 

A Sneezing is a sudden and forci- 
ble propulsion of the air through the 
nostrils, for the purpose of removing 
some cause of irritation from those 
passages. 

To Inhale is to draw in odor, or 
vapor with the breath. 

To Snuff is, 1. To make an audible 
inspiration through the nose; and 
hence, 2. To inhale an odor. 3. To 
breathe through the nostrils. 

" Health snuffs the morning air." 

To Snuffle is to speak through the 
nose. (freq. and dim. of snuff. To 
snuffle, then, is to perform many 
slight acts of snuffing while speak- 
ing.) 

To Sniff is to draw air audibly up 
the nose. 

To Snort is to force the air vio- 
lently, and with a loud sound, 
through the nostrils. 

To Snore is to breathe through 
the nostrils in sleep with a hoarse, 
rough sound. 

To Choke is to stop the breathing, 
either by obstructing the air pas- 
sages internally, or by applying pres- 
sure externally. 

To Strangle is to stop the breath- 
ing by the admission of a liquid, as 
water, internally, or by external pres- 
sure, as that of a cord drawn tight 
around the neck. 

To Suffocate is to stop the breath- 
ing by means of irrespirable vapors 
or gases. (L., sub, over, and focus, 
the fire-place.) 

To Smother is to hinder breathing 
by preventing the access of fresh air 
to the mouth and nostrils. 

To Stifle is to prevent breathing 
by stopping or filling up the bron- 
chial tubes, as with mucus, dust, etc. 
(For stuffle, freq. of stuff.) 

Note 1. — The Chemistry of Breathing. Air 
that has been once used in breathing, is unfit to 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



135 



b« used a second time, for two reasons. 1. 
When the air that has been drawn in at an in- 
spiration is again exhaled, it is found to have 
lost a portion of its oxygen, which is the life- 
sustaining principle. 2. In the place of the 
oxygen which has been lost, an equal volume of 
carbonic acid gas, a most suffocating and deadly 
poison, is found to have been substituted. (See 
Arts., Circulation and Chemistry.) A bed-cham- 
ber should, therefore, always be ventilated, in 
the winter as well as in the summer, by raising 
or lowering the sash of a window. The fear that 
6ome persons entertain of taking cold by 
sleeping in a well-ventilated room, is utterly 
groundless. 

Note. 2. — The Mechanism of Breathing. — The 
ribs being raised by the contraction of the pec- 
toral and intercostal muscles, and the cavity of 
the chest being thus enlarged, the external air 
is forced in by hydrostatic pressure, to fill the 
vacuum, and this constitutes inspiration. 

In expiration, the muscles of the chest relax- 
ing, the ribs drop, and the cavity of the chest 
is thus diminished. The cavity of the chest is 
also further diminished by the contraction of 
the abdominal muscles, which force the viscera 
upward against the diaphragm ; and thus the 
air is forced out of the lungs. It is hence evi- 
dent that any pressure, either on the chest or 
abdomen by tight dress, must interfere with the 
freedom of breathing, and thus be prejudicial 
to the health. 

20. Of the Secretions. 
1st. To Secrete. 

To SECRETE is to separate. (L., 
se, apart; and cerno [cretuni], to sift.) 

Secretion consists in the separation 
of some useful substance from the 
blood, by the action of an organism 
adapted specifically for the purpose. 
Milk and bile are secretions. 

Secretory, pertaining to secretion; 
as, a secretory organ. 

To Secern is to secrete. 

2d. Of Milk. 
MILK is a fluid secreted by mam- 
miferous females for the nourish- 
ment of their young. 

Note. — Milk consists of water holding in so- 
lution sugar, sundry saline ingredients, and a 
substance called casein ; and having oleaginous 
(oily,) globules suspended in it. 

To, Curdle is to coagulate, as milk. 
(See the Term Blood.) 

Curd is the coagulum of milk. 

Note. — Curd may consist of pure casein, but 
it is usually mixed with the oily principle of 
the milk. 

Casein is the chemical designation 
of the pure curd of milk. 

Note. — Casein is the cheese principle. (L., 
caseus, cheese.) 



Whey is the liquid tha: remains 
after the curd has been separated. 

Note. — The whey contains the sugar and the 
salts of the milk. 

Cream consists of the oily portion 
of the milk, which being specifically 
lighter than the rest of the milk, 
rises to the surface in the form of a 
film of a light-yellowish color. 

Note. — Cream exists in the form of minute 
globules, each globule being invested with a 
thin pellicle, or skin. 

Butter is the oily principle of 
milk in the form of a mass. 

To Churn is to beat and agitate 
the cream in order to rupture the 
pellicles that invest the globules of 
oil. 

Note. — When the pellicles are ruptured the 
contents of the different pellicles naturally co- 
here, and thus the whole is readily collected into 
a mass. 

Cheese is the curd of milk, sea- 
soned with salt, shaped into a loaf 
and pressed. 

Rennet is the stomach of a young 
calf, with its contents of curdled 
milk, the whole being dried and kept 
for use. 

Note. — Rennet is used for coagulating milk in 
the mauufactur e of cheese. 

Lac, milk. (L.) Hence, 

Lacteal, 1. Pertaining to milk; as 
the lacteal fluid. 2. Conveying chyle, 
as a lacteal vessel. 

Lactean, or Lacteous, resembling 
milk. 

Lactescent, 1. Having the appear- 
ance of milk; as, a lactescent fluid. 
2. Producing a milky juice; as, a 
lactescent plant. 

Lactescence, 1. A milky color. 2. 
The milky liquor which flows from 
certain plants. 

Lactic, pertaining to or produced 
from milk; as, lactic acid. 

Lactuca, the plant lettuce, thus 
named from its milky juice. 

Lactation, 1. The act of giving 
suck. 2. The time of suckling. 

Ablactation the act of weaning., 

Gala [r«\*, galactos,~] milk, (Gr.) 
Hence, 



136 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



Galaxy, the milky way of the 
heavens. 

M. Of the Gall. 

GALL or BILE is the liquid se- 
creted by the liver. (See Art. Di- 
gestion.) 

Biliary, pertaining to bile; as, the 
biliary secretion. 

Bilious, characterized by a de- 
rangement of the biliary secretion ; 
as, a bilious fever. 

xoah [CHOLE],bile. (Gr.) Hence, 

Cholagogue, a medicine that pro- 
motes an evacuation of the bile. 
(Gr., xya \ago~], to put in motion.) 

Choler, anger. (From the notion 
entertained by the ancients, that an 
excess of bile had a tendency to 
render a person irascible.) 

Melancholy, mental gloom. (Gr., 
Mi\av \_melan~\, black. 

Note. — Mental gloom was called melancholy 
from the idea entertained by the ancients, that 
this state of mind was occasioned by the existence 
of black bile in the system. 

4th. Of the Salivary Secretion. 

The SALIVA or SPITTLE is a 
fluid secreted by three pairs of glands 
situated in the mouth, and called the 
salivary glands. 

Note. — In reference to their respective situa- 
tions they are distinguished as the parotid, (Gr., 
tragx [para], near; and *g [os, otos], the ear); the 
sublingual, (L., sub, under; and lingua, the 
tongue) ; and the submaxillary glands, (L., sub, 
and maxilla, the jaw.) 

To Slabber or Slaver is to suffer 
the spittle to fall from the mouth. 

To Drivel is to let the saliva run 
from the corners of the mouth after 
the manner of an idiot. Hence, Jig. 
To be idiotic. (For dripple, dim. and 
freq. of drip.) 

To Hawk is to make an effort, ac- 
companied by a noise, to loosen the 
tenacious phlegm of the mouth. 

Screo [screatuni], to hawk. (L.) 
Hence, 

Excreate, to eject from the mouth 
by hawking and spitting, (ex, out.) 

5th. Of the Tears. 

TEAKS are watery drops standing 
in, or flowing from the eyes. 



Note. — The fluid of which the tears consist is 
continually being secreted, and its design is to 
moisten and lubricate (make slippery) the sur- 
face of the eyelids and eyeballs, so that they may 
slide smoothly over each other. It is only 
when this fluid is in excess that it assumes the 
form and designation of tears. 

To Weep, or to Shed Tears, is to 
discharge water from the eyes under 
the influence of some emotion of the 
mind. 

Lachryma, a tear. (L. ) Hence, 

Lachrymal, 1. Pertaining to tears ; 
as, the lachrymal fluid. 2. Convey- 
ing tears; as, the lachrymal duct. 
3. Secreting tears ; as, the lachrymal 
glands. 

Lachrymaiion, the act of shedding 
tears. 

6th. Of the Cerumen or Earwax. 

CERUMEN or EARWAX is a 
resinous substance which is secreted 
by glands situated in the skin which 
lines the meatus of the ear. 

Note. — The cerumen serves by its bitterness 
to protect the ear from the intrusion of insects. 
(L., cera, wax.) 



erous, secreting ceru- 
men; as, the ceruminiferous glands. 
(h.,fero, to bear.) 

7th. Of Perspiration. 

To PERSPIRE is to discharge 
moisture from the system through the 
pores of the skin. (L., per, through ; 
and spiro, to breathe; because perspi- 
ration is a kind of breathing through 
the pores of the skin.) 

Perspiration is the process by 
which moisture passes from the sys- 
tem through the pores of the skin. 

Insensible Perspiration consists in 
the conversion of the moisture into 
vapor as fast as it escapes from the 
pores. 

Sensible Perspiration consists'in an 
accumulation on the skin, of the 
moisture discharged by the pores. 

Sweat is the moisture of sensible 
perspiration. 

Sudor, sweat. (L.) Hence, 

Sudorific, causing sweat ; as, a su- 
dorific powder, (fie, from L. facto, 
to cause.) 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



137 



Sudorifics, medicines used for the 
promotion of SAveating. 

Note 1. — The perspiration consists of Mater 
mingled with animal matter and sundry salts. 

Note 2. — The perspiration is secreted by vast 
numbers of small glands situated immediately 
under the true skin, and is conducted to the ex- 
ternal surface by slender ducts {conveying tubes). 
These ducts are the pores of the skin. 

Note 3. — The design of the perspiration is 
twofold : 1st. To convey from the body matters 
that are not needed by the system. 2d. To keep 
the surface cool by the evaporation of the mois- 
ture. 

Note 4. — Obstruction of the perspiration pro- 
duces fever and other derangements of the sys- 
tem. 

8th. Mucus. 

MUCUS is a viscid fluid secreted 
by all the internal surfaces of the 
body. 

The Mucous Membrane is a con- 
tinuation of the external skin over the 
internal surfaces of the body, and is 
furnished with cells for the secretion 
of mucus. 

Note. — The mucous membrane lines the mouth, 
nostrils, esophagus, stomach, intestines, wind- 
pipe, and bronchial tubes. 

Phlegm is the mucus secreted by 
the mouth and the air passages of the 
lungs. 

Note 1. — In spitting, saliva and mucus are 
frequently ejected together. 

Note 2. — The office of mucus is, 1st. To mois- 
ten and lubricate ; and, 2d. To sheathe and pro- 
tect the surfaces over which it is diffused. 

9th. Of the Oily Principle. 

The OILY PRINCIPLE is a high- 
ly inflammable compound of carbon, 
oxygen, and hydrogen, found in ani- 
mals and plants. 

Oil is the oily principle in a liquid 
form. 

Fixed Oils are such as do not 
waste away by an evaporation of their 
substance. 

Volatile Oils are such as are dis- 
persed by evaporation, as the odor- 
ous oils of plants. 

The Essential Oils of plants are 
obtained by distillation, as the oil of 
cinnamon or that of peppermint. 

Note. — These oils are called essential, because 
the essence or medicinal virtue of the plant is sup- 
posed to be concentrated in the oil. 

Expressed Oils are such as are ob- 
tained from the seeds of plants by 
pressure. 



Linseed Oil is the oil of flaxseed. 
(L., linum, flax.) 

Drying Oils are those oils which 
are used by painters on account of 
their becoming solid by drying, as 
linseed oil. 

Fat is the oily principle as it exists 
in animals. 
Note. — Fat is deposited in the cellular tissue. 

Tallow is solid fat, as that of the 
ox. 

Laed is the soft fat of the swine. 

Stjet, in cookery, is the hard fat 
surrounding the kidneys. 

Elain, in chemistry, is the liquid 
portion of the fats. (Gr., sx*«v [elaion~], 
oil.) 

Steak, or Steaeine, is the solid 
portion of fats. Stear (not star) can- 
dles are made from the solid portion 
of hog's lard. (Gr., <rrfap \_stear~], tal- 
low.) 

Adeps, fat. (L.) Hence, 

Adipose, containing fat in its cells, 
as the adipose membrane. 

Sebl-m, tallow, or fat. (L.) Hence, 

Sebaceous, pertaining to fat. 

Note. — The Sebaceotts glands, which are situ- 
ated in the skin, secrete an oily liquid called the 
sebaceous humor, which serves to defend the 
skin and to keep it soft. 

Tealn Oil is that which is ob- 
tained from the blubber of the whale 
by boiling. 

Speem Oil is obtained from the 
sperm whale. 

Spermaceti is a species of tallow 
obtained from the head of the sperm 
whale. 

Geease is oil applied to the sur- 
face of bodies, or insinuated into their 
pores. 

To Grease is to apply oil to a sur 
face or substance. 

Ointment is any soft, oily prepa- 
ration applied externally to the body 
for the healing of a sore or some 
affection of the skin. 

To Anoint is to smear the body or 
any portion of it with oil. 

Ungtto, to anoint. (L.) Hence, 

Unguent, an ointment. 

Unctuous, 1. Consisting of or con- 
taining oily matter. Fat is an unc- 



138 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



tuous substance. 2. Resembling oil. 
Certain stones and earths have an 
unctuous feel. 

Unctuosity, the quality of being 
greasy. 

Unction, 1. The act of anointing. 
2. That fervor and tenderness of ad- 
dress which excites piety and de- 
votion. — Webster, 

Note. — To qualify a person to speak with unc- 
tion a kind of spiritual anointing is necessary. 

Oleum, oil. (L.) Hence, 

Oleaginous, 1. Consisting of oil; as, 
oleaginous matter. 2. Containing oil; 
as, the olive is an oleaginous fruit. 

Oleic, pertaining to oil; as, the oleic 
acid. 

Oleiferous, producing oil; as, ole- 
iferous seeds. (L., fero, to bear.) 

Marrow is a soft, oily substance 
contained in the cavities of the bones. 
Fig. The best part of a thing. 

Medulla, marrow. (L.) Hence, 

Medullary, 1. Pertaining to mar- 
row. 2. Consisting of marrow. 3. 
Kesembling marrow. 

21. Of the Excretions. 

To EXCRETE, or To EXCERN, 

is to separate for the purpose of re- 
jection (L., ex, out; and cerno [cre- 
ium~\, to sift or strain.) 

Excretion is the process of separa- 
tion for the purpose of rejection. 

An Excretion is a substance sepa- 
rated for the purpose of rejection. 

Note. — Excretions consist of substances that 
are no longer useful in the system. 

22. Of Life. 

VEGETABLE LIFE is that mys- 
terious principle which enables a seed 
or germ to develop itself into a perfect 
plant; which enables the plant to ab- 
sorb its appropriate nourishment from 
the soil, or to inhale it from the atmos- 
phere ; and which farther enables the 
plant, by means of organs adapted to 
this purpose, to secrete or otherwise 
generate certain chemical compounds, 
Such as starch, sugar, oil, etc., differ- 
ing in their nature from any that 
can be formed by the operation of 
laws of inorganic chemistry. 



Animal Life possesses essentially 
all the characteristics of vegetable 
life, and has, superadded to these 
characteristics, the faculty of sensa- 
tion. 

To Live is to possess life. 

Vita, life. (L.) Hence, 

Vital, 1. Pertaining to life; as, the 
vital powers. 2. Essential to life; 
as, a vital organ. 

The Vital Spark is, 1. The princi- 
ple of life. 2. The soul. 

Vital SparJc of heavenly flame, 

Quit, quit this mortal frame ! — Pope. 

Vitality, life. The hairs, with the 
exception of their bulbs, are desti- 
tute of vitality. 

Vitalize, to impart life. 

Vitals, parts of the body that are 
essential to life; as, the heart, the 
lungs, and the brain. 

Vivo \yictum~], to live. (L.) Hence, 

Vivify, to endow with life. (L., 
facio, to make.) 

Vivific, endowing with life. 

Viviparous, producing their young 
alive, as quadrupeds, in contradis- 
tinction from oviparous, or egg-pro- 
ducing, as birds. (L., pario, to bring 
forth.) 

Vivid, lively; as vivid colors; a 
vivid light; a vivid mental impression. 

Vivacious, 1. Having vigorous pow- 
ers of life; as, vivacious plants. 2. 
Sprightly in temper or deportment. 

Vivacity, sprightliness of temper, 
behavior, conversation, etc. 

Note. — Vivacity is' an outward manifestation 
of an exuberance of the indwelling principle 
of life. 

Anima, the principle of animal life. 
(L.) Hence, 

Animal, a living body provided 
with organs of sensation. 

Animalcule or Animalcula (plural 
animalcules), an animal so small as 
not to be perceptible without the aid 
of a magnifying glass. 

Note. — There are animalculce so small that 40 
billions of them would be required to fill the 
space of a cubic inch. (L., animalcula, dim. of 
animal.) 

Animate, endowed with life. 
Inanimate, destitute of life. 
To Animate, to impart or infuse life. 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



139 



Animated, 1. Endowed with life. 
Beasts, birds, and fishes are animated 
beings. 2. Lively; as, an animated 
discourse. 

Animation, life, both literal and 
figurative. Lit. There are cases of 
apparent death when animation is 
only suspended, as when a person 
has been for a short time immersed 
in water. Fig. An orator may speak 
with animation. 

Quick, 1. Possessing sensibility; 
as, quick flesh; to probe to the quick. 
2. Living. God will judge the quick 
and the dead. 

znON [Zo'-on], a living creature. 
(Gr.) Hence, 

Zo-oV-o-gy, a systematic account of 
the various kinds of animals. (Gr., 
ac^c? [logos'], a discourse.) 

Zo-on'-o-my, the science which treats 
of the laws of animal life. (Gr., 
vi^oc [nomos], a law.) 

Zo'-o-phyte, an animal which repro- 
duces its kind by offshoots, after the 
manner of certain plants. Animals 
of the coral kind are zoophytes. (Gr., 
qwtcv [phyton], a plant.) 

23. Of Death. 

DEATH is the cessation of life. 

To Die is to cease to live. 

Dead, destitute of life. 

Inanimate, lifeless. (L., in, not; 
and anima, life.) 

Moes, [morns'], death. (L.) Hence, 

Mortal, 1. Subject to death. All 
men are mortal. 2. Causing death, 
or resulting in death; as, a mortal 
wound ; a mortal disease. 

A Mortal, a creature who is subject 
to death. (Spoken only of man.) 

Mortality, 1. The state of being 
subject to death. 2. Frequency of 
death ; as, the present has been a 
season of great mortality, both among 
men and beasts. 

Immortal, never dying, (in, not.) 

Immortality, the state of being ex- 
empt from death. 

To Immortalize is to impart undy- 
i ig fame. 

To Mortify is to lose vitality. A 
limb of the body sometimes mortifies 



in consequence of severe inflamma- 
tion. 

To Mortify, in a fig. sense, is, 1. 
To subdue or kill the sinful passions. 
Mortify, therefore, your members 
which are upon the earth, etc. — Col. 
iii : 5. 2. To affect with a sense of 
humiliation; that is, to kill one's 
pride or self-esteem. We are some- 
times mortified by a failure in some- 
thing which we undertake to perform 
in the presence of others. 

Post-Mortem, done after death; as, 
a post-mortem examination of the 
body. 

To Decease is to depart from this 
life; that is, to die. (L., de, away; 
and cedo [cessum], to go.) 

A Decease is a departure from this 
life; that is, death. 

Deceased, departed from this life; 
that is, dead. 

To Depart is to leave this world ; 
that is, to die. 

The Departed are those who have 
left this life. 

The departed! the departed! they visit us in 

dreams, 
And they glide above our memories like shadows 

over streams. 

A Departure is, literally, a setting 
out upon a journey. Fig. Death. 

Note. — The terms decease and departure imply 
a belief in the immortality of the soul. When 
we speak of the decease or departure of a friend, 
we represent him as having set out upon a jour- 
ney to some foreign country. 

An Obit is a death. (L., obire, to 
pass through; as, obire mortem, to 
pass through death.) 

Obituary, relating to a decease ; as, 
an obituary notice. 

A Demise is the death of a king or 
other distinguished personage. (L., 
de, down ; and mitto, to lay. 

Note. — The term demise was first applied to a 
temporary laying down of the crown and royal au- 
thority by the kings of England, as in the case 
where Edward IV was, for a short time, driven 
from the throne by the house of Lancaster. By 
a natural transition, the term came to signify 
the laying aside of the crown at the close of the 
king's life ; and, hence, by another transition, 
the term was employed to signify simply the 
death of the king. 

To Kill is to destroy life. 
Murder is the unlawful taking of 
human life. 



140 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



To Slay is to kill by violence. 

To Slaughter is properly spoken 
only of the slaying of animals, but 
may also be spoken of the slaying of 
men, when, either in regard to the 
manner, or the numbers, they are 
killed like brutes. 

To Butcher is, 1, and properly. To 
kill with a knife. 2. To murder 
with circumstances of unusual bar- 
barity. 

To Assassinate is to murder se- 
cretly. (From Assassin, one of the 
tribe of the Assassins, who inhabited 
a mountainous district on the eastern 
coast of the Mediterranean. In the 
twelfth century, under one of their 
kings styled the Old Man of the 
Mountain, young men were brought 
up to lie in wait for passengers.) 
Hence, the English term, 

Assassin, one who murders by 
private violence. 

Note. — Some etymologists derive the name 
Assassin from haschisch, an intoxicating drug 
prepared from Indian hemp, of which the fol- 
lowers of the Old Man of the Mountain are said 
to have made a free use. 

CiEDo, to beat; and hence, to kill. 
(L. ) Hence, 

Parricide, 1. The murder of a pa- 
rent. 2. The murderer of a parent. 
(L., pater, a father.) 

Matricide, 1. The murder of a 
mother. 2. The murderer of a 
mother. (L., mater, a mother.) 

Fratricide, 1. The murder of a 
brother. 2. The murderer of a 
brother. (L., frater, a brother.) 

Sororicide, 1. The murder of a sis- 
ter. 2. The murderer of a sister. 
(L., soror, a sister.) 

Infanticide, 1. The murder of an 
infant. 2. The murderer of an in- 
fant. 

Regicide, 1. The murder of a king. 
2. The murderer of a king. (L., rex, 
a king.) 

Homicide, 1 . The killing of a man. 
(L., homo, a man.) 

Note. — Homicide is of three kinds: 1st. Justi- 
fiable when it proceeds from unavoidable neces- 
sity, without an intention to kill, and without 
negligence. 2d. Excusable when it happens from 
misadventure or in self-defense. 3d. Felonious 
when it proceeds from malice, or is done in the 
prosecution of some unlawful act, or in a sudden 



passion. Homicide connected with premedita- 
ted malice is murder. Suicide, or self-mnrder, 
is also felonious homicide. Homicide compre- 
hends murder and manslaughter. — Blackstone. 

Suicide, 1. Self-murder. 2. A self- 
murderer. (L., sui, of one's self.) 

Manslaughter is the unlawful kill- 
ing of a man without malice express 
or implied. 

Note. — Manslaughter maj r be voluntary, upon 
a sudden heat or excitement of anger ; or invol- 
untary, but in the commission of some unlawful 
act. Manslaughter differs from murder in not 
proceeding from malice prepense or deliberate, 
which is essential to constitute murder. It dif- 
fers from homicide excusable, being done in con- 
sequence of some unlawful act, whereas excus- 
able homicide happens in consequence of misad- 
venture. — Blackstone. 

24. Of Habits of Body. 

A HABIT is a more or less perma- 
nent condition of the body in refer- 
ence to the blood, flesh, secretions, 
digestion, etc. 

Fleshy, having the bones thickly 
covered with muscle and fat. )£ spare. 

Fat, having the system copiously 
supplied with the oily principle. 

Corpulent, having an excessive 
quantity of fat or flesh, in proportion 
to the frame of the body. 

Corpulence, or Corpulency is the 
state of being overloaded with fat or 
flesh. (L., corpus, the body.) 

Gross, over-bulky in consequence 
of an excess of fat and flesh. 

Plump, having a full and rounded 
contour of the limbs and other exter- 
nal parts. 

Embonpoint, plumpness of person. 

Pursy, fat, short, and thick. 

Lean, not having the intermuscular 
spaces filled with fat. 

Note. — Leanness may be either a natural 
habit, or it may be occasioned by insufficient 
food, or by disease. 

Spare, lean from natural habit. 

Thin, lean from insufficient food, 
or from disease. 

Scrawny, being naturally very bo- 
ny. (A colloquial Americanism.) 

Maigre, lean. (Fr.) Hence. 

Meager, 1. Lean. Meager were his 
looks. — Shakspeare. 2. Lean in a 
figurative sense ; as, a meager soil ; a 
meager account; a meager style. 

Macies, great leanness. (L.) Hence, 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



141 



Emaciate, to reduce greatly in flesh. 

Note. — Emaciation is caused either by disease, 
or by privation of food. 

Gaunt, hollow from fasting. (Spo- 
ken of animals.) 2. Having sunken 
features, either from fasting or dis- 
ease. 

Pleth'ora, a fullness of the blood- 
vessels. 
(Gr., nxxfisf [p7ei7ios~], fullness.) 

Pletlioric, having the vessels over- 
charged with blood. 

25. Of Health. 

HEALTH is the condition of a 
living body in which all the organs 
and parts are qualified properly to 
perform their appropriate offices. 

Healthy signifies, 1. Possessed of 
health ; as, a healthy person. 2. 
Conducive to health; as, a healtliy 
employment; a Jiealthy climate. 

Healtliful signifies promotive of 
health; as, a healtliful climate, a 
healthful occupation. 

Salus [salutis], health. (L.) Hence, 

Salutary, conducive to health. 
Early rising and daily exercise are 
salutary. Fig., Conducive to civil or 
moral health; as, salutary police reg- 
ulations ; a salutary lesson. 

Salubrious, healthful ; as a salu- 
brious climate, a salubrious breeze. 

Note. — The term salubrious is used only in 
reference tu the influence of external agencies, 
as those of temperature, air, water, etc. Health- 
ful is used both in reference to external influ- 
ences, and in reference to our employments and 
habits. Healthy is used in reference to external 
influences, to employments and habits, and to 
the state of the system. 

Salubrity or Salubriousness, a 



condition of climate, etc., that is fa- 
vorable to health, 

Heil, health. (Ger.) Hence, 
Wliole, free irom disease. They 
that are whole need not a physician. 
Matt. ix. 

Wholesome signifies tending to pro- 
mote health, as ivlio7esome food, iclwle- 
some air. 

Note. — The term wholesome is used in refer- 
ence to tbose influences which operate through 
the medium of the digestive or respiratory 
organs. 

Fig., Promotive of spiritual health; 
as, iv7wlesome doctrine. 

Hale, enjoying robust health; as, 
to be hale and hearty. 

Hearty, being full of health; as, a 
hearty child. 

Sound signifies free from disease; 
as, a sound system. Fig., Free from 
any kind of deviation from the nat- 
ural and proper condition ; as, sound 
fruit ; a sound tooth ; sound cur- 
rency ; sound doctrine ; a sound mind. 

Sanus, sound. (L.) Hence, 

Sane, sound in mind. 

Sanity, soundness of mind. 

Insane, unsound in mind. 

Insanity, unsoundness of mind. 

Sanitary, pertaining to the public 
health ; as, sanitary regulations. 

Quarantine is a sanitary regula- 
tion by which a ship, having on board 
an infectious disease, or coming from 
a place where an infectious disease 
prevails, is compelled to forbear all 
intercourse, for a prescribed period, 
with the people of the port. (L., quad- 
raginta, forty, the period of quaran- 
tine having been originally forty 
days.) 



OF DISEASE. 

1. General Terms. 



DISEASE consists in any devia- 
tion from a condition of perfect 
health, either in function or structure. 
(From dis, denoting privation, and 
ease, comfort.) 

A Disorder (from dis, and order, / 



I is a derangement of the orderly play 
of any of the functions of the animal 
economy. 

Note. — The term disorder is usually applied 
to affections that are slight, partial, and transit- 
ory ; and disease to those which are deep-rooted 
jand permanent. A common cold is a disorder. 



but pulmonary consumption is a disease. 

A Distemper is a disease charac- 



142 



DISEASE. 



terized by some degree of severity, 
and affecting the general health. The 
small-pox is a distemper. (From dis, 
amiss, and temper, to mix; the term 
distemper conveying the idea that the 
fluids of the body are not mixed in 
due proportion.) 

Note. — The diseases of cattle are called dis- 
tempers. \ 

A Malady (from L. mains, ill) is 
any bodily affection from which we 
experience either pain or inconve- 
nience. 

To Ail is to affect with uneasiness, 
either of body or mind; as, What 
ails you; that is, What troubles or 
pains you? Hence, 

An Ailment is a disorder that af- 
fects us with pain or uneasiness. 

Note. — The term ailment is usually applied to 
the milder forms of chronic disease. 

A Complaint is a disease attended 
with such a degree of pain or un- 
easiness as disposes us to complain. 

Note. — The term complaint is usually applied 
to the less violent forms of disease. 

Ill signifies suffering under a se- 
vere attack of disease; as, to be ill 
of a fever. 

Illness is the state of laboring un- 
der a severe attack of disease. 

Note. — The primary sense of HI is bad or evil. 
In the term illness there is, therefore, an allusion 
to the evil condition of the sufferer. 

Sick signifies, 1. Affected with nau- 
seau. 2. Having the general health 
considerably affected by disease. 
Hence, 

Sickness signifies, 1. Nausea. 2. 
The condition of suffering under a 
disease that affects the general health. 

Note. — In the term sicTcness there is an allusion 
to the nausea, sense of prostration, and other 
morbid feelings with which the sick person is 
affected. 

Sickly signifies affected moderately 
but habitually with ill health. 

Unwell signifies not in good 
health. 

Note. 
sick. 



-The term unwell expresses less than 



Indisposed signifies slightly unwell. 
(From in, not; and disposed, in a 
condition for attending to business.) 
Hence, 



Indisposition is the condition of 
being slightly unwell. 

An Infirmity is a chronic disease. 
(From infirm, weak, in allusion to 
the attendant weakness.) _ 

A Valetudinary, or Valetudina- 
rian, is a person of infirm health. 
(L., valetudo, health.) 

Morbus, a disease. (L.) Hence, 

Morbid, diseased ; as, a morbid ap- 
petite; a morbid condition of the 
lungs. 

Morbific, causing disease ; as, mor 
bific matter. (L.,facio, to cause.) 

N0202 [Nosos], a disease. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

^ Nosology, a systematic classifica- 
tion of diseases. (Gr., xoyos [logos'], a 
discourse. 

IIA0O2 [Pathos], a morbid affec- 
tion. (Gr.) Hence, 

Pathology, the doctrine of disease. 
Gr., xoyos [logos'], a discourse.) 

Pathognomic, characterizing a dis- 
ease in such a manner as to render 
it distinguishable from all others. 
(Gr., yvapti [gnome], a mark by which 
a thing may be known.) 

A Symptom is,- 1. Any appearance, 
sensation, or other circumstance that 
accompanies. a disease. (Gr., a-vv [syn], 
together; and stta^* [ptoma], a fall- 
ing.) 

Note. — Those symptoms that serve for the 
discrimination of diseases are called pathognomic 
symptoms. 

An Attack is a sudden invasion 
by a disease of some degree of vio- 
lence. 

Note. — The use of the term attach, as applied 
to disease, is borrowed from warfare. 

A Fit is some temporary affection ; 
as, a fit of shivering. 

A Paroxysm is, 1. An obvious in- 
crease in the symptoms of a disease 
which lasts a certain time and then 
declines. 2. A periodical attack or 
fit of a disease. — Hooper. (Gr., 7ru^- 
wa> [paroxyno], to aggravate.) 

An Exacerbation is an increase 
of severity in the symptoms of a dis- 
ease. (See Art. Sapors.) 

A Eemission is an abatement in 



DISEASE. 



143 



the severity of the symptoms of a 
disease. (From remit, to abate.) 

The Acme is the hight of a disease. 
(Gr., uh/uh [aeme] t the highest point. 

The Crisis is the turning point of 
a disease, from which the patient 
lends either toward convalescence 
or death. 

A Crisis, in a Jig. sense, is that 
point in the progress of any affair from 
which matters tend either toward a 
favorable, or an unfavorable conclu- 
sion. 

Critical, pertaining to a crisis. 

Contagion is a poisonous matter 
generated in the bodies of persons 
laboring under certain diseases, and 
when communicated by the touch or 
through the medium of the air, ca- 
pable of exciting the same disease in 
others. (L., con, together; and tago, 
to touch.) 

A Contagious disease is one that 
may be communicated by one person 
to another. 

To Infect is to communicate to 
any one the poison of a contagious 
disease. Fig. To taint with vicious 
principles. 

Injection signifies, 1. The act of in- 
fusing contagious matter. 2. The 
contagious matter itself. 

A Virus is, 1. The matter in which 
the contagious principle resides. 2. 
Any animal poison capable of caus- 
ing disease, as the saliva of a mad 
dog, or the liquid discharged from 
the hollow fangs of a serpent in the 
act of biting. 

Venom is any animal juice capa- 
ble of causing disease when infused 
into the body of another animal 
either by biting or stinging. 

Poison is any substance, which 
when applied externally, or taken 
into the human body, uniformly ef- 
fects such a derangement of animal 
economy as to cause disease. — 

Hooper. 

Note. — Poisons are distinguished as animal, 
vegetable, and mineral. 

Bane is a deadly poison. Fig. A 
moral poison ; as, vice is the bane of 
society. 



Banejul, 1. Poisonous in the lit, 
sense; as, baneful herbs. 2. Poison- 
ous in a moral sense ; as, his example 
exerted a baneful influence. 

Miasm, or Miasma [plural mias- 
mata^], consists in unwholesome ex- 
halations arising from marshy lands 
and stagnant waters. (Gr., jutxivu 
[miaino], to infect.) 

Malaria is the Italian name for 
marsh miasm. [Mai, bad; and aria, 
air.) 

An Endemic Disease is one that is 
peculiar to some particular country 
or place, and which is therefore sup- 
posed to depend upon some local 
cause. (Gr.,«y [en], among; and sT^.sc 
[demos'], a people. 

An Epidemic is a disease of gene- 
ral prevalence, and not dependent 
upon local causes. (Gr., i-rt \_epi], 
upon ; and $»pos [demos], the people. 

Sporadic, or Sporadical cases of 
disease, are such as occur here and 
, there, and are neither endemic nor 
j epidemic. (Gr. (nr^*$im [sporadicos], 
scattered.) 

An Acute Disease is one that is 
severe in its symptoms, and that 
generally runs its course in a short 
time. {Acute, sharp.) 

A Chronic Disease is one that has 
long affected the system. ( Chronic. 
of long continuance.) 

2. Of Fevers. 
FEVER is a derangement of the 
system characterized by an acceler- 
ated pulse and an increased temper- 
ature. 

Note. — Fevers are sometimes divided into 
idiopathic and symptomatic. Another division of 
fevers is, into primary and secondary. 

An Idiopathic Fever is one that 
does not depend upon any local affec- 
tion. (Gr. iSto; [idios], peculiar; and 
7raBos [pathos], a disease.) 

A Symptomatic Fever is one that 
is dependent upon some local affec- 
tion of which it is a symptom. 

A Primary Fever is one where 
the local disease is consequent upon 
the fever. 

A Secondary Fever is one where 



144 



DISEASE. 



fever is consequent upon local dis- 
ease. 

Note. — Primary fevers are divided into inter- 
mittent, remittent, eruptive, and arthritic. 

An Intermittent Fever or Ague 
consists in a succession of periodical 
paroxysms, or fits, followed by inter- 
vals of perfect exemption from fever. 

Note 1 . — Each paroxysm commences with a 
chill which is succeeded by a fever, and the fever 
is followed by a free perspiration, which termi- 
nates the paroxysm. 

Note 2. — Intermittents are divided into quo- 
tidians, tertians, quartans, and quintans. i 

A Quotidian is an ague whose 
paroxysms recur every day. (L., quo- 
tidie, daily.) 

A Tertian is an ague whose par- 
oxysms recur every third day. (L., 
tertius, third.) 

A Quartan is an ague whose par- 
oxysms recur every fourth day. (L., 
quartus, fourth.) 

A Quintan is an ague whose par- 
oxysms recur every fifth day. (L., 
quintus, fifth.) 

A Remittent is a form of fever in 
which there are regular exacerba- 
tions and remissions. 

The Yellow Fever is a form of 
continued fever characterized by a 
yellow tinge of the skin. 

Note.— The yellow fever prevails in the West 
Indies, Spanish America, and certain other warm 
regions. 

Hectic Fever depends either upon 
suppuration, or important derange- 
ments of structure. — Ludlow. 

Note.— The later stages of pulmonary con- 
sumption are characterized by hectic fever. 

Continued Fever is one in which 
the remissions are not well marked. 

Note. — This kind of fever is divided into 
simple, continued, typhus, and typhoid. — Ludlow. 

Typhus is characterized by a com- 
pressible and rather frequent pulse, 
by extreme languor and debility, and 
by much disturbance of the mental 
functions. — Ludlow. (Gr. <rv<poa> [ty- 
phoo], to burn with a smothered 
heat.) 

Typhoid Fever bears a general re- 
semblance to typhus. — Ludlow. (Gr. 
«JW [eidos~\. a resemblance.) 

Eruptive Fevers are diseases of 
the skin accompanied by lesion (in- 



jury or disorder,) of the circulation. 
Ludlow. 

The Measles are a contagious dis- 
ease commencing with the symptoms 
of a common cold, and distinguished 
by a breaking out, on the third or 
fourth day, of small red spots, dis- 
tinct from each other, circular, and 
slightly raised from the surface, and 
looking like flea-bites. — Ludloic. 

Scarlet Fever or Scarlatina, is a 
disease of a contagious nature, having 
a scarlet efflorescence of the skin, 
and of the mucous membrane of the 
fauces. — Ludlow. 

Vario'la, or Small-pox, is an erup- 
tive disease, propagated by contagion. 
The eruption makes its appearance 
at the end of the third or the begin- 
ning of the fourth day from the com- 
mencement of the disease. The 
characteristics of the eruption are : 
first, red points ; then, on the second 
day, small elevations with inflamed 
bases, the outside being distended by 
a semi-transparent, plastic lymph; 
on the third day the pustules have a 
central depression, as if the skin 
were drawn tightly over a button- 
mold ; on the fourth day they assume 
a whitish color, and become sur- 
rounded with a pale red areola ; and 
between the fifth and seventh days 
the lymph in the elevations assumes 
the character of pus. (L., varius. 
varying, because it varies or changes 
the color of the skin.) — Ludlow. 

To Inoculate is to infect with a 
contagious disease, as the small-pox, 
by inserting infectious matter in the 
skin. (L., in, and oculus, an eye or 
bud of a plant.) 

Note. The medical use of the term is derived 
from the practice of inoculation in horticulture. 

The Cow-pox is a pustulous disease 
affecting the udder of the cow. 

Vario / la Vaccina is the cow-pox 
communicated to a human being by 
inoculation. (L., vacca, a cow.) 

To Vaccinate is to inoculate with 
the virus of the cow-pox. 

Vaccine, pertaining to the cow- 
pox; as, the vaccine virus ; the vaccine 
disease. 



DISEASE. 



145 



Note 1. — Vaccination serves as a protection 
against the small-pox. 

Note 2. — Vaccination was first introduced by 
Dr. Jenner of England, on the 14th of May, 
1796. 

Vakioloid, or Modified Small-pox, 
is an exanthem closely resembling 
small-pox, and generally acting upon 
a system previously protected by vac- 
cination. (Gr., «cTos leidos], a resem- 
blance. — Ludlow. 

Varicella or Chickex-pox is an in- 
fectious disease characterized by an 
eruption of vesicles filled with a 
watery fluid. (L., varicella, dim. of 
raria, fern, of varius, changeable.) 

Rheumatism is an inflammation af- 
fecting the fibrous tissue, joints, ten- 
dons, and sheaths of muscles, accom- 
panied by an effusion of a serous or 
gelatinous fluid. 

Note. — There are two forms of this disease, 
to wit : the acute and the chronic.-- Ludlow. 

Acute Rheumatism is characterized 
by great pain, with much swelling 
of the parts, their color becoming of 
a bright rose blush. — Ludlow. 

Chronic Rheumatism is the same in 
its nature with acute, but it is char- 
acterized by milder symptoms. 

Arthri'tis, Podagra, or Gout, is a 
disease commonly caused by high 
living, and especially by the excessive 
use of wine. It is characterized by 
disorder of the digestive functions, 
with flying pains, drowsiness, rest- 
lessness, etc. ; and by local inflam- 
mation, especially of the joints. — 
Ludlow. 

Note.— This disease is called arthritis, on ac- 
count of its affecting the joints. (Gr. »?7fov 
[arthron], a joint.) It is is called podagra, from 
the circumstance that the local inflammation 
with which it is usually accompanied is apt to 
seize upon the foot, and especially upon the first 
joint of the great toe. (Gr. ttov; [pons, podos], 
the foot ; and xye * [agra\, a seizure.) And it is 
called gout, from the circumstance of its having 
been supposed to be dependent upon a defiuxion 
of some humor of the body. (Fr. goutie, a drop.) 

Laryngitis is an inflammation of 
the larynx. 

Trachi'tis or Croup is an inflam- 
mation of the trachea. 

Broxchi / tis is an inflammation of 
the bronchial tubes. 
10 



A Catarrh or Common Cold is a 
mild form of bronchitis. (Gr., wrx 
\cata~], down ; and psa \_rheo~\, to 
flow, in allusion to the flow of mois- 
ture from the nostrils.) 

Pertussis or Whooping Cough is 
a contagious bronchitis, accompanied 
by a peculiar state of the nervous 
system. 

Pleuri'tis or Pleurisy is an in- 
flammation of the membrane cover- 
ing the lungs and lining of the cav- 
ity of the chest. 

Pneumonia, is an inflammation of 
the substance of the lungs. 

Pulmoxary Coxsumptiox is a dis- 
ease seated in the lungs, and charac- 
terized by hectic fever, cough, and 
the expectoration of purulent mat- 
ter. 

Carditis is an inflammation of the 
heart. 

Pericardi'tis is an inflammation of 
the pericardium. 

Glossi'tis is an inflammation of the 
tongue. (Gr., yxa>o-<?a [_glossa~\, the 
tongue.) 

Parotitis, or the Mumps, is a con- 
tagious disease, attended with a slight 
fever, and characterized by a swell- 
ing and pain in one or both of the 
parotid glands. 

Cynaxche Toxsillaris, or Quixsy, 
is an inflammation of the tonsils. 

Gastritis is an inflammation of the 
stomach. 

Extert'tis is an inflammation of 
the intestines. 

Coli / tis, or Dysextery, is an in- 
flammation of the colon (or large in- 
testine). 

Peeitoxi'tis is an inflammation of 
the peritoneum. 

Hepatitis is an inflammation of 
the liver. (Gr., 'wap \liepar~], the 
liver.) 

Xephri'tis is an inflammation of 
the kidneys. (Gr., v&?>§ac [_nephros~], 
the kidneys.) 

Cysti'tis is an inflammation of the 
bladder. Gr., kvo-ti; [cystis], the blad- 
der.) 

Ophthalmia is an inflammation of 
the eves. 



146 



DISEASE. 



3. Of Inflammation. 

INFLAMMATION is an altered 
action of the vessels of a part deno- 
ted by pain, swelling, redness, and in- 
crease of heat. — Ludlow. 

Resolution is the subsidence of in- 
flammation before it has produced 
any marked change of structure. — 
Ludlow [Resolution is from resolve, 
to scatter; fromL., resolvo, to unbind 
or loosen.) 

Effusion is the pouring out of a 
liquid (generally serum or lymph) in 
the cellular structure, or into the cavi- 
ties of the body. — Ludlow. 

Pus [puris] is a straw-colored fluid 
secreted in ulcers and wounds in the 
process of healing. 

To Suppurate is to secrete pus. 

Purulent signifies consisting of, or 
partaking of, the nature of pus ; as, a 
purulent discharge. 

A Pustule is a small pimple-like 
elevation of the cuticle, with an in- 
flamed base, containing pus. 

Ichor is a thin, acrid fluid dis- 
charged from unhealthy sores. Hence, 

Ichorous, consisting of, or resem- 
bling ichor; as, an ichorous dis- 
charge. 

Sanies is a bloody and offensive 
ichor. — Ludlow. 

Sanious, consisting of, or like 
sanies. 

Sordes consists of a thick, leaden- 
colored, and very offensive fluid, ap- 
parently partially coagulated. — Lud- 
low. (L., sordes, filth.) 

An Abscess is a collection of pus 
contained in a circumscribed cavity 
or cyst formed by inflammation. (L., 
abs, apart; and cedo [cessum], to go ; 
because parts which were contiguous 
become separated from each other. ) 

An Ulcer is an open, running sore. 

To Ulcerate is to form an ulcer. 

Ulceration is the process by which 
any portion of the body is removed 
in consequence of inflammation. — 
Ludlow. 

To Run is to discharge pus and 
other matter. 

Matter is a general term including 
pus, sanies, ichor, and sordes. 



To Maturate is to suppurate per- 
fectly. (L., maturus, ripe.) 

Maturation is the process of sup- 
purating perfectly. 

To Granulate is to form little 
grains. (L., granulum, dim. of gra- 
num, a grain.) 

Granulations are small grain-like 
protuberances which form on the sur- 
face of ulcers and in suppurating 
sores, and which serve to fill up the 
cavity and to unite the sides. The 
process of doing this is called granu- 
lation. — Tully. 

A Cicatrix or Scar is the new skin 
which marks the place of a wound or 
ulcer that has been healed. 

To Cicatrize is to heal by the form- 
ation of a cicatrix. 

Cicatrization is the process by 
which a wound or ulcer is covered 
with a new skin. — Ludlow. 

Fungus, or Proud Flesh, consists 
of a spongy and unhealthy growth in 
an ulcer or wound. (L., fungus, a 
mushroom.) 

A Fungus is a spongelike excres- 
cence, commonly discharging matter 
or blood. 

Mortification is the loss of vitality 
in a part in consequence of inflam- 
mation. — Ludlow. 

Gangrene is incipient mortifica- 
tion. — Ludlow. 

Sphacelus is the complete death of 
a part through mortification. — Lud- 
low. 

An Eruption consists in a dis- 
coloration or spots on the skin; as, 
the eruption of the small-pox, measles, 
nettle-rash, etc. — Hooper. 

An Efflorescence k a morbid red- 
ness of the skin. (L., effloresco, to 
put forth flowers ; from ex, forth, and 
flos [floris], a flower.) 

An Exanthem is an efflorescence. 
(Gr., s| [ex'], forth; and avQsco [an- 
theo], to bloom.) 

Exanthematous signifies character- 
ized by an efflorescence of the skin. 
Measles and scarlet fever are exan- 
thematous diseases. 

Erysipelas is an inflammation of 
the skin and the subjacent cellular 



DISEASE. 



147 



tissue, characterized by an exanthe- 
ma or eruption, elevated, of a bright 
red color, and disappearing under 
pressure; with, sometimes, vesicles 
containing an amber-colored serum. 
— Ludlow. 

A Blain is a swelling or eruptive 
discoloration of the skin. — Johnson. 

Chilblains consist in an inflamma- 
tion of the feet, accompanied by red- 
ness and intense itching, and some- 
times becoming ulcerated and dim- 
cult to heal. — Ludlow. 

Frost-bite is a mortification of a 
part from intense cold. — Ludlow. 

A Furuncle or Boil is a variety of 
abscess, indolent in its progress, and 
characterized by having a hard cen- 
tral core, terminating in the secretion 
of pus. — Ludlow. 

A Sty is an inflamed tumor on the 
eyelid. 

An Anthrax is a deep, circum- 
scribed abscess of a malignant char- 
acter, terminating in * gangrene. — 
Ludlow. (Gr. , *?6/>*| [anthrax], a coal. ) 

Note.— The affection has its name from its 
black color. 

Carbuncle is another designation 
of the affection called anthrax. (L., 
carbunculus, dim. of carbo, a coal.) 

(Ezena is a fetid discharge from 
the nostrils. 

Paronychia or Whitlow is an ab- 
scess generally commencing in the 
vicinity of the nail, and traveling 
under the sheath of the tendons. — 
Ludlow. (Gr., n-ap* [para], near; and 
ovy| [onyx], the nail.) 

A Felon is a painful swelling 
formed in the periosteum at the end 
of the finger. — Wiseman. 

Caries is an ulceration of the 
bone from violence or inflammation, 
or from constitutional disease. — Lud- 
low. (L., caries, rottenness.) 

Carious signifies affected with ca- 
ries or decay; as, a carious tooth. 

Necrosis is the complete death of 
a bone from injuries and inflamma- 
tion. (Gr., vupo; [necros], dead.) 

Morbus Coxarius, or Coxalgia, is 
an inflammation of the hip-joint. (L., 



coxa, the hip; and Gr., *\y^ [algos], 
pain.) 

White Swelling is a generic term, 
used to denote any disease of the 
knee-joint, accompanied with swell- 
ing and white color from the tension 
of the integuments. — Ludlow. 

4. Sundry Diseases. 

A TUMOR is a morbid swelling. 
(L., tumeo, to swell.) 

A Tubercle is a diseased structure 
which consists of a solid, roundish, 
substance, as tubercles of the lungs, 
liver, etc. — Hooper. 

A Scirrhus is a hard tumor of a 
glandular part, indolent, and not 
readily suppurating, (pron., skirrus.) 

A Cancer is, 1. An ulcerating 
scirrhus. 2. A malignant ulcer that 
is characterized by an eating away 
of the surrounding flesh. 

A Wen is an encysted tumor, 
which is movable, pulpy, and often 
elastic to the touch. — Webster. 

A Sarcoma is any fleshy tumor not 
inflammatory, attended with dull sen- 
sations, and of a sluggish growth. 
— Webster, (Gr., *«tg| [sarx] flesh.) 

A Bronchocele, or Goitre, is a tu- 
mor on the fore part of the neck, be- 
ing a morbid enlargement of the thy- 
roid gland. (Gr., fyyxo; [bronchos], 
the throat, and mm [ce'le], a tumor.) 

A Wart is a firm, arid, harsh, in- 
sensible extuberance of the common 
integuments; chiefly found on the 
hands. — Good. 

A Corn is an excrescence, consist- 
ing of thickened and hardened skin, 
occurring chiefly on the toes, and 
caused by the pressure of tight shoes. 

Dysplpsy is a derangement of the 
digestive function. (Gr., JW [dys], 
with difficulty, and 7rt7rveo \_pepto~\, to 
digest. ) 

Diarrhea is a morbid increase in 
the frequency of the alvine dischar- 
ges. (Gr., Sia \_dia~], through, and eta, 
[rheo], to flow.) 

Cholera is characterized by fre- 
quent vomiting and purging. 

Note. — Cholera is divided into the common or 
sporadic, and the epidemic, malignant, or Asia- 
tic cholera. — Ludlow. 



148 



DISEASE. 



Colic is a pain in the bowels. 

Note. — The causes of colic are various. One 
of the most common is the presence of substan- 
ces which the stomach has not been able to di- 
gest, either on account of the quality or the 
quantity. 

Jaundice is a yellowness of the 
skin caused by the presence of bile 
in the circulation. 

Apoplexy is a sudden abolition of 
the powers of sense and motion. — 
Hooper. (a7ro7rx»crs-m, to strike down.) 

Note. — Among the exciting causes of apo- 
plexy are, 1. Anything which produces an in- 
ordinate determination of blood to the head, or 
impedes its free return from the brain to the 
heart. 2. Over-distension of the stomach when 
the digestive powers are weak. 3. The intem- 
perate use of spiritous liquors. 4. Violent ex- 
ertions. 5. A stroke of the sun. — Ludlow. 

Paral'ysis, or Palsy, is an impaired 
or abolished power of voluntary mo- 
tion or sensation, or both, in certain 
parts of the body, without loss of 
consciousness. — Ludlow. 

Numbness is a destitution of the 
power of sensation. The fingers or 
limbs may be numb with cold. 

To Benumb is to deprive of sensi- 
bility. 

Torpor is either a partial or a to- 
tal loss of the power of feeling and 
motion. (L., torpeo, to be numb.) 

Torpid, 1. Having lost the power 
of exertion and feeling; as, a torpid 
limb. 2. Sluggish or inactive. With- 
out heat all things would be torpid 
and without motion. — Ray. The sun 
awakes the torpid sap. — Thomson. 

A Spasm is an involuntary contrac- 
tion of the muscular fibers. 

Note. — Spasms are distinguished as clonic 
and tonic. (Gr., o-jrxw, to draw.) 

In the Clonic variety of spasms, 
the muscles contract and relax with 
sudden and rapid alternations, as in 
convulsions. (Gr., Khovtm [cloneo"], to 
agitate.) 

In the Tonic spasm the members 
remain rigid, as in locked-jaw. (Gr., 
Tuvce [tei?io~\, to stretch.) 

Convulsion is a diseased action 
of the muscular fibers, known by al- 
ternate relaxations, with violent and 
involuntary contractions of the mus- 
cular parts, without sleep. — Hooper. 



(L., con, together, and vello [vulswn], 
to pull.) 

Epilepsy consists of convulsions 
with sleep, and usually froth issuing 
from the mouth. — Hooper. (Gr., vri 
[_epi~], upon, and \»^u [lepsis], a seiz- 
ing. The disease has its name from 
the suddenness of the attack.) 

Falling Sickness is another de- 
signation of the disease called Epi- 
lepsy. It is thus designated, be- 
cause the patient, when first at- 
tacked, falls suddenly to the ground. 

Tetanus is a spasmodic affection 
of the tonic kind. It is character- 
ized by a spasmodic rigidity of al- 
most the whole body. — Hooper. 

Lock-Jaw, or Locked-Jaw, is an- 
other name for tetanus. The disease 
is thus called from the circumstance 
that the jaws are firmly locked to- 
gether. 

To Palpitate is to beat with pre- 
ternatural force and frequency. (Spo- 
ken of the heart.) 

Chorea, or St. Vitus' s Dance, is 
characterized by convulsive motions 
of the limbs, as if the person were 
dancing. (Gr., x°P ilA \choreia\ a 
dancing.) 

Note. — This disease is called St. Virus's dance, 
because some of the devotees of St. Vitus exer- 
cised themselves so long in dancing, that their 
intellects were disordered, and they could only 
be restored by dancing again on the anniversary 
of St. Vitus. — Hooper. 

Strabismus, or Squinting is an af- 
fection of the eye by which a per- 
son sees objects in an oblique man- 
ner, from the axis of vision being 
distorted. — Hooper. (Gr., o-rp*/2t£a 
[strabizo], to squint.) 

Amaurosis, or Gutta Serena, is a 
disease of the eye, attended with a 
diminution or total loss of sight, 
without any visible injury to the or- 
gan, and arising from a paralytic 
affection of the retina and optic 
nerve. (Gr., a/u.*vpoa \amauroo~\ } to 
darken or obscure.) — Hooper. 

Note. — When blindness is caused by a loss of 
transparency in the cornea, or visible portion 
of the humors, the eye looks as if it had been 
beclouded by a drop of some colored liquid. But 
in the case of amaurosis, the cornea and humors 
are perfectly transparent, and yet the sight is 



DISEASE. 



149 



extinct. It must, therefore, according to the 
uotion of those who invented the term, have 
been extinguished by a clear drop, gutta signify- 
ing a drop, and serenia, clear. Thus Milton, in 
speaking of his blindness, fiays, respecting his 
eyes : 
So thick a drop serene hath quenched their orbs. 
Paradise Lost. 

Blear signifies sore with a watery 
rheum. (Applied only to the eyes.) 
Hence, 

Blear-eyed, having the eyes sore 
and dimmed with rheum. 

Syncope, Swooning, or Fainting, 
is an affection in which respiration 
and the action of the heart either 
cease, or become much weaker than 
usual, with paleness and coldness, 
arising from diminished energy of 
the brain, or from organic affections 
of the heart. — Hooper. 

Yer'tigo, (or Vertigo,) Dizziness, 
Giddiness, or Swimming of the Head, 
is an affection of the head, in which 
objects, though stationary, appear to 
move in various directions, and the 
person affected finds it difficult to 
maintain an erect position. — Web- 
ster. (Vertigo, from L., verto, to 
turn.) 

Xausea is a sensation of sick- 
ness at the stomach, with an inclina- 
tion to vomit. (Gr., v*ve [naus~], a 
ship, the term nausea having been 
originally applied to sea-sickness.) 

To Nauseate is to cause sickness 
of the stomach. 

Nauseous, adapted by its appear- 
ance or taste to sicken the stomach, 
as a nauseous medicine. 

To Turn the Stomach is to affect 
with nausea. 

A Qualm is a sudden attack of 
sickness at the stomach. Fig. A 
temporary fit of uneasiness of con- 
science. 

Qualmish, affected with nausea. 

Squeamish, 1. Having a stomach 
that is easily turned. 2. Hard to be 
suited in food; as, a squeamish appe- 
tite. 3, and^. Hard to please. 

Dropsy is a collection of serous 
fluid in the cellular membrane, and 
i.i the viscera and circumscribed 
cavities of the body. (Gr., Ma,p [Jiy- 
dor~], water. 



Ascites is a dropsy of the belly. 
i(Gr., a-a-Koc [ascos'], a bottle, the name 
of the disease having reference to 
the bottle-like protuberance of the 
part affected. 

Hydrocephalus is a dropsy of the 
brain. (Gr., vSag \_liydor~\, water; and 
HtqxxH [cejjhale], the head.) 

Hydrothorax is a dropsy of the 
chest. (Gr., wfag \_hydor~], water; and 
thorax, the chest.) 

Anasarca is a form of dropsy in 
which the water is diffused through 
the cellular membrane of the body. 
(Gr., am [ana~], through; and <rxgg 
[sarx], the flesh.) 

Neuralgia is an idiopathic pain of 
a nerve, not preceded or occasioned 
by aTiy other disease. — Tidly. (Gr., 
vtupov [neuron~\, a nerve; and *ky*s 
[algos~], pain.) 

Asthma is characterized by a dif- 
ficult respiration returning at inter- 
vals, with a sense of stricture (tight- 
ness) across the breast and in the 
lungs ; a wheezing, hard cough at 
first, but more free toward the close 
of each paroxysm, with a discharge 
of mucus, followed by a remission. — . 
Hooper. (Gr., ao-S^st^ [asthmazo~\, to 
breathe with difficulty.) Hence, 

Asthmatic, affected with a difficulty 
of breathing caused by asthma; as, 
an asthmatic patient. 

The IVcubus or Xight-Mare is an 
affection experienced during the 
night. The individual is oppressed 
with the sense of a heavy weight on 
the chest, by which respiration is 
impeded, or the circulation of the 
blood interrupted to such a degree 
as to threaten suffocation. The pa- 
tient is horrified by frightful dreams, 
and often makes ineffectual efforts to 
cry out or move himself. — Hooper. 
(L., in, upon; and cubo, to lie.) 

A Pestilence is any infectious dis- 
ease that is epidemic and mortal. 

The Plague is an acute, malig- 
nant, febrile disease that often pre- 
vails in Egypt, Syria, and Turkey. — 
Webster. 



150 



DISEASE. 



5. Of Injuries. 

A "WOUND is a solution (separa- 
tion) of continuity (continuous con- 
nection) in a soft part, produced by 
some mechanical agent. — Ludlow. 

Vulnus, a wound. (L.) Hence, 

Vulnerable, that may be wounded. 

Invulnerable, that can not be 
wounded. 

A Fracture is a solution of conti- 
nuity in a bone. — Ludlow. (L., 
frango, to break.) 

A Dislocation is the displacement 
of the articulating extremity of a bone 
from its natural position. — Ludlow. 
(L., dis, from; and locus, a place.) 

To Luxate is to dislocate the bones 
of a joint. (L., Luxo, to put out of 
joint.) 

Luxation is, 1. The act of putting 
out of joint 2. The state of being 
out of joint. 

A Sprain is an incomplete luxa- 
tion, accompanied with stretching 
and more or less laceration of the 
ligaments of the joint, and some- 
times with the rupture of a tendon. — 
Ludlow. 

6. Of the Restoration of Health. 

To HEAL is to remove disease. 

Health is the condition of being 
free from disease. 

To Cure is to heal by care and 
attention. (L., cura, care.) 

Curative, pertaining to the healing 
of diseases ; as, curative measures. 

A Physician is one who practices 
the art of healing. (Gr., qv<?ic \_phy- 
sis~], nature.) 

Note. — The term plujsician, according to its 
etymology and original use, signifies one familiar 
with natural science. But the application of the 
term is now restricted to signify a person who 
devotes himself to those branches of natural 
&oience which have a relation to the healing art. 

A Doctor is a physician. (L., 
doceo, to teach.) 

Note. — A doctor, according to the etymology 
of the term, is a teacher. The use of the word 
doctor in the sense of physician, had its origin in 
the circumstance, that when a medical student 
graduates, he is honored in his diploma with the 
title of Doctor of Medicine, and is thus author- 
ized to teach the healiug art to others. 

A Quack is an ignorant pretender 



to the healing art. (From quack, to 
boast, from quack, to cry as a duck.) 

An Empiric is, literally, one who 
makes experiments. (Gr., m [en], in; 
and .KiipcM [peirao], to make a trial.) 
Hence, the term empiric is used to 
signify a physician who enters on the 
practice without a regular profes- 
sional education, and expects to suc- 
ceed by experimenting. 

A Medicine is any substance that 
possesses the virtue, either of heal- 
ing, or of mitigating disease. (L., 
medeor, to heal.) 

Medical, pertaining to the healing 
art; as, the medical profession. 

Medic'irial, possessing healing 
qualities ; as, a medicinal herb. 

To Medicate is to impregnate with 
medicinal qualities. 

Medicated, impregnated with med- 
icinal qualities ; as, a medicated bath. 

A Medic' 'ament is anything used 
for treating diseases or wounds. 

A Remedy is any means whatever 
that is adapted to effect the cure of a 
disease. 

A Remedy, in a fig. sense, is that 
which is adapted to correct any evil, 
either physical or moral. 

Remedial, 1. Serving for the cure 
of disease; as, remedial agents. 
2. Serving for the correction of moral 
disorders ; as, remedial measures. 

Remediless, or Irreme' 'diable, that 
can not be cured or corrected ; as, a 
remediless disease; an irremediable 
evil. 

A Panace'a is a medicine that is 
adapted to the cure of all diseases. 
(Gr., Trav [pari], all; and xmo/ulcu [ac- 
eomai], to cure.) 

A Nostrum is a medicine whose 
composition is kept as a secret by the 
inventor or proprietor. (L., noster, 
ours. ) 

Note. — The designation nostrum is an allusion 
to the vaunting language of a quack, who, in 
speaking of a compound that he has invented, 
calls it our medicine. 

A Drug is any article used as a 
medicine. 

Note. — Drugs 'axe medicinal substances in 
their simple form. When compounded and pre- 
scribed, they receive the designation of medicines. 



DISEASE. 



151 



A Druggist is one who deals in 
drugs. 

An Apothecary is one who com- 
pounds drugs, and prepares them as 
medicines, according to prescribed 
formulas. (Gr., ctn-o \apo~\, aside ; and 
TtQufAt [titkemt], to place.) 

Note. — A druggist is not necessarily an apothe- 
cary; but, in the United States, the same person 
is, usually, both druggist and apothecary. 

1. Materia Medica is the science 
which treats of medicines. — Ludlow. 

2. Materia Medica. — By this term 
is understood a general class of sub- 
stances, both natural and artificial, 
which are used in the cure of dis- 
eases. — Hooper. (L., materia, mat- 
ter; and medica, medicinal.) 

Pharmacy is the art of preparing 
medicines for the treatment of dis- 
eases. (Gr., qapfAaKov \_pharmacon\, a 
medicine.) 

A Dispensatory (from dispendo, to 
distribute,) is a book which treats 
of the composition of medicines. — 
Hooper. 

A Dispensary is a shop or place in 
which medicines are prepared. 

A Pharmacopoeia is a dispensatory, 
or book of directions, for the compo- 
sition of medicines, approved of by 
medical practitioners, and published 
by authority. — Hooper. 

Pharmaceutic means belonging to 
pharmacy ; as, pharmaceutic prepara- 
tions. 

A Powder is a portion of medicine 
used in the form which the name in- 
dicates. 

Troches (tro-'kees) and Lozenges 
are composed of powders made up, 
with glutinous substances, into little 
cakes, and afterward dried. — Hooper. 

Note. — Troches (from Gr., reox°s [trochos], a 
wheel,) are round. Lozenges (from Gr., \o£»oj 
[loxios], obliqiie ; and ywvi* [gonid], an angle,) 
are diamond-shaped. 

A Pill is a medicine in the form of 
a little bailor round mass, to be swal- 
lowed whole. — Bacon. 

A Bolus is a soft mass of anything 
medicinal made into a large pill to be 
swallowed at once. It may be of any 
ingredients, made a little thicker than 
honey. — Ency. 



An Electuary is a form of medi- 
cine composed of powders or other in- 
gredients, incorporated with some 
conserve, honey, or syrup, and made 
into due consistence, to be taken in 
doses like boluses. — Ency. 

A Confection is a soft electuary. — 
Ency. 

An Unguent or Ointment is an 
unctuous compound used for smear- 
ing a diseased part. 

A Liniment is an unctuous prepa- 
ration, thinner than an unguent, but 
thicker than an oil. (L., linio, to 
smear. ) 

A Cerate is a thick kind of oint- 
ment composed of wax and oil, with, 
or without, other ingredients, applied, 
externally, in various diseases. — 
Hooper. (L., cera, wax.) 

A Salve (sav) is an adhesive com- 
position or substance to be applied to 
wounds or sores. 

A Plaster consists of salve, or 
some salve-like substance, spread on 
leather or cloth, and applied to the 
skin. 

A Cataplasm, or Poultice, is a soft 
composition of meal, or any like sub- 
stance, to be applied to sores, in- 
flamed parts of the body, etc. (Gr., 
nnrci [cata~], upon; and 7r\uo-<ra) \_plas- 
so], to spread.) 

An Astringent is a medicine 
which produces contraction of the 
living fiber. — Ludlow. (L., ad, to- 
gether; and stringo, to draw.) 

Note. — Alum, oak-bark, and the fruit of the 
persimmon, possess the astringent quality, as is 
manifested by their contracting or puckering 
the lining membrane of the mouth. 

Tonics are medicines which moder- 
ately and permanently exalt the ener- 
gies of all parts of the system. — Lud- 
low. 

Note. — Many vegetables, having a bitter 
taste, are possessed of tonic properties. Peru- 
vian bark is a noted tonic. 

Aromatics are substances having a 
fragrant odor, spicy taste, and con- 
taining a volatile oil. — Ludlow. (Gr., 
etga>/uct [aroma'], a spice or herb for 
seasoning.) 

Note. — Cinnamon, cloves, sage, orange-peel, 
etc., are aromatics. 



152 



DISEASE. 



Stimulants are medicines which 
excite the circulation. — Ludlow. (L., 
stimulus, a goad or spur.) 

Note. — Cayenne pepper and alcohol are stimu- 
lants. 

Sedatives are medicines which 
abate the vital action of the heart 
and arteries. — Ludlow. (L., sedo, to 
abate. ) 

Emetics are medicines adminis- 
tered with a view to excite vomiting. 
(Gr., ifjuce \_emeo~], to vomit.) 

Cathartics are medicines which 
produce evacuations from the bow- 
els. — Ludlow. (Gr., x&Bxipa) [caihai- 
ro~\, to purge or cleanse.) 

Diaphoretics are medicines which 
produce perspiration. — Ludlow. (Gr., 
Sia [did], through; and <popea> \_phoreo~], 
to carry; because they carry moist- 
ure, etc., through the skin.) 

Refrigerants are medicines which 
abate the heat of the body. (L., re- 
frig 'ero, to cool.) 

Alteratives are medicines which 
induce an altered or changed action 
in the system. 

Expectorants are substances which 
increase and facilitate the discharge 
of mucous and other secretions from 
the membrane lining the air cells, 
bronchial tubes, etc. — Ludlow. (L., 
ex, from; and pectus, the breast.) 

Sial'ogogues are medicines which 
promote the secretion of saliva, as 
tobacco. (Gr., aiaxov [sialon], spittle; 
and ctya, \_ago~], to lead. — Ludlow.) 

Epispastics are medicines which, 
when applied to the skin, produce a 
blister. — Ludlow. (Gr., tm [epi~], to- 
gether; and a-Truce [spao], to draw.) 

Note. — Spanish flies are noted for their ejpis- 
pastic properties. 

Rubefacients are medicines which, 
when externally applied, inflame the 
skin. — Ludlow. (L., rubefacio, to 
redden. 

Note. — Mustard seed is often used as a rube- 
facient. 



Escharot'ics are substances which, 
when applied to any part of the body, 
destroy its life, and produce a slough. 
Ludlow. (Gr., e<rx*pa [eschard], a 
scab formed by a burn.) 

Demulcents are unirritating sub- 
stances which form with water a vis- 
cid solution. — Ludlow. (L., demul- 
ceo, to soften.) 

Note. — Flaxseed, gnm Arabic, marsh-mallows, 
and the bark of the slippery elm are demulcents. 

Antacids are substances capable 
of neutralizing-acids. — Ludlow. (Gr., 
avn [anti], against.) 

Note. — Magnesia, lime, potash, and soda are 
antacids. 

Anthelmintics are medicines cap- 
able of destroying worms in the ali- 
mentary canal. — Ludlow. (Gr., avn 
\_anti], against; and hjutv? [lielmins], 
an intestinal worm.) 

Opiates are medicines that procure 
etc. (From opium, a drug 
which is noted for producing this 
effect.) 

Note.— Opium is the inspissated (thickened) 
juice of the poppy. 

Anodynes are medicines that ease 
pain and procure sleep. They are 
divided into three classes : paregor- 
ics, hypnotics, and narcotics. — 
Hooper. (Gr., a, priv. ; and ceJW, pain.) 

Paregorics are medicines which 
assauge pain. (Gr., ?rapeycp&ju [pare- 
goreud], to assauge.) 

Hypnot'ios are medicines which re- 
lieve by procuring sleep. — Hooper. 
(Gr., v7rvos \_hypnos], sleep.) 

Narcotics are medicines which 
ease the patient by stupefying him. 
(Gr., vapx.006 [iiarcoo], to stupefy.) 

Cordials are medicines that pos- 
sess warm and stimulating properties, 
and that are given to raise the spirits. 
Hooper. (L., cor, the heart.) 



Note. — The wines 
properties. 



generally possess cordial 



FUNERALS. 



153 



OF FTJNEKALS 



A CORPSE is a dead human body. 
(L., corpus, a body.) 

Corse is a poetic form of the word 
corpse. 

A Carcass is, 1., and properly, The 
dead body of a beast. 2. The dead 
bodies of men are called carcasses, 
when they are uncared for by the 
living. 

The carcasses of half your senate 

Manure the plains of Thessaly. — Shaispeare. 

3. The living human body by way 
of contempt. 

A Shroud is a dress for the dead. 

A "Wixdixg-sheet is a sheet in 
which a corpse is wrapped. (From 
windy to wrap.) 

A Pall is a cloth thrown over a 
dead body at funerals. 

Pallbearers are those who attend 
the coffin at a funeral. 

A Coffin is a chest in which a 
corpse is placed. (Fr., coffre, a 
chest. ) 

A Bier is a frame on which a cof- 
fin is carried. (From bear, to carry.) 

A Hearse is a carriage fitted up 
for the purpose of carrying the dead 
to the place of burial. 

A Grave is a pit in which a dead 
human body is deposited, (Ger., 
graben, to dig.) 

To Inter 7 is to bury the dead. 
(L., in, in; and terra, the ground.) 

Interment or Burial is the act of 
covering a dead human body in the 
ground. 

To Ixhume is to bury in the ground; 
as, to inhume a dead hody. (L., in, 
in; and humus, the ground.) 

Post humous, born after the father 
has been put in the ground; as, a 
posthumous child. (humus, the 
ground; and post, after.) 

A Fuxeeal is a burial with all its 
attendant observances. (L., funale, 
a torch, from funis, a rope, as 
torches made of ropes were used by 
the Romans at funerals.) 

A Funeral Pile was a heap of 



combustibles on which the Ancients 
sometimes burned their dead. 

Funereal, suiting a funeral; as, 
funereal gloom. 

Ob'sequies are funeral rites and 
solemnities. (L., obsequium, respect.) 

Exequies are funeral rites. (L., 
ex, after; and sequor, to follow, in 
allusion to the procession.) 

Exe'quial, relating to funerals; as, 
exequial rites. 

A Tomb is, 1. A common grave. 2. 
A vault for the reception of a dead 
body. 3. A monument erected to 
preserve the memory of a deceased 
person. (L.. tumulus, a mound, in re- 
ference to the swelling of the earth, 
by which a grave is marked.) 

A Cex'otaph is an empty tomb 
erected in honor of a person who is 
buried elsewhere. (Gr. xsvcc [cenos-], 
empty; and rct<pn \taphe~\, a tomb.) 

An Epitaph is an inscription on a 
tomb. (Gr., km \_epi\, upon; and 
ta<p» \taphe~], a tomb.) 

An Urx t was a vessel in which the 
ashes of the dead were formerly 
kept. (L., wma, a pitcher.) 

A Sep'ulcher is a place in which 
the dead body of a human being is 
buried or deposited. (L., sepelio, 
\_sepultum~], to bury.) 

SepuVchral. pertaining to the in- 
terment of the dead; as, a sepulchral 
stone. 

Sep'ulture is the act of interment. 

A Maesole'oi is a magnificent se- 
pulchral monument. (From Mausolus, 
a king of Caria. whose wife, Arte- 
misia, erected to his memory a monu- 
ment which was reckoned among the 
seven wonders of the world.) 

A Cemetery is, ]. An edifice or area 
where the dead are interred. — Branch. 
2. A common burying-ground. (Gr., 
Kiijuuco [coimao~], to sleep.) 

Xote. — Burying-grounds -were called xotpif. 
T>-p<a [ccemeleria], (sleeping places) by the early 
Christians, as implying that the rest of the bodj 
in the grave was but a temporary sleep, from 
which it -would he aroused on the morning of 
the resurrection. 



154 



LOVE AND COURTSHIP. 



OF LOVE AND COURTSHIP. 



LOVE is an attachment between 
persons of opposite sexes. (From 
love, to be pleased with.) 

Lovers are persons of opposite 
sexes who are mutually attached to 
each other. 

A Lover is a man who has an at- 
tachment for a female. 

Note. — Lovei; in the singular, is always mas- 
culine. 

A Mistress is a woman beloved 
and courted. 

A Passion is a strong affection of 
love. 

A Flame is, 1. The passion of love. 
2. The object beloved; as, she was 
my first flame. 

A Sweetheart is either a lover or 
a mistress. (From sweet and heart.) 

A Suit is a solicitation in mar- 
riage. (From suit, solicitation, from 
sue, to solicit, from Fr., suivre, to pur- 
sue.) 

A Suitor is one who solicits a wo- 
man in marriage. 

To Woo is to endeavor, by gentle 
and delicate attentions, to gain a 
woman's consent to marry. 

To Court is to endeavor, by polite 
and agreeable attentions, to gain the 
hand of a woman in marriage. 
(From court, to pay flattering atten- 
tions, from court, the residence of a 
king.) 

Gai/lant, polite and attentive to 
ladies. Hence, 

A Gallant' is, 1. A man who is po- 
lite and attentive to ladies. 2. A 
lover. 

GaVlantry, civilities paid to fe- 
males. 

A Spark is a lover. 

A Beau is a man who attends a 
lady. (Fr., beau, gay.) 

A Coquette, (co-kef, ) is a gay and 
airy girl, who endeavors to attract 
the attention of gentlemen, and who 



feigns a regard which she does not 
feel. (Fr.) 

Coquefry is an affectation of am- 
orous advances. 

To Coquet' is to treat with an as- 
sumed appearance of amorous ten- 
derness. 

A Flirt is, 1. A pert girl. 2. A 
coquette. 

A Jilt is a woman who gives her 
lover hopes, and then capriciously 
disappoints him. 

To Jilt is to give hopes to a lover, 
and then reject him. 

Addresses are attentions paid by a 
gentleman to a lady, with a desire of 
gaining her hand in marriage. 

Amo, to love. (L.) Hence, 

Amorous, 1. Inclined to love ; as, 
an amorous temperament. 2. Per- 
taining to, or indicating, love ; as, am- 
orous airs. 

Amatory and Amatorial, pertain- 
ing to love; as an amatorial song. 
2. Causing love ; as, an amatory po- 
tion. 

Amativeness, a propensity to love. 
(A phrenological term.) 

Enamor, to inflame with love. 

Enamorado, one deeply in love. 

4>iae.q [Phileo], to love. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Philter, a love potion. 

A Love-potion is a drink adminis- 
tered for the purpose of exciting love. 

Note. — Potions possessing the quality of ex- 
citing love, exist only in the imaginations of 
the ignorant. 

Venus is the goddess of beauty and 
love. (See Art., Mythology.) 

Cupid, the son of Venus, is the 
god of love. (See Art., Mythology.) 

To be Smitten is to be wounded in 
the heart by one of Cupid's arrows; 
as, he was smitten with the charms 
of the young lady. 



MARRIAGE. 



155 



OF MAEEIAGE. 



MARRIAGE is the legal union of 
a man and woman for life. 

To Marry is, 1. To unite, legally, 
a man and woman for life. 2. To 
dispose of in marriage. 3. To take 
for husband or wife. 4. To enter 
upon the married state. 

To Wed is to inarry. 

A Wedding is a marriage. 

Wedlock is the married state. 

Note. — Wedlock is sometimes used as a legal 
term, as when we speak of children born in 
wedlock. 

Matrimony is the married state. 
(L.j mater, a mother, because married 
women are generally mothers.) 

Note. — This term is used in an ecclesiastical 
sense, as when we speak of the holy state of 
matrimony. 

Matrimonial, pertaining to the mar- 
ried state; as, a matrimonial alliance. 

The Bans of Matrimony are a pub- 
lic notice of a proposed marriage, 
proclaimed in a church, or other 
place prescribed by law, in order 
that any person may object, if he 
knows of any cause why the mar- 
riage should not take place. 

Nubo [nuptum~\, to marry. (L.) 
Hence, 

Nuptial, pertaining to a marriage; 
as. a nuptial feast. 

Nuptials, a wedding. 

Connubial, pertaining to the mar- 
ried state; as, connubial felicity. 
[con, together.) 

Nubile, of an age suitable for mar- 
riage. 

Conjugal, pertaining to the rela- 
tion that subsists between man and 
wife; as conjugal affection. (L., con- 
jugium, marriage, from con, together; 
and jugo, to yoke.) 

To Betroth is, 1. To pledge to be 
the future spouse of another. In 
some countries parents betroth their 
children at an early age. 2. To 
contract with any one in order to a 
future marriage. (Troth for truth. 
The term betroth, therefore, implies 
pledge one's truth for the fulfillment 
J an engagement to marry.) 



To Affiance is to pledge one's 
faith for the fulfillment of a mar- 
riage contract. (L., ad, to, and fides, 
faith.) 

Affianced, pledged in marriage. 

A Spouse was primarily a person 
engaged to be married. (L., sponsus, 
sponsa, engaged or promised.) But 
according to present usage the term 
spouse signifies one who is actually 
married. 

To Espouse is, 1. To betroth. 2. 
To wed. 3. To wed in a fig. sense ; 
as, when we speak of espousing a 
cause. 

Espousal is the act of espousing or 
betrothing. 

Espousals are a contract or mutual 
promise of marriage. 

Spousal, pertaining to marriage; 
as spousal rites. 

A Husband is a married man. 

A Wife is a married woman. 

A Consort is a conjugal partner, 
either husband or wife. (L., con, to- 
gether ; and sois, a lot. ) 

Note. — According to the etymology of the 
term, my consort is one who shares the same lot 
with myself. 

A Rib is a wife, — thus designated 
in allusion to Eve who was made of 
a rib taken from Adam's side. 

A Bride is a newly-married woman. 

A Bridegroom is a newly-married 
man. 

A Bridemaid or Bride' smaid is a 
woman who waits on a bride at her 
wedding. 

A Brideman or Bride' sman is a 
man who waits on a bridegroom and 
bride at their wedding. 

Bride-cake or Wedding-cake is the 
cake made for the guests at a wedding. 

Bridal, pertaining to a wedding; 
as, bridal ornaments. 

A Bridal is a marriage festival. 

Hymen, in the Grecian Mythology, 
was the god of marriage. Hence, 

Hymeneal, or Hymene / an, pertain- 
ing to marriage ; as, hymeneal rites. 

A Hymene'al or Hymenefan is a 
marriage song. 



156 



RELATIONSHIP. 



For her the spouse prepares the bridal ring, 
For her white virgins hymeneals sing. — Pope. 

An Epithala'mium, or Epithalamy 
is a song or poem composed as a com- 
pliment to a newly-married pair. 

TAMC 

Hence, 



ly-m 

3], a 



rAM02 [Gamos], a marriage. (Gr.) 



Monogamy, the state of being re- 
strained to one wife. (Gr., p-ovos [mo- 
nos], one.) 

Monogamist, one who disallows a 
second marriage. 

Bigamy, the crime of having two 
wives at the same time, (bi, two.) 

Bigamist, one who is guilty of the 
crime of having two wives at the 
same time. 

Polygamy, the practice of having 
more wives than one at the same 
time. (Gr., woxu? [polys - ], many.) 

Polygamist, one who advocates or 
practices polygamy. 

Single, unmarried 

Cgelebs, single. (L.) Hence, 

CeliVacy or CeVibacy, the unmar- 
ried state. 

A Bachelor is a man who has never 
been married. 

A Maid is a woman who has never 
been married. 



A Widow is a woman who has lost 
her husband by death, and has not 
married again. (L., viduus, vidua, 
bereaved.) 

A Widower is a man who has lost 
his wife by death, and has not mar- 
ried again. 

A Relict is a wife left desolate by 
the death of her husband. (L., re- 
licta, left.) 

A Dowry is the money or other 
property which a woman brings to 
her husband in marriage. 

A Dower is that portion of the 
lands and tenements of a man which 
a woman enjoys during her life after 
the death of her husband. — Black- 
stone. 

A Jointure is an estate in lands 
or tenements settled on a woman in 
consideration of marriage, and which 
she is to enjoy after her husband's 
decease. — Blackstone. 

Adultery is infidelity to the mar- 
riage vow. 

A Divorce is a legal separation of 
a married pair. 

To Repudiate is to put away; as 
a wife. 



OF KELATIONSHIP. 



PARENT animals are the sources 
of being to other animals of their 
kind. (L.,pario, to bring forth.) 

Parental, pertaining to a parent; 
as, parental kindness. 

A Father is a male parent of the 
human species. 

Fatherhood or Father ship is the 
state of being a father. 

Fatherly, 1. Pertaining to a father; 
as, fatherly duties. 2. Like a father 
in protection and care; as, he is a 
fatherly man. 

Fatherland, the land of one's fa- 
thers. 

Pater, a father. (L.) Hence, 

Paternal, pertaining to a father; 
as, paternal care. 

Paternity, fatherhood. 



Pater Noster, the Lord's prayer? 
thus called because in Latin it begins 
with the words Pater noster (our 
father. ) 

Patriot, lit, one who loves his fa- 
therland. Hence, One who loves his 
country, whether it is his by birth or 
adoption. (L., patria, one's father- 
land, from pater.) 

Patriarch, the father of a race. 
Jacob was the patriarch of the Jewish 
race. The sons of Jacob were the 
patriarchs of the Israelitish tribes. 
(Gr., 7ra.Tf>ta [patria'], a family or 
succession of families descended 
from a common 5t*t«/> [pater], or 
father; and *w> [arche], the begin- 
ning. ) 

Patricians, the Roman nobles, who 



RELATIONSHIP. 



157 



assumed the title of patres or fathers 
of the people. 

Patron, one who exercises the care 
of a father over some person or in- 
terest. Those who support a man in 
his profession or business are called 
his patrons. Maecenas was a patron 
of literary men. 

Patrimony, an estate inherited 
from one's {paternal] ancestors. 

Parricide for Patricide. 1. The 
murderer of a parent. 2. The mur- 
der of a parent. 

A Sire is a male parent among the 
inferior animals. 

Note. — By the poets the term sire is used to 
signify a male parent of the human species. We 
may also say grandsire instead of grandfather. 

A Mother is a female parent of 
the human species. 

Motherhood, the state of being a 
mother. 

Motherly, 1. Pertaining to a mother; 
as, motherly duties. 2. Like a mother 
in affection and kindness; as, & moth- 
erly woman. 

Mater, a mother. (L.) Hence, 

Maternity, motherhood. 

Maternal, pertaining to or exercised 
by a mother; as, maternal duties; 
maternal lore. 

Matron, 1. An elderly married wo- 
man. 2. A lady who has the charge 
of a charitable institution. 

Alma Mater, a fostering mother. 
The college or university where one 
has been educated is thus styled. 
(L., alma, fostering.) 

Matriculate, to enter or admit to 
membership in a body or society. 
particularly in a college or university, 
by entering the name in a register. 

Note. — In heing matriculated a person adopts 
the society or institution as his mother. (L., 
matricula, a little mother.) 

Matrimony, wedlock (Lit, mother- 
hood). (See Art. Marriage.) 

Matricide, 1. The murder of a 
mother. 2. The murderer of a 
mother. (L., ccedo, to kill.) 

A Dam is the female parent among 
beasts. 

Note. — The term dam is applied to the female 
parent of the human species only by way of 
contempt. 



Grandparents are the parents of 
parents. 

Note.— Grand is a French word signifying 
great. The term was originally applied in the 
way of respect and reverence. 

Great-grand-parents are the pa- 
rents of grand-parents. 

Great-great-grand-yarents are the 
parents of great-grand-parents. 

Note. — The term great may be repeated any 
number of times according to the degree of re- 
moteness that is to be indicated in the ascending 
ancestral line. 

Ancestors or Forefathers are 
one's parents', grand-parents, great- 
grand-parents, etc. (L., ante, before; 
and cedo [cessum], to go.) 

To be Descended from is to derive 
one's origin from a certain ancestor. 
We are all descended from Adam and 
Eve. 

Descent is origin from a certain an- 
cestor. 

Descendants are those who derive 
their origin from a certain ancestor. 
The Jews are the descendants of 
Jacob. 

Lineage is a line of descent. 

Lineal signifies pertaining to de- 
scent in a right line ; as, a lineal 
heir to the throne. 

Note. — In countries where the law of primo- 
geniture prevails, the right line of descent passes 
through the eldest son of each successive gen- 
eration. 

Offspring are the young either of 
the human race or of inferior ani- 
mals. ( Off and swing.) 

A Generation is a single set of 
descendants related in the same de- 
gree to a common ancestor. Chil- 
dren constitute the first generation ; 
grandchildren, the second, etc. 

A Race is a succession of genera- 
tions springing from a common pa- 
lent. 

A Stock is, 1, and properly. The 
common parent of a race. (From 
stock, the stem of a tree. According 
to this figure, the descendants are the 
branches.) 2. A race. The Jews 
were of the stock of Abraham. 
3. A breed; as, a good stock of 
cattle. 

A Breed is a stock of animals dis- 
tinguished by certain qualities and 



158 



RELATIONSHIP. 



peculiarities from other animals of 
the same species. (From breed, to 
produce.) 

A Progeny consists of one or more 
generations deriving their origin from 
a common parent. (L., progignor 
[progenituni], to beget.) 

A Progenitor is a forefather. 

A Child is an offspring of human 
parents. 

A Grandchild is the offspring of a 
child. 

A Great-grandchild is the offsprin 
of a grandchild. 



Note. — The French call a grandson petit fils, 
which means a little son. Petit, when thus ap- 
plied, was designed to be expressive of endear- 
ment, as grand (great) in their grandpire (grand- 
father) was expressive of reverence. It is prob- 
able that grand was applied by the English to 
descendants in the second degree, from an ignor- 
ance of the true force and meaning of the term. 

A Son is a male child. 

A Daughter is a female child. 

Filius, a son; Filia, a daughter. 
(L.) Hence, 

Filial, pertaining to a son or 
daughter ; as, filial duty. 

Note. — Filial duty is the duty which children 
owe to their parents. 

Issue is a term applied to the chil- 
dren of a man that is deceased; as, 
he died without issue; his property 
descends to his male issue in a direct 
line. (From issue, to come forth.) 

To Affiliate is, 1. To adopt as a 
son. 2. To receive into a society as 
a member or son of that society. 

Seed is a term including in its ap- 
plication both the immediate offspring 
and the remote descendants of an in- 
dividual. The Jews are of the seed 
of Abraham. (From the seed of a 
plant.) 

A Brother is a male born of the 
same parents with one's self. 

Brotherhood is the relationship of 
brothers. 

A Brotherhood consists of a num- 
ber of persons associated together for 
the mutual interchange of kind 
offices, such as should mark the inter- 
course of brothers by blood. 

Frater, a brother. (L. ) Hence, 

Fraternal, brotherly ; as, fraternal 
affection. 



Fraternity, a brotherhood. 

Friar, a member of a religious fra- 
ternity. 

Fratricide, 1. The murder of a 
brother. 2. The murderer of a 
brother. (L., cosdo, to kill.) 

A Sister is a female born of one's 
own father and mother. 

Soror, a sister. (L.) Hence, 

Sororicide, 1. The murder of a sis- 
ter. 2. The murderer of a sister. 
(L., coedo, to kill.) 

An Uncle is the brother of a pa- 
rent. 

An Aunt is the sister of a parent. 

Note. — The husband of an aunt is, by courtesy, 
called an uncle, and the wife of an uncle is, by 
courtesy, called an aunt. 

A Great Uncle, or Grand Uncle, is 
the uncle of a parent. 

A Great Aunt, or Grand Aunt, is 
the aunt of a parent. 

A Father-in-law and Mother-in- 
law are the parents of a wife or hus- 
band. 

A Son-in-law is the husband of a 
daughter. 

A Daughter-in-law is the wife of 
a son. 

A Nephew is the son of a brother 
or sister. 

A Niece is the daughter of a 
brother or sister. 

A Grand Nephew is the grandson 
of a brother or sister. 

A Grand Niece is the grand-daugh- 
ter of a brother or sister. 

A Cousin is the child of an uncle 
or aunt. (L., consanguineous, of the 
same blood. ) 

A Second Cousin is the child either 
of a cousin or of a grand-uncle. 

A Third Cousin is the child either 
of a second cousin, or of a great- 
grand-uncle. 

A Fourth Cousin is the child either 
of a third cousin, or of a great-great- 
grand-uncle. 

Note. — A first cousin of my parent is a second 
cousin* to me, and a second cousin of my parent 
is to me a third cousin ; also, a first cousin of my 
grandparent is to me a third cousin, and a first 
cousin of my great-grandparent is to me a fourth 
cousin. By considering the foregoing,- it may 
be readily seen that I may have two kinds of 
second cousins, three kinds of third cousins, etc. 



RELATIONSHIP. 



159 



Cousins- German are first cousins. 
(L., germanus, a brother Cousins- 
German are thus called because they 
are the children of brothers and sis- 
ters.) 

A Half-brother is a brother by 
one parent, but not by both. 

A Half-sister is a sister by one pa- 
rent, but not by both. 

A Step-father is a husband mar- 
ried by a mother after the death of 
the father. 

A Step-mother is a wife married 
by a father after the death of the 
mother. 

Step-Children are the children of 
a wife or husband by a previous mar- 
riage. 

To be Related is to be connected 
either by birth or marriage. 

A Relation, or Relative, is one con- 
nected with us either by birth or 
marriage. 

Relationsliip is connection either 
by birth or marriage. 

Kin means of the same nature or 
kind. (Sax., cind, kind or race.) 
Hence, 

Kin, related by blood ; as, we are 
kin to each other. 

Akin, related by blood ; as, those 
two persons are near akin to each 
other. 

Kin, 1. Relationship by blood; as, 
he is of kin to me. 2. Relatives ; as, 
all my kin reside in England. 

Kindred, (adj.), 1. Related by de- 
scent from a common ancestor. 
2. Congenial ; as, they are kindred 
souls. 

Kindred, (noun), 1. Relationship by 
birth. 2. Relatives by birth. 

Kinsman, a man of the same race 
or family. 

Kinswoman, a woman of the same 
race or family. 

Kinsfolk, persons of the same race 
or family. 

Consanguinity is relationship by 
birth. (L., con, together; and san- 
guis, blood.) 

Affinity is relationship by mar- 
riage. (L., affinis, connected.) 



To Ally / is to form a close connec- 
tion by marriage or otherwise ; as, he 
has allied himself to a worthy family. 
(L., ad, to; and ligo, to tie.) 

An Alliance is a close connection 
by marriage or otherwise ; as, the two 
families have formed a matrimonial 
alliance. 

Genealogy is an account of one's 
ancestors. (Gr., ywos \_genos], a race ; 
and Koyo; [logos'], an account. 

Note. — Every person has two parents, or an- 
cestors, in the first degree ; four grandparents, 
or ancestors, in the second degree ; eight grand- 
parents, or ancestors, in the third degree ; 16, in 
the fourth degree ; 32, in the fifth ; 64, in the 
sixth, etc. Now, allowing three generations to 
a century, how many ancestors has every person 
now in existence had within the last thousand 
years ? 

A Pedigree is a line of ancestors. 

A Family is, 1. A pair of parents, 
with their own immediate children. 
2. A pair of parents, with all their 
descendants. 

A Clan, in Scotland, consists of a 
number of families bearing the same 
name, united under a common chief- 
tain, and supposed to be descended 
from a common ancestor. 

A Tribe consists of a series of gen- 
erations descended from the same 
progenitor, as in the case of the 1s- 
raelitish tribes. 

A Nation is a numerous body of 
people speaking the same language, 
and descended from the same original 
stock. The twelve tribes of Israel 
constituted the Jewish nation. (L., 
nascor, \_natus~\, to be born, — the 
etymology of the word referring to 
common origin of the families which 
constitute a nation.) 

Note. — In a political sense, a nation is an in- 
dependent hody of people united under the same 
government. 

A Race is a division of the human 
family distinguished from other di- 
visions by marked differences of fea- 
tures and complexion. 

Note. — Each race embraces many kindred na- 
tions or tribes. 



160 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 



1. Sundry Terms. 

GUBERNO [gubernatum~\, to steer 
a ship. (L.) Hence, 

Govern, to control or direct. Po- 
litically, to steer the ship of state. 

Governor, one who controls or di- 
rects. Politically, one who pilots 
the ship of state. 

Gubernatorial, pertaining to the 
office of a governor. 

Government is the exercise of di- 
rection and restraint. 

Civil Government includes all the 
apparatus of constitutions, laws, and 
officers required for the regulation 
and management of the affairs of a 
nation. 

A State consists of a body of 
people who have a regularly consti- 
tuted government. (L., status, a 
standing; that is, a fixed and set- 
tled condition of things.) 

nOM2 [Polis], a city or state. 
(Gr. ) Hence, 

Political, pertaining to civil gov- 
ernment. 

Politics, the science of civil gov- 
ernment. 

Politician, one versed in the sci- 
ence of civil government. 

Polity, a form or system of gov- 
ernment. 

Policy, the measures adopted by 
the leading officers of a govern- 
ment. 

Politic, in accordance with the 
principles of sound policy. 

Police, 1. The local government 
of a city. 2. A body of civil offi- 
cers employed in preserving order in 
a city. 

THE Body Politic is the state. 

A Body Politic is a corporation 
or body of men associated for some 
special purpose, and acting under 
legal authority. 

apxh [Arc he], government. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Monarchy, a form of government 
in which the supreme authority is 



lodged in the hands of a single per- 
son. (Gr., ^ovo? [inonos'j, sole.) 

Oligarchy, a government in which 
the supreme power is lodged in the 
hands of a few persons. (Gr., cxiyu 
[oligoi], few.) 

Patriarchy, the government of a 
patriarch, or head of a family. 

Patriarchate, the office of the head 
of the Greek Church, who is styled 
the patriarch. 

Exarch, a title borne by the rep- 
sentatives of the Byzantine empe- 
rors in the provinces of Italy and 
Africa. 

Exarchate, the office of an exarch. 

Tetrarch, a Roman governor of the 
fourth part of a province. (Gr., <re- 
rapToc [teiartos], fourth.) 

Tetrarchy, or Tetrarchate, the gov- 
ernment of the fourth part of a prov- 
ince. 

Heptarchy, a sevenfold govern- 
ment. {Wrct [hepta~\, seven.) (See 
Art., Number.) 

Anarchy, an absence of govern- 
ment. (Gr., a. [a], privative.) 

Anarch, an author of anarchy or 
civil confusion. 

kpateh \crateo~\, to exercise politi- 
cal power. (Gr.) Hence, 

Democracy, a form of government 
in which the supreme power is lodged 
in the hands of the people collect- 
ively, and in which the people exer- 
cise, in person, the powers of legisla- 
tion. (Gr., fafAoe [demos'], the people.) 

Democrat, one who is in favor of 
a government by the people. 

Aristocracy, a form of government 
in which the supreme power is in the 
hands of the nobles. (Gr., upts-roi 
[aristoi], the nobles.) 

Aristocrat, one who is in favor of 
an aristocracy. 

Aristocratic, or Aristocratical, 1. 
Pertaining to aristocracy. 2. Par- 
taking of aristocracy ; as, aristocratic 
pride or manners. 

Autocracy, absolute power. (Gr., 
olvtos [autos~\, self.) 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



161 



Autocrat, an absolute ruler. The 
emperor of Russia is an autocrat 

Theocracy, a government institu 
ted by the Deity. The government 
of the Jews was a theocracy. (Gr, 
ee:c [Theos], God. 

Authority is rightful power to 
govern, 

Sway is power exerted in govern- 
ing. 

To Rule is to exercise supreme au- 
thority. 

Rego [rectum], to rule. (L.) Hence, 

Regent, 1. A ruler. 2. One who 
governs in the minority, absence, or 
disability of the king. 

Regency, 1. Rule. 2. Government 
exercised in behalf of a king who is 
a minor, or is otherwise incapacitated 
to rule. 

Regime, (pron. razheem',) govern- 
ment. 

Reg / imen, 1. Orderly government. 

2. In grammar, government, or the 
influence which one word exerts up- 
on another in determining its form. 

3. In medicine, the government or 
regulation of the diet, with a view to 
the preservation or restoration of 
health. 

Regiment, a certain body of sol- 
diers, thus called in reference to the 
official government to which they are 
subject. 

A Lord is a supreme ruler. 

Domixus, a lord. (L.) Hence, 

Dominion, supreme sway. 

Dominant, ruling. 

Domination, the exercise of power 
in ruling. 

Domineer, to rule with insolence. 

Dominator, an absolute ruler. 

Predominate, to exert a greater 
power, influence, or authority, than 
something else. In some persons the 
love of money predominates over all 
other passions. — Webster. {pros, 
over. ) 

A Master is a man who rules, gov- 
erns, or directs, either men or busi- 
ness. 

Mastery is, 1. Dominion. 2. Su- 
periority in competition ; as, to gain 
the mastery. 
11 



Magister, a master. (L.) Hence, 
Magisterial, 1. Such as suits a 
master. 

Such a government is paternal, not magiste- 
rial. — King Charles. 

2. Arrogant; as, to be magisterial 
in one's opinions. 

Magistrate, a public, civil officer 
invested with the executive govern- 
ment, or some branch of it. The 
King of England, or the President 
of the United States, is a chief ma- 
gistrate. Judges, mayors, and justices 
of the peace, are inferior magistrates. 

Magistracy, the office or dignity of 
a magistrate. 

AE2FIOTH2 [Despotes], a master. 
(Gr.) Hence, 

Despot, 1. An emperor, king, or 
prince invested with absolute power. 
Hence, 2. A ruler who exercises ab- 
solute power capriciously or oppres- 
sively. 

Despotic, or Despotical, 1. Abso- 
lute in power. 2. Exercising abso- 
lute power oppressively. 

Despotism, 1. Absolute power. 2. 
An oppressive exercise of absolute 
power. 

TTPANN02 [Tyraxxos], a petty 
king. (Gr.) Hence, 

Tyrant, an oppressive ruler, be- 
cause the petty kings among the 
ancients often ruled oppressively. 

Tyranny, oppressive rule. 

Tyrannize, to rule oppressively. 

Tyrannic, or Tyrannical, ruling 
oppressively. 

Impero, \imperatum\ to command. 
(L.) Hence, 

Imperator, the commander of a 
Roman army. (L.) 

Note. — Octavianus Csesar, who first succeeded 
in making himself absolute master of the Ro- 
man world, was an imperator, or general officer 
in the army. After him the Roman state con- 
tinued for several centuries to be governed by a 
succession of rulers, who, tinder the military 
title of imperator, exercised supreme civil author- 
ity. Hence, the term imperator, of whirh the 
English word emperor, is a modification, came to 
be the title of the highest grade of civil rulers. 

Emperor, one who exercises su- 
preme control over extensive domin- 
ions. 

Empress, 1. The consort of an em- 



162 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



peror. 2. A woman who rules over 
an empire. 

Empire is supreme power in gov- 
erning. 

An Empire is, 1. The countries 
subject to the dominion of an em- 
peror. 2. An aggregate of many- 
countries ruled over by a king. 

Imperial, pertaining to an empire, 
or to an emperor ; as, imperial gov- 
ernment ; an imperial palace. 

Sovereign, (pron. suv / rin), supreme 
in power; as, a sovereign prince. 
(L., svpernus, situated above.) 

A Sovereign is a supreme ruler. 

Sovereignty is supreme dominion. 

To Preside is to be set over for 
the exercise of authority. (L., pros, 
over, or before; and sedeo, to sit.) 

A President is, 1. An officer who 
presides over a deliberative assembly. 
2. The chief officer of any associa- 
tion. 3. The chief magistrate of a 
republic. 

Presidency is the office of a presi- 
dent. 

A King is a chief ruler, usually in- 
heriting his title and authority, and 
transmitting them to his posterity. 

Kingly, 1. Belonging to a king; as, 
a kingly crown. 2. Administered,by 
a king ; as, a kingly government, 3. 
Becoming a king; as, kingly magni- 
ficence. 

A Kingdom is, 1. The territory sub- 
ject to a king. 2. The population 
subject to a king. 

Kingship is the office or dignity of 
a king. 

A Queen is, 1. The consort of a 
king. 2. A woman who rules over a 
kingdom. 

A Queen Consort is the wife of a 
king. 

A Queen Regnant, or Queen Regent 
is a queen who is invested with rul- 
ing authority. 

A Queen Dowager is the widow 
of a king. 

Rex [regis'], a king. (L.) Hence, 

Regal, pertaining personally to a 
king; as, regal authority ; regal splen- 
dor. 

Regalia, the ensigns of kingly 



power or splendor, as the crown, 
scepter, etc. 

Regicide, 1. The murder of a 
king. 2. The murderer of a king. 

Roi, a king. (Fr.) Hence, 

Royal, kingly ; as, royal power. 

Royalty, kingly dignity and power. 

Royalist, one who is attached to 
kingly government. 

Royalism, an attachment to the 
principles and cause of kingly gov- 
ernment. 

Viceroy, one who rules a remote 
province for, and in the name of a 
king. Spanish America while under 
the dominion of the mother country 
was ruled by viceroys. (L., vice, in 
the place of. ) 

Viceroyalty, the office of a viceroy. 

Realm, a territory ruled by a king. 
(Old Fr. royaulme.) 

A Prince is a chief man. (L., 
princeps, chief.) 

Note. — In an aristocratical state there may- 
be many princes, as this title is applicable to ail 
nobles of the first rank. In a monarchical 
state, there can be, strictly speaking, but one 
prince, and he is the king, emperor, or other 
chief ruler ; nevertheless kings' sons are, by 
courtesy, called princes. 

Czar is the title of the emperors 
of Russia. 

Note. — The term czar is a corruption of the 
name Caesar, the title czar being derived from 
the practice which prevailed in the Byzantine 
empire of calling the heir apparent to the throne 
the Caesar, in reference to the actual names of 
several of the earliest Roman emperors. 

The Sultan is the emperor of Tur- 
key. 

The Caliphs were the Saracen em- 
perors. 

The Caliphate was the office or 
dignity of the caliphs. 

The Grand Seignior is the em- 
peror of Turkey. ( Seignior, a lord. ) 

A Duke is a sovereign prince rank- 
ing below a king. (L., dux, a mili- 
tary leader. ) 

Note. — The title of Duke, is said to have ori- 
ginated in the usages of the Lower Empire (the 
Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire), where it 
was given to the military governors of provinces. 
In course of time, according to the usual pro- 
gress of feudal dignities, the title became her- 
ed i tary . — Br ancle. 

Ducal, pertaining to a duke. 
Duchess, the wife of a duke. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



163 



Duchy, the territory or dominions 
of a duke. 

A Grand Duke is a duke of a 
higher rank, 

A Palatine is one who is invested 
with royal privileges and rights. 
(L., palatium, a palace.) 

A Palatinate is the province of a 
palatine; a name given to two states 
of the old German empire, called the 
Upper and the Lower Palatinate. 

A Pacha, Pashaw, or Bashaw, is a 
Turkish viceroy. 

A Pachalic (pron. pashaiv'lic,) is 
the office or province of a pasha. 

A Nabob was, 1. Formerly a deputy, 
or viceroy in India, 2. A man of 
great wealth. (From the circum- 
stance of the nabobs of India hav- 
ing been noted for their wealth. 

2. Forms of Government. 

A MONARCHY is the government 
of a single person. 

An Absolute Monarchy is a gov- 
ernment in which the will of the 
sovereign is not restricted by a con- 
stitution. (Absolute, unrestricted.) 

A Limited Monarchy is a govern- 
ment in which the will of the sov- 
ereign is restricted by a constitution. 

An Aristocracy is a government 
vested in the hands of the nobles. 

A Democracy is a government 
where all the citizens meet in person 
to deliberate on matters of public in- 
terest. 

A Republic is a state in which the 
exercise of the sovereign power is lodg- 
ed in representatives elected by the 
people. (L., res, interest; and publica, 
public.) 

A Commonwealth is a republic. 
(Common, general; and icealth, wel- 
fare.) 

A Federal Government is a gov- 
ernment instituted by confederated 
states for the regulation of matters 
of common interest. 

Note. — The states that combine to form a fed- 
eral government are necessarily republics ; and 
by their combination they form one grand re- 
public. The general government of the United 
States is an example of a federal government. 
{Federal, leagued together.) 



3. Of Citizenship. 

A CITIZEN is a member of a 
community of men who have asso- 
ciated themselves together for the 
mutual protection of their personal 
rights. 

Civis, a citizen. (L.) Hence, 

Civil, 1. Pertaining to citizens ; as, 
civil rights; civil government. 2. 
Polite; that is, acting as citizens of 
the same community should act to 
ward each other. 

Civilize, to introduce among a peo- 
ple the arts and institutions that 
exist in civil communities. 

Civic, relating to citizens; as, civic 

honors. 

Note. — A civic crown, among the Romans, was 
a crown of oak leaves bestowed on a soldier who 
had saved the life of a citizen. 

Civism, 1. The state of being a 
citizen. 2. Patriotism, because pa- 
triotism is the chief virtue of citizens. 

Incivism, the want of love to one's 
country. 

A Civil Community is a body of 
persons who have associated them- 
selves for the mutual defense of their 
rights. 

An Alien is one who, on account 
of his foreign birth, is not entitled to 
the rights and privileges of citizen- 
ship. (L., alienus, foreign.) 

Natural-born Citizens are persons 
who are citizens by birth. 

To Naturalize is to confer on an 
alien the rights of a citizen. 

Note. — In becoming naturalized an alien re- 
nounces his allegiance to the government of 
which he has been a subject, and swears that he 
will support the constitution of his adopted 
country. 

Citizens are members of a repub- 
lic or free-state. 

Subjects are persons who are in 
subjection to the rule of a monarch. 

4. Of the duty of the Governed to 
the Government. 

ALLEGIANCE is the obedience 
which subjects or citizens owe to the 
government under which they live, 
or to the person of their sovereign. 
(L., ad, to; and ligo, to bind.) 



164 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



Loyal, true to one's king. 

Loyalty, faithful attachment to 
one's king. 

Treason is the crime of being 
false to the allegiance which one 
owes to his sovereign or govern- 
ment. 

Note. —Treason consists in attempting to over- 
throw the government, or in betraying the state 
into the hands of a foreign government. 

A Traitor is one who is guilty of 
treason. 

5. Of the Political Subdivisions of 
Countries. 

A PKOVLNCE is a division of a 
kingdom. 

A State is a division of a repub- 
lic, exercising a subordinate and local 
government. 

A County, or Shire, in England, 
is a division of the kingdom, and in 
America it is a division of a state in 
which courts of justice hold period- 
ical sessions. 

A Township, in the United States, 
is a division of a county in which 
the people are invested with the power 
of regulating certain local matters, 
such as the repairing of roads, pro- 
viding for the poor, etc. 

A Canton is a state of the Swiss 
confederacy. 

6. Of Law. 

LAW is a principle or rule of ac- 
tion. 

Natural or Physical Laws are the 
principles, in accordance with which, 
the operations of nature are carried 
on. 

Moral Laws are the rules which 
have a reference to right and wrong 
in human actions. 

Municipal Law embraces the rules 
prescribing the duties of persons as 
citizens. (L. 7 municeps, a free citi- 
zen.) 

Written or Statute Laws are the 
laws enacted by legislative authority. 

Unwritten or Common Law con- 
sists of a body of rules deriving 
their authority from ancient custom. 



Civil Law was the municipal law 
of the Roman empire. 

Ecclesiastical Laws are rules pre- 
scribed for the government of the 
church. 

A Canon is a rule or law. 

The Canon Law is the body of 
ecclesiastical Roman laws. 

Martial Law includes the rules 
ordained for the government of a 
military force. 

Commercial Law, or Law Mer- 
chant, consists of a system of rules 
by which the intercourse of mer- 
chants is regulated. 

International Law, called also 
the Laws op Nations, comprises the 
rules regulating the intercourse of 
nations. 

The Mosaic Law comprises the 
rules and ordinances prescribed, 
through Moses, to the Jews. 

The Ceremonial Law includes the 
ceremonies which were prescribed 
to the Jews for their observance. 

A By-Law is a law of a city, town, 
or private corporation, (by, private.) 

A Statute is a law that has been 
enacted by a legislative power. (L., 
statuo \_s\atutum~\, to establish.) 

Statutory, enacted by statute; as, 
a statutory provision. 

A Code is a body of laws duly di- 
gested. 

To Ordain is to establish as a 
law. 

An Ordinance is a rule that has 
been established by authority. 

A Decree is an order issued by a 
competent authority, that something 
shall be observed or done. 

There went out a decree from Csesar Augustus 
that all the world should he taxed. — Luke ii. 

An Edict is a command issued by 
an absolute sovereign to his subjects. 
(L., e, out, and dico [dictum], to 
speak. ) 

A Proclamation is a general ad- 
dress to the citizens or subjects of 
a state, specifying something which 
they are required to do or observe 
(L., pro, out, and clamo, to cry, be- 
cause that, previous to the invention 
of the art of printing, proclamations 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



165 



were made, by public outcry, in ev- 
ery part of a kingdom.) 

Lex [legis], a law. (L.) Hence, 

Legal, according to law. 

Legality, the condition of being 
according to law. 

Legalize, to render lawful. 

Legislate, to make laws for the 
government of a civil community. 
(L.,fero [latum], to enact.) 

Legislator, a lawgiver. 

Legislature, a body of men in- 
vested with the power of making 
laws. 

Legislative, pertaining to the en- 
actment of laws; as, a legislative 
body. 

Illegal, contrary to law. (in, not.) 

Legitimate, 1. In accordance with 
established law; as, a legitimate gov- 
ernment. 2. Deduced as a natural 
and lawful inference from the prem- 
ises; as, a legitimate conclusion. 3. 
Lawfully born. 

Legitimacy, the state of being le- 
gitimate. 

An Act is, 1. Any particular ex- 
ercise of legislative power. 2. A 
law resulting from an exercise of 
legislative power. 

An Enactment is a law that has 
been passed by a legislative body. 

To Repeal is to recall; as, to re- 
peal a law. (L., re, back, and ap- 
pello, to call.) 

Note. — None can repeal but those who have 
the power to make laws. 

To Abeogate is, lit, to ask away, 
or to ask that a thing may be done 
away, in allusion to the custom of 
the Romans, among whom no law 
was valid, unless the consent of the 
people was obtained, and in like 
manner no law was unmade without 
asking their consent. — Crabbe. 

Note. — Laws are repealed or abrogated; but 
the former of these terms is mostly in modern 
use ; the latter is applied to the proceedings of 
the ancients. — Crabbe. 

Jus [Juris], law or right. (L.) 
Hence, 

Jurist, one who professes the sci- 
ence of law. 

Juris-consult, a man learned in 



the law. (L., consulo [consultum], to 
consult.) 

Jurisprudence, the science of law. 
(L., prudentia, knowledge.) 

Jure Divino, by divine right. 

7. Of the Departments of Civil Gov- 
ernment. 

Remark. — Civil Government embraces three 
departments, to wit : the legislative, the judiciary, 
and the executive departments. 

The LEGISLATIVE DEPART- 
MENT of a government enacts laws. 

The Judiciary Department inter- 
prets the laws, and applies them to 
particular cases. 

The Executive Departmext exe- 
cutes the laws. 

Note; — In absolute monarchies these three 
departments are united in the person of the 
sovereign. 

S. Of Legislative Bodies. 

LEGISLATURES, in the United 

States, consist of two branches, a 
senate, and a house of representatives. 
The Senate is the higher branch 
of the legislature. (L., senatus, a 
council of elders, from senex, aged. 

Note. — According to the idea conve3"edby the 
etymology of the word senate, the branch thus 
designated is supposed to consist of men more 
advanced in age, and more mature in wisdom 
than the members of the other branch. 

The House of Represextatives is 
thus styled, because this, being the 
more numerous branch, is supposed 
to represent more fully than the other 
branch the views and wishes of the 
people. 

Constituents are the persons who 
constitute a person their representa- 
tive. 

Note. — In most of the states the members of 
the legislature are elected yearly. 

The Speaker is the presiding officer 
of either house of a legislature. 

A Bill is a draught of a proposed 
law. 

Note. — A bill may originate in either house, 
but before it can become a law it must receive 
the concurrence of the other bouse. 

Congress is the legislature of the 
United States. (L., congressus, a 
meeting.) 



166 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



Note. -The congressional representatives are 
sleeted for two years, and the senators for six. 

A Veto is an act of forbidding. 

Note. — When a hill has passed both houses of 
Congress, it must receive the approval of the 
president before it can become a law. If the 
president disapproves of the bill he must return 
it to the house in which it originated, with a 
statement of his objections. This statement of 
objections is called the president's veto. The 
bill may then be reconsidered, and if it passes 
both houses by a majority of two-thirds,, it be- 
comes a law, notwithstanding the president's 
veto. (L., veto, I forbid.) 

An Estate, in a limited monarchy, 
is a class of persons enjoying certain 
political privileges. In most cases, 
three estates are reckoned, to wit: 
the nobility, the clergy, and the com- 
monalty, as in Great Britain. In 
Sweden the estates are, 1. The nobil- 
ity and gentry; 2. The clergy; 3. 
The burghers; and 4. The peasantry. 

A Parliament is a legislative body 
composed of representatives of the 
estates of a kingdom. (Fr. parler, to 
talk, in allusion to the circumstance 
that a parliament is a deliberative 
assembly, and that its deliberations 
are carried on by talking.) 

Note. — The British parliament consists of the 
king and two houses, to wit : the house of Lords, 
and the house of Commons. The house of lords 
consists of two classes of members, to wit : the 
lords temporal, who represent the nobility ; and 
the lords spiritual, who are the bishops of the 
established church, and represent the clergy. 
The parliament was introduced into England 
under the Norman kings. 

The States-General, in France, 
before the revolution, was an assem- 
bly of the three estates of the king- 
dom, to wit : the nobility, the clergy, 
and the commonalty. 

Note. — Tho States-General of France pos- 
sessed no proper jurisdiction. — Brande. 

The States-General in the Netherlands and 
Holland was the legislative body composed of 
two chambers. 

The Wit / enagemote / was the na- 
tional council or legislature of Eng- 
land in the time of the Saxons. 



9. Of the Judiciary. 

The JUDICIARY DEPART- 
MENT of a government is adminis- 
tered by institutions called Courts. 

A Court consists in a formal sit- 
ting of one or more authorized per- 



sons, at a prescribed place and time, 
for the purpose of deciding questions 
relative to property and personal 
rights, or for the purpose of trying 
individuals charged with a violation 
of the laws ; as, to hold a court. 

THE Court consists of a judge, 
or judges, in formal session for the 
hearing and decision of causes; as, 
the opinion of the court. 

Court is the presence of the judge 
when sitting in his official capacity ; 
as, to come into court. 

A Court of Law decides causes ac- 
cording to the principles of the com- 
mon law. 

A Court of Chancery, or a Court of 
Equity, decides causes according to 
the principles of equity, and is re- 
sorted to in cases where the strict 
rales of the common law do injustice 
to either of the parties. (From chan- 
cellor, the title of the judge in Eng- 
land who presides in this court.) 

A Judicial District, under the 
laws of the United States, generally 
consists of a single State, but in some 
cases a State is divided into two or 
three districts. 

A District Court is established in 
each district consisting of one judge. 

The Supreme Court of the United 
States consists of nine judges who 
hold a yearly session at the city of 
Washington. 

A Judicial Circuit, under the laws 
of the United States, consists of two 
or more judicial districts, one circuit 
being assigned to each of the judges 
of the supreme court. 

A Circuit Court is held in each 
district three times a year, the cir- 
cuit judge presiding, and being as- 
sisted in each district by the local 
judge. 

Note. — The general powers of the United 
States' Courts are defined in the second Section 
of the third Article of the Constitution, as fol- 
lows : 

" The judicial power shall extend to all cases 
in law and equity, arising under this constitu- 
tion, the laws of the United States, and treaties 
made, or which shall be made under their au- 
thority ; to all cases affecting embassadors, 
other public ministers and consuls; to contro- 
versies to which the United States shall be a 
party; to controversies between two or more 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



1G7 



states ; between a state and citizens of another 
state ; between citizens of different states ; be- 
tween citizens of the same state claiming lands 
under grants of different states ; and between a 
state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, 
citizens, or subjects." 

A Court of Common Pleas, in the 
several States, is an inferior court, 
whose jurisdiction is limited to a 
county; and, hence, it is sometimes 
called the County Court. 

A Supreme Court is a court of the 
highest grade, and of the last resort, 
whether under the general govern- 
ment, or in the individual States. 

To Appeal is to remove a cause 
from a lower to a superior court 
(L., appello, to call to.) 

The AppeVlant, or Appellor^) is 
the party who appeals. 

The Appellee' is the party against 
whom the appeal is made. 

Appellate, having cognizance of 
appeals; as, appellate jurisdiction. 

The Exchequer, in England, is an 
ancient court of record, intended, 
principally, to collect and superin- 
tend the king's debts and duties, or 
revenues, and so called from a cheq- 
uered cloth which covers the table. — 
Blackstone. 

A Court of Admiralty is a court 
for the trial of causes arising on the 
high seas, as prize causes, and the 
like. 

Note. — In England, this court is held by the 
lord high admiral, and hence the name of the 
court. 

A Court Martial is composed of 
several officers, charged with the duty 
of trying an offense committed against 
the laws of the army. 

Probate is the proof of the genuine- 
ness of wills and testaments. (L., 
probo, to prove.) 

A Probate Court is a court for the 
probate of wills. 

An AssizE is a court of justice. 
(Fr., assise, a sitting.) 

Juridical, pertaining to the office 
of a judge. (L., jus, the law; and 
dico, to pronounce.) 

Jurisdiction, authority to decide 
legal controversies, as, the jurisdic- 
tion of a court. 



A Judge is an officer who hears and 
determines causes. 

A Justice is a person who is com- 
missioned to hold courts and dispense 
justice. 

Justices of the Peace arc judicial 
officers of the lowest grade, of whom 
two or more in each township are 
either appointed by the governor, as 
in some of the States, or are chosen 
by the people, as in other States. 
(Thus called because it is a part of 
their duty to maintain the public 
peace. ) 

A Mayor is a judicial officer who 
holds courts for the decision of cases 
that arise under the ordinances of the 
corporation of a city or borough. 

A Jury consists of a number of 
men impannelled and sworn to in- 
quire into and try any matter of fact, 
and to make to the court a statement 
of the truth according to the evidence 
in the case. (L., juro, to swear.) 

A Juror is an individual member 
of a jury. 

A Panel is a piece of parchment 
on which the names of the persons 
summoned by the sheriff to serve as 
jurors have been written. Hence, 

The Panel is the whole jury. 

To Impannel is to enroll as mem- 
bers of a jury. 

A Petit Jury, or Petty Jury, con- 
sists of twelve men appointed to try 
matters of fact in civil cases, and to 
decide both the law and the fact in 
criminal cases. (Fr., petit, small.) 

A Grand Jury consists of fifteen 
men summoned to try matters alleged 
in indictments. (Fr., grand, great.) 

A Jury of Inquest is a jury sum- 
moned in cases of sudden and violent 
death to inquire into the cause. 

A Verdict is the report of a jury 
in reference to any case that has been 
submitted to them for investigation. 
(L., vere, truly; and dictum, said.) 

Judico, to judge, (L.) Hence. 

Judicial, pertaining to courts of 
justice; as, judicial proceedings. 

Judicatory, a court of justice. 

Judicature, the power of dispensing 
justice. 



163 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



Judiciary, the department of gov- 
ernment which is concerned in the 
determination of controversies be- 
tween man and man. 

An Arbiter is, 1. A judge ap- 
pointed by the parties to whose deter- 
mination they voluntarily submit. 
2. A person who has the power of 
judging and determining without con- 
trol. 

An Arbitrator is a third party to 
whom two persons, by mutual con- 
sent, submit the decision of a contro- 
versy. 

To Arbitrate is to decide a case in 
the capacity of an arbitrator. 

A Submission is the reference of a 
case to the decision of an arbitrator. 

An Award is the decision of an 
arbitrator. 

An Umpire is one who judges be- 
tween parties by mutual consent, 
whether in legal or other matters. 

A Tribunal is, 1, and properly. 
The seat on which the judge of a 
court sits. 2. A court of justice. 
(L., tribunus, a judge who administers 
justice.) 

A Bar, in a court room, is a railing 
within which the officers of the court 
and members of the legal profession 
sit. It is thus called because it bars 
or hinders the crowd from incom- 
moding the court. 

To Stand at the Bar is to be 
brought to trial on the charge of hav- 
ing committed some crime. 

A Sheriff is an officer to whom is 
intrusted in each county the execu- 
tion of the laws. 

A Constable is an officer who exe- 
cutes the orders of a justice of the 
peace. 

A Coroner is an officer whose duty 
it is to inquire into the causes of 
sudden death, in performing which 
duty he calls to his aid a jury of in- 
quest. 

A Marshal is an officer appointed 
by the President and Senate of the 
Lnited States in each judicial dis- 
trict, and charged with the execution 
of the laws of the general govern- 
ment. 



10. Of Litigation. 

A CASE is a matter brought be- 
fore a court for investigation and de- 
cision. 

A Cause is a case in which I am 
personally interested. 

An Action is the urging of a right 
or claim before a court. (L. ? ago, 
[actum], to urge.) 

A Process includes all the legal 
proceedings in any particular case, 
(L., pro, forward; and cedo [cessum], 
to go.) 

To Sue is to institute a process in 
law against any one for the recovery 
of some right, either real or sup- 
posed. (Fr., suivre, to pursue.) 

Note. — The idea presented by the term to sue, 
is that of pursuing a right or claim. 

A Suit is an action at law for the 
recovery of a right. 

Litis, a lawsuit. (L.) Hence, 

Litigate, to contend in law. 

Litigant, contending in law; as, 
parties litigant. 

A Litigant, a person engaged in a 
lawsuit. 

Litigation, a contending in law. 

Litigious, inclined to contend in 
law. 

The Parties are the two opposite 
sides that are interested in a law- 
suit. 

The Plaintiff or Complainant is 
the party who brings a suit. (Fr., 
plaindre, to complain.) 

The Defendant is the party against 
whom a suit is brought. 

Note. — The defendant receives his designation 
from the circumstance that he is under the ne- 
cessity of defending himself against his legal ad- 
versary. 

A Plea is, 1. That which is alleged 
by a party in support of his demand. 

2. The answer of the defendant to 
the plaintiff's declaration or demand. 

3. A cause in court; as, the court of 
common pleas; the pleas of the 
crown. 

To Plead is to defend a cause in 
court by arguments. 

Pleadings are the mutual alterca- 
tions between the plaintiff and de- 
fendant. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



169 



A Replication is the reply of the 
plaintiff to the defendant's plea. 

A Rejoinder is the defendant's 
answer to the plaintiff's replication. 

A Surrejoinder is the answer of 
a plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder. 

A Rebutter is the answer of a de- 
fendant to a plaintiff's surrejoinder. 

A Surrebutter is the answer of a 
plaintiff to a defendant's rebutter. 

II. Of Rights. 

A RIGHT is that which is right 
for one to possess. 

A Claim is a right to have that 
which is in the hands of another. 

A Privilege is a right enjoyed ex- 
clusively by particular individuals or 
bodies of persons. (L., privus, pri- 
vate; and lex, a law.) 

A Prerogative is an exclusive or 
peculiar privilege. (L., prcerogativi, 
from prce, first; and rogo, to ask, 
because certain Roman tribes, so 
called, were first asked whom they 
would have to be consuls.) 

An Exemption is the privilege of 
being free from a duty or exaction. 
(From exempt.) 

An Immunity is the privilege of 
being exempt from a service. Hence, 
figuratively applied to a privileged 
freedom from any thing painful. 
(L., in, privative; and munus, an 
office, charge, or duty.) 

12. To Assert. 

To ASSERT is to declare a thing 
as our own. 

To Maintain is to abide by what 
we have asserted. (Fr., maintenir, to 
hold by the hand, from the L., manus, 
the hand; and teneo, to hold.) 

To Vindicate is to stand up for 
what concerns ourselves or others. 
(L., vindico, \yindicatu?n\, from vim, 
violence ; and dico, to utter. Vindico, 
therefore, signifies to pronounce a 
violent or positive sentence.) 

13. To Give Up. 

To GIVE UP is to let go our hold 
on that which we wish to retain. 



To Deliver is to put into the hands 
or power of another. 

To Surrender is to give up from 
compulsion. A general surrenders 
his sword or a fortress. (Fr., sur, 
up; and rendre, to deliver.) 

To Yield is to give up that which 
we have it in our power to retain. 

To Cede is to give over to another 
by virtue of a treaty. (L., cedo 
[cessum~], to yield.) 

A Cession is an act of giving over 
to another by virtue of a treaty. 

To Concede is to yield either as an 
act of discretion or courtesy. A 
government may concede a privilege 
to the people ; a person may concede 
a point in dispute for the sake of 
peace. 

To Resign is, 1. To give back, as 
an office. 2. To give up, as a claim. 
(L., resigno, to give up by signa- 
ture.) 

To Renounce is to refuse to own or 
acknowledge as belonging to. (L., 
renuncio, to give up by word of 
mouth.) 

To Abdicate is to abandon an of- 
fice or trust without a formal resig- 
nation. Charles the Fifth abdicated 
his crown. (L., abdico [abdicatum], 
to renounce.) 

14. To Swear. 

To SWEAR is to affirm with a 
solemn appeal to God for the truth 
of what is affirmed. 

An Oath is an affirmation with a 
solemn appeal to God for its truth ; 
or an oath is the act of swearing. 

Juro \_juratum~\, to swear. (L.) 
Hence, 

Adjure, 1. To command on oath, 
or under the penalty of a curse. I 
adjure thee by the living God. — Matt, 
xxvi. 2. To summon with solem- 
nity. 

Conjure', to call or summon by a 
sacred name. 

Con' jure (pron. kui/jur), to prac- 
tice magic. See Art. Magic. 

Perjury, false swearing. 

To Perjure one's self is to swear 
falsely. 



170 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



To Suborn - is to procure to take a 
false oath. 

A Deposition is the testimony of a 
witness reduced to writing in due 
form of law, taken by virtue of a 
commission or other authority of a 
competent tribunal. — Bouvier. (L., 
depono [deposituni], to lay down or 
state [under oath].) 

An Affidavit is an oath reduced 
to writing, and differs from a depo- 
sition in being without notice to the 
party against whom it is to be used. — 
Bouvier. (L., affidavit, he has made 
oath, from ad, to; tmdfdes, faith.) 

A Jurat is that part of an affidavit 
or deposition where the officer certi- 
fies that the same was sworn to be- 
fore him. — Bouvier. (L., jurat, he 
swears.) 

14. Civil Administration. 

To ADMINISTER a government 
is to execnte the laws, and to manage 
public affairs. {Lit, to perform the 
duties of a servant, civil rulers being 
regarded as the servants of the peo- 
ple. L., minister, a servant.) 

A Council is a bfcdy of men chosen 
by a sovereign ruler as his advisers. 

A Minister is a servant of the 
sovereign executive power in a state. 

A Cabinet is the governing coun- 
cil of a country. (So called from the 
cabinet or, apartment in which the 
ruler transacts public business, and 
assembles his privy council.) 

A Department is a branch of the 
public business. 

A Secretary is an officer whose 
business is to manage the affairs of 
a particular department of govern- 
ment. 

The Secretary of State conducts 
the correspondence with foreign gov- 
ernments. 

The Secretary of the Treasury man- 
ages the department of the finances. 

The Secretary of War has the 
charge of all matters relating to the 
army. 

The Secretary of the Navy has the 
charge of building and equipping 
ships of war. 



The Postmaster-General has the 
control of the postoffice department. 

15. Of Diplomacy. 

DIPLOMACY is the art of con- 
ducting negotiations or arranging 
treaties between nations by means of 
their foreign ministers, Or written 
correspondence. — Brande. 

A Diplomatist is a person skilled 
in diplomacy. 

Ambassador, or Embassador, is 
the name of the highest order of 
foreign ministers. An embassador 
is not only the agent of the country 
which sends him, but also represents 
personally the dignity of its sov- 
ereign. — Brande. 

An Embassy is, 1. A message sent 
by one government to another. 2. 
The person or persons sent to convey 
a message from one government to 
another. 

Envoys, Ordinary and Extraordi-^ 
nary, belong to the second order of ' 
diplomatic ministers. They are in- 
ferior in rank to embassadors prop- 
erly so called; the chief difference 
between them being that the latter 
are held to represent the interests of 
their sovereign as agents, while the 
former represent his person. — 

Brande. 
A Plenipotentiary is an embassador 
or envoy furnished with full power 
to negotiate a treaty, or to transact 
other business. (L.,plenus full; and 
potentia, power.) 

A Legation is, 1. A sending. 2. 
The person or persons sent as em- 
bassadors to a foreign court. (L., 
lego [legatum'], to send.) 

16. Resistance of Authority. 

To REBEL / is to refuse obedience 
to one's sovereign or government. 
(L., re, again; and bello, to make 
war.) 

A Reb'el is one who refuses obe- 
dience to the government to which 
he owes allegiance. 

Rebellion is the act of refusing 
obedience to, or of making war 
against one's sovereign. 



GRADES OF SOCIETY — TITLES. 



171 



To Revolt is to reject the author- 
ity of a sovereign. The American 
colonies revolted from the British 
crown. 

Insurgents are persons "who rise 
up in arms against the government. 
(L., in, against and surgo, to rise.) 

An Insurrection is a rising up in 
arms against the government. 

A Sedition is a rising in opposi- 



tion to law or the administration of 
justice. 

A Mutiny is an insurrection of 
soldiers, or of a ship's crew, against 
the authority of the officers. (Fr., 
mutin, obstinate.) 

A Mutineer is one who is con- 
cerned in a mutiny. 

An Emeute is a seditious commo- 
tion. (Fr.) 



OF THE GRADES OF SOCIETY. 



XOBLE, of ancient and splendid 
family. 

A Noble is a person of ancient 
and splendid family. 

Nobility is descent from noble an- 
cestors. 

The Nobility are all persons taken 
collectively, who are descended from 
noble ancestors. 

To Ennoble is, 1. To raise to the 
rank of a noble; as, to ennoble a 
commoner. 2. To exalt in dignity 
or excellence. 

Gentle, of respectable birth, 
though not noble. 

A Gentleman, in England, is a 
man who, without a title, bears a coat 
of arms, or whose ancestors have 
been freemen. In this sense gentle- 
men hold a middle rank between the 
nobility and yeomanry. — Webster. 

A Gentleman, in the United States, 
is a man of education and good 
breeding, whatever may be his occu- 
pation. — Webster. 

The Gentry, in Great Britain, are 



the middle class between the nobility 
and the vulgar. 

Yeoman. Camden ranks yeomen 
as the next class to the gentlemen. 
The name seems to have been gener- 
ally appropriated, in the middle ages, 
to small freeholders. — Brande. 

The Commons, in England, are 
those who inherit or possess no rank 
or title. 

The Vulgar are the common 
people. (L., vulgus, the common 
people.) 

The Rabble are the dregs of the 
people. 

The Patricians were the nobility 
of the ancient Romans. (L., jpatres, 
fathers.) 

The Plebeians, among the ancient 
Romans, were the common people. 
(L.,j)lebs, the common people.) 

A Peasant, in Europe, is a com- 
mon countryman. (Fr., pays, the 
country. ) 

The Peasantry, in Europe, are the 
common country people. 



OF TITLES 



1. Titles of Nobility. 

A DUKE, in Great Britain, is one 
of the highest order of nobility. 

A Duchess is the wife of a duke. 

A Marquis is next in rank below a 
duke. 

A Marchioness is the wife of a 
marquis. 



An Earl, in England, is a noble- 
man of the third rank, being next 
below a marquis. 

A €ount, on the continent of Eu- 
rope, is of a rank equivalent to that 
of the English earl. 

A Viscount is a nobleman next in 
rank below an earl. 



172 



TITLES. 



A Viscountess is the wife of a vis- 
count. 

A Baron is next in rank below a 
viscount. 

A Baroness is the wife of a baron. 

A Peer, in England, is a person 
belonging to any one of the fore- 
going orders of nobility. 

A Peeress is the wife of a peer. 

Lord is a title of honor, in Great 
Britain, given to dukes, marquises, 
earls, viscounts, and barons. 

Lady, in England, is a title pre- 
fixed to the name of any woman 
whose husband is not lower in rank 
than a knight, or whose father was a 
nobleman not lower in rank than an 
earl. — Webster. 

A Lady is any respectable and 
worthy woman. 

A Baronet is next in degree be- 
low a baron. 

Note. — Baronet is the lowest hereditary title 
of honor in England. — See Orders of Knighthood. 



2. Titles of Respect and Civility. 

Majesty is a title of emperors, 
kings, and queens. 

Catholic Majesty is the title of the 
kings of Spain. (Conferred on Fer- 
dinand and Isabella, by Pope Alex- 
ander VI. in 1492, in memory of the 
conquest of the Moors.) 

Most Christian Majesty is a title 
borne by the kings of France. 

Most Faithful Majesty is the title 
of the kings of Portugal. 

Highness is a title conferred on 
all royal princes and princesses, 
whether in the direct line of succes- 
sion or not. — Brande. 

Serene, Serene Highness, or Se- 
renity. Before the dissolution of 
the German empire, Serene Highness 
and Most Serene Highness were the 
appropriate addresses of princely 
houses holding immediately of the 
empire. Since that time these titles 
belong of right to the families of 
sovereign houses, and also to the 
members of ci-devant (former) sov- 
ereign houses. — Brande. 

High Mightinesses was a title for- 



merly given to the members of the 
States-General of Holland. 

Excellency is a title of honor 
given to presidents, governors, and 
embassadors. 

Honor is a title by which judges 
of courts are addressed. 

Honorable is an epithet of respect 
and distinction; as, the honorable 
court; the honorable gentleman. 

Note. — In England, the title Honorable, is 
prefixed to the names of the younger sons of 
earls, and to those of all the children, both sons 
and daughters, of viscounts and barons. — Brande. 
In the United States, judges of Courts, members 
of Congress, and heads of departments, are 
styled Honorable. 

Sire is a title used in addressing a 
king or emperor. 

Sir is, 1. A word of respect used 
in addresses to men. 2. The title of 
a knight. 

Madam is a title used in address- 
ing a lady. (Fr., ma, my ; and dame, 
lady.) 

Miss is the title of an unmarried 
woman. 

Mister is a title used in addressing 
or speaking of men. (For Master.) 

Mistress is a title used in address- 
ing or speaking of married ladies. 

Esquire. Younger sons of peers, 
their eldest sons, eldest sons of 
knights, sheriffs of counties, sergeants 
at law, and justices of the peace, 
are esquires by virtue of their re- 
spective rank or office. Heads of 
ancient families are considered es- 
quires by prescription; and hence, 
has originated the use of the word 
in the present day, as a common ad- 
dition to the names of all who live 
in the rank of gentlemen. — Brande. 

Holiness is the title by which the 
Pope is addressed. 

Grace is the title of a duke or 
archbishop. 

Reverend is an epithet applied to 
clergymen. 

Reverence is a title of the clergy. 

Right Reverend is an epithet ap- 
plied to a bishop. 

Most Reverend is an epithet ap- 
plied to an archbishop. 



WARFARE. 



173 



OF WAKFARE. 



1. Terms relating to the general idea 

of War. 

WAR is a conflict between nations 
carried on by force. 

To Wage is to carry on ; as, to 
wage war. 

Bellum, war. (L.) Hence, 

Bellicose, or Bellicous, inclined to 
Avar; as, a bellicose people. 

Bellona, the goddess of war. 

Belligerent, engaged in carrying 
on war; as, belligerent nations. 

Guerrilla, a little war. (Sp.) 
Hence, 

Guerrilla Warfare, the plan of 
harassing armies by the constant 
attacks of independent bands. 

Martial, 1. Warlike; as, a martial 
spirit. 2. Suited to war; as, a mar- 
tial appearance. (Mars, the god of 
war.) 

Hostility, the state of open war 
between nations. 

Hostilities, hostile attacks and 
other acts by which belligerents an- 
noy each other. (L., hostis, an ene- 
my-) 

A Truce, or Armistice is a tempor- 
ary cessation of hostilities by mutual 
agreement, (L., arma, arms; and 
sisto, to stand still.) 

Peace is, 1. A state of freedom 
from war, either foreign or domestic. 

2. Freedom from private quarrels. 3. 
Freedom from agitation or disturb- 
ance by the passions. 4. Freedom 
from disturbance or agitation in 
general. 

Pax, peace. (L.) Hence, 

Pacify, 1. To restore peace to; 
as, to pacify belligerent nations. 2. 
To allay excitement or agitation ; as, 
to pacify an angry man. (L., facio, 
to make.) 

Pacific, 1. Peacefully disposed ; as, 
a pacific temper. 2. Adapted to pro- 
mote peace ; as pacific measures. 3. 
Free from agitation or disturbance; 
as, a pacific state of things. 

Pacification, the act of making 
peace between parties at variance. 



Pacificator, a peace-maker. 

To Appease is to pacify, in a figu- 
rative sense; as, to appease anger, 
hunger, or thirst. (Fr., paix, peace; 
from L., pax.) 

2. Of Soldiers. 

A SOLDIER is a person engaged 
to serve his king or country in war. 

Miles [_militis~], a soldier. (L.) 
Hence, 

Military, 1. Engaged in the life of 
a soldier; as, a military man. 2. 
Suiting a soldier; as, military virtue. 
3. Effected by soldiers; as, a military 
election. 

Militia, the citizens of a state en- 
rolled for discipline, but not to be 
called into service except in emer- 
gencies. 

Militant, engaged in warfare, as 
when we speak of the church mili- 
tant in contradistinction to the church 
triumphant. 

Militate, lit, to serve as a soldier. 
(Not used in the lit. sense.) To Mil- 
itate against is to tend to prevent suc- 
cess; as, that circumstance militated 
against the accomplishment of his 
purpose. 

A Troop is, 1. A company. 2. A 
body of cavalry. 

Troops, in the plural, signifies sol- 
diers in general. 

Infantry are foot soldiers. 

Cayalry are mounted soldiers. 
(L., caballus, a horse.) 

A Dragoon is a soldier who serves 
either on horseback or on foot, as 
occasion may require. 

A Voltigeur (zhur) is a light 
horseman or dragoon. 

Hussars are a kind of equestrian 
troops in European armies. 

Note. — The term liussar is of Hungarian ori- 
gin, (being derived from husz, twenty ; and ar, 
pay, every twenty houses furnishing one man), 
and -was first applied to the body of troops raised 
by the nobles of Hungary on the occasion of the 
appeal made to the latter, in 1458, by Matthias 
Corvin. The equipments of such troops are ex- 
tremely light and elegant, and their arms con- 
sist of a saber, a carbine, and a pair of pistols.— 
Br ancle. 



174 



WARFARE. 



A Grenadier is a tall foot-soldier. 

Sepoys are native soldiers in the 
service of the British in India. 

The Zouaves, in the French army, 
were originally a class of soldiers who 
had served in Algeria, and had been 
disciplined in a peculiar manner. They 
derive their name from the Zouaves, 
a native tribe inhabiting the Atlas 
mountains, whose mode of warfare 
the French soldiers were obliged to 
adopt in order to subdue them. 

3. Of Arms. 

ARMS are of two kinds, offensive 
and defensive. 

Arms Offensive are called weapons. 
Arms Defensive are called armor. 

4. Of Weapons. 

A WEAPON is an instrument 
used in attacking. 

A Sword is an edged weapon used 
either in cutting or thrusting. 

A Cutlass is a broad, curving 
sword. 

A Hanger is a short broad-sword, 
incurvated toward the point. 

A Falchion is a short, crooked 
sword. 

A Cimiter is a short, crooked 
sword, recurvated, or bent backward. 

A Saber is a sword or cimiter with 
a broad and heavy blade, thick at 
the back, and a little curved toward 
the point. 

A Rapier is a small sword, used 
only in thrusting. 

A Spear is a long, pointed weapon, 
used either by thrusting or throwing. 

A Lance is a long spear thrown by 
the ancients. In later times the com- 
batants thrust them against each 
other on horseback. 

A Pike is a weapon consisting of 
a long wooden shaft with a steel head, 
flat and pointed. 

A Dagger or Poniard is a short 
weapon used in stabbing. 

A Stiletto is a dagger with a 
round, pointed blade. 

A Dirk is a kind of dagger. 

A Halberd consists of a wooden 



shaft, five feet long, with a steel head, 
partly in the form of a crescent. — 
Brande. 

The Javelin was a sort of spear, 
about five and a half feet long, the 
shaft of which was wood, but pointed 
with steel; used by horse or foot. — 
Webster. 

A Dart is a pointed missile wea- 
pon to be thrown by the hand. 

An Arrow is a missive weapon, 
straight, slender, pointed, and barbed, 
to shoot from a bow. 

Sagitta, an arrow. (L.) Hence, 

Sagittal, resembling an arrow. 

Sagittate, arrow-shaped. 

A Shaft is an arrow or other 
pointed missile. 

5. Of Firearms. 

FIRE-ARMS are metallic tubes 
from which missiles are thrown by 
the explosive force of gunpowder. 

Gun is a term applied to any kind 
of firearm except the pistol. 

Cannon, Artillery, and Ordnance 
are terms applied to guns of the 
largest size. 

Mortars and Howitzers are short, 
wide pieces of ordnance, used for 
throwing shells, bombs, grape-shot, 
etc. 

Note. — The difference between a mortar and a 
howitzer is, that the trunnions (knobs which 
serve to support the piece on the carriage) of a 
mortar are at the end, but those of a howitzer 
are at the middle. 

A Musket is a portable gun with 
a smooth bore. 

A Rifle is a portable gun with, a 
bore that is rifled, that is, cut in 
spiral grooves. 

A Carbine, or Carabine, (called 
also a Petronel), is a firearm used 
by cavalry, smaller in the bore and 
snorter than a musket. — Brande. 

A Fusil (pron. fuzee') is a light 
musket. 

A Matchlock was a musket which 
was fired by a match. 

A Firelock is a musket or other 
gun discharged by striking fire with 
a flint and steel. 

A Pistol is a small firearm carried 
in a case. 



WARFARE. 



175 



6. Of Armor. 

ARMOR is any habit worn to pro- 
tect the body in battle. 

A Helm, Helmet, Casque, or Head- 
piece was a piece of armor which 
guarded the head. 

Note. — Helmets were anciently formed of va- 
rious materials, but chiefly of skins of beasts, 
brass and iron. 

The Visor was the part of the hel- 
met which protected the face. 

The Gorget was a piece covering 
the neck, and was attached to the 
helmet. (Fr., gorge, the neck.) 

The Breastplate was a piece of 
armor protecting the breast. 

The Cuirass 7 , as its name implies, 
was originally a covering for the 
breast consisting of leather. After- 
ward other materials were used. (Fr., 
cuir, leather.) 

Cuisses, Cuissots, or Cuissarts, 
(pron. kweeses, etc.), were pieces of 
armor protecting the front of the 
thigh. (Fr., cuisse, the thigh.) 

Greaves were pieces of armor 
protecting the front of the legs from 
the knee to the foot. 

The Brass'art was a piece of ar- 
mor which protected the upper part 
of the arm from the elbow to the 
shoulder. (Fr., bras, the arm.) 

Mail is defensive armor formed of 
iron rings or round meshes. 

A Coat op Mail was a piece of 
armor in the form of a shirt, consist- 
ing of a network of iron rings. 

Harness or Panoply was a com- 
plete suit of armor. (Gr., 7rnv [pari], 
all; and ottxov \_oplon\, armor.) 

Cap-a-pie signifies from head to 
foot. {Cap, the head; a, to; and pie, 
the foot. Fr.) 

Note. — When a knight or soldier had on a full 
suit of armor, he was said to be armed cajp-a-pie. 

A Shield, or Buckler, was a piece 
of defensive armor attached to the 
left arm. It consisted of wicker- 
work, or of a wooden frame covered 
with leather) and was sometimes large 
enough to protect the whole body. 

7. To Arm, etc. 
To ARM is to furnish with arms. 



An Armament is an armed naval 
force. 

An Armada is a fleet of armed 
ships. 

To Accouter is to furnish with 
military dress and arms. 

Accouterments are the dress and 
arms of a soldier. 

To Equip is, 1, and properly, To 
dress ; as, to equip a person with a 
suit of clothes. Hence, 2. To furnish 
with arms and warlike apparatus ; as, 
to equip an army. 

To Mobilize is to get in readiness 
for moving ; as, to mobilize an army. 
(Fr., mobiliser, to make movable; 
from L., mobilis, movable.) 

Note. — The mobilization of an armj r consists in 
calling back the soldiers who are absent on fur- 
lough, and in furnishing the troops with all the 
necessary equipments for active service. 

An Armory is a place where arms 
and instruments of war are deposited 
for safe keeping. 

An Arsenal is a magazine of mili- 
tary stores. 

Munitions include stores of all 
kinds for the use of a military force. 
(L., munio, to fortify.) 

Ammunition includes powder, balls, 
bombs, and the various kinds of shot. 

8. Of the Constitution of an Army. 

An ARMY is a large body of armed 
men. 

A Company is the smallest organic 
division of an army, consisting of an 
indefinite number of men, usually 
from 60 to 100. 

A Captain is an officer who com- 
mands a company. 

A Lieutenant is the second com- 
missioned officer in a company. 

An Ensign is the lowest commis- 
sioned officer in a company, whose 
duty is to carry the flag. 

A Sergeant is a non-commissioned 
officer in a company of infantry or 
troop of cavalry, whose duty is to in- 
struct recruits in discipline, to form 
ranks, etc. 

A Corporal is the lowest officer in 
a company of infantry. He has 
charge over one of the divisions of 



176 



WARFARE. 



the company, and places and removes 
sentinels. 

A Fugleman is one who stands in 
front of soldiers at drill to show them 
the motions which they must imi- 
tate. 

A Regiment is a body of men, 
either infantry, cavalry, or artillery, 
consisting of a number of companies, 
usually from eight to ten. 

A Colonel (pron. kurnel) is the 
chief commander of a regiment. 

A Major is a regimental officer 
next in rank below a lieutenant- 
colonel. 

A Brigade is a division of an army 
consisting of several regiments. 

A Brigadier, or Brigadier- General, 
is the commander of a brigade. 

A Division consists of an indefinite 
number of brigades. 

A Major-General has the com- 
mand of a division. 

A General, or General-in-Chief, 
is the chief commander of an army. 

A Generalissimo, or Commander-in- 
Chief, has the command of all the 
forces of a nation. 

A Lieutenant is an officer who 
supplies the place of a superior in his 
absence ; as, a lieutenant-general ; a 
lieutenant-colonel. (Fr., lieu, a place; 
and tenant, holding.) 

An Adjutant is an officer whose 
business is to assist superior officers. 

An Adjutant- General in an army 
is the chief adjutant. 

An Aid-de-camp is an officer whose 
duty is to receive and communicate 
the orders of the general officer. 
(Plural, aids-de-camp.) 

A Marshal, in France, is a military 
officer of the highest grade. 

A Field Marshal is, in certain 
countries, a military officer of high 
rank. 

A Staff is a suite of attendants to 
a superior officer. 

A Battalion is a body of infantry 
consisting of from 500 to 800 men. 
Sometimes a battalion composes a 
regiment; but more generally a regi- 
ment consists of two or more bat- 
talions. 



A Troop is a body of cavalry com- 
manded by a captain. 

A Squadron is a division of a regi- 
ment of cavalry embracing two or 
more troops or companies. 

A Squad is a small party of men as- 
sembled for drill or inspection. 

A Detachment is a body of men 
detached, or separated from the main 
body, and sent on an expedition. 

Veterans are soldiers who have 
been long in the service. 

Recruits are new soldiers. 

Regulars are permanent or profes- 
sional soldiers in contradistinction to 
the militia. 

Volunteers are soldiers who have 
entered the service of their own free 
will for a limited period. 

The Line is the regular infantry 
of an army. 

To List, or to Enlist, is to have 
one's name enrolled on a list as a 
regular soldier. 

Pioneers are men who go before an 
army to repair the road, or to clear it 
of obstructions. Hence, Jig. Those 
who go before to prepare the way for 
others. 

Sappers and Miners are men who 
are employed in building and re- 
pairing fortifications, etc. ; and, also, 
in sapping and mining when occasion 
requires. 

A Sentinel, or Sentry, is a soldier 
placed on guard. . 

A Vedette / is a dragoon or horse- 
man stationed on the outpost of an 
army, to watch an enemy and give 
notice of danger. (L., video, to see.) — 
Webster. 

To Patrol is to pass round a camp 
or garrison in order to observe what 
passes. 

APatrolh a detachment whose duty 
is to go the rounds for observation. 

A Scout is a person sent before an 
army for observing the motions of the 
enemy, and giving notice of danger. 

A Spy is a person sent into an en- 
emy's camp for the purpose of in- 
specting their works, and of ascer- 
taining their strength and their in- 
tentions. 



WARFARE. 



177 



A QUARTERMASTER IS an officer 

-whose duty is to find quarters for an 
army, and to superintend the sup- 
plies. 

A Commissary is an officer who has 
the charge of furnishing provision, 
clothing, etc., for an army. 

9. Of the Arrangement of Troops. 

A RANK is a row of men standing 
side by side. 

A File is a line of men running 
from front to rear. 

A Column is a large body of men 
drawn up in deep files, and with a 
narrow front. 

A Phalanx, among the ancient 
Greeks, was a body of men arranged 
in a solid square. 

A Platoon consists of two or more 
files forming a subdivision of a com- 
pany. 

10. Of Marching. 

To MARCH is, 1. To move with 
the measured and regular step of sol- 
diers. 2. To pass from one place to 
another, after the manner of an army. 
3. To move in procession. (Fr., 
marcher, to walk.) 

To Countermarch is to march back. 
[counter, in the contrary direction.) 

The Van is the front of a march- 
ing army. 

The Rear is the hinder part of a 
marching army. 

The Rearward is the last troop, or 
rear-guard of an army. 

The Flanks are the sides of an 
army or division of an army. 

The Wings are the extreme right 
and left portions of an army. 

To Defile is to march off file by 
file. 

A Defile is a narrow pass where 
soldiers are obliged to separate into 
files. 

To Advance is to move forward af- 
ter the manner of a marching army. 
{ad, to, and van, the front.) 

Note. — Advance is primarily a military term, 
its application to other things being secondary 
and figurative. 

To Retreat is to move backward, 
12 



as from an enemy. (Fr , re, back, and 
trailer, to draw.) 

Note. — Retreat is primarily a military term, 
its use in reference to other things being second- 
ary. 

11. Of Flags. 

A FLAG- is a piece of cloth on 
which certain figures are painted or 
wrought, serving, at sea, to make sig- 
nals, and to distinguish the vessels of 
one nation from those of another, and 
serving, in the arm}*, to distinguish 
one regiment from another. 

Colors is a term applied to a na- 
tional flag. (From the colors with 
which it is diversified.) 

A Standard is a staff with a flag 
attached. 

A Banner is a flag or standard un- 
der which men are united or bound 
for some common purpose. — Brande. 

An Ensign is the national flag car- 
ried by a ship. — Brande. (L., insigne, 
a mark of distinction.) 

A Streamer is a flag of an oblong 
shape ; thus called, because when un- 
furled it streams or floats in the wind. 

A Pendant is a streamer which is 
split, or divided into two parts, ending 
in points, and hangs at the mast head, 
or at the yard-arm end. — Brande 
(L., pendeo, to hang.) 

Pennant is synonymous with pen- 
dant. 

Pennon is a term used, poetically, 
for a streamer or banner; but re- 
stricted in the middle ages to the 
banner of a knight, baronet, or 
esquire. — Brande. 

12. Of Battles. 

A FIGHT is a contest in which 
the parties have recourse to violence. 

A Duel is a fight between two per- 
sons, engaged in pursuant to a previ- 
ous arrangement. (L., duo, two.) 

A Combat is a fight either between 
individuals or armies. (Fr., con, to- 
gether, and battre, to beat.) 

A Battle is a fight between two 
opposing armies. (Fr., battre, to beat. ) 

An Engagement is a conflict be- 
tween two whole armies or fleets, or 
between small squadrons or single 



178 



WARFARE. 



ships. (From engage, in reference 
to the parties being mutually engaged 
with each other.) 

A' Rencounter is an unpremedita- 
ted conflict between individuals or 
small parties happening on the occa- 
sion of an accidental meeting. (Fr., 
rencontre, to meet unexpectedly.) 

An Action is a fight, either be- 
tween naval or land forces. 

A Skirmish is a slight fighting at 
a distance between armies, or be- 
tween detachments or small parties. 

13. To Conquer. 

To CONQUER is to overcome an 
enemy. 

Conquest is the act of conquering. 

A Conquest is a territorial posses- 
sion gained by force of arms. 

To Subdue is, 1. and properly. To 
overcome, by force of arms; as, to 
subdue an enemy. 2. To overcome 
by moral force. 

Vinco [victuni], to conquer or sub- 
due. (L.) Hence, 

Victory, 1. The act of overcoming 
in battle. 2. The act of overcom- 
ing in a moral sense, or in any 
struggle for superiority. 

Victor, one who overcomes. 

Invincible, that can not be over- 
come. 

Vaincre, to conquer. (Fr.) Hence, 

Vanquish, 1. To subdue in battle. 
2. To defeat in any contest ; as, to 
vanquish an opponent in an argu- 
mentative contest. 

A Triumph was the highest mili- 
tary honor that could be conferred 
on a Roman general. It was a sol- 
emn procession with which a victo- 
rious leader, and his army, advanced 
through the city to the capitol, ac- 
companied by the captives taken in 
war, and vehicles bearing the spoils, 
and all the furniture that could add 
magnificence to the spectacle. Hence, 

To Triumph is, 1. To rejoice on 
account of victory. 2. To gain a 
victory. 

Triumphant, 1. Victorious ; as the 
church triumphant. 2. Celebrating 
a victory; as, a triumphant song. 



An Ovation, among the Romans, 
was a lesser triumph, allowed to a 
commander for a victory not deserv- 
ing a triumph in the strict sense. 
Webster. 

A Defeat is an overthrow sus- 
tained in battle. 

A Rout is a confused and disor- 
derly flight. 

14. Of Fortification. 

To FORTIFY is to make strong. 
(L., fortis, strong, and facio, to 
make. ) 

Fortification is, 1. The act of mak- 
ing strong. 2. The art, or science, 
of making places strong to defend 
them against an enemy. 

A Fortification, Fort, or Fortress, 
is a fortified place 

Fortifications are the works erected 
to defend a place against attack. 

A Castle is a house fortified for 
defense against an enemy. 

A Citadel is a fortress in the 
midst of a city. 

A Stronghold, or Fastness, is a 
place either naturally very secure, or 
rendered so by art. 

A Rampart is a mound of earth 
around a place, capable of resisting 
cannon shot. 

A Bastion is a large, projecting 
mass of earth, or masonry, at the 
angles of a fortified place, anciently 
called a bulwark. — Brande. 

Note. — The annexed figure represents a verti- 
cal section of a regular fortification on the 
ground line X Y, the place to be defended being 




supposed between X and A. The mass of earth, 
A, B, C, D, E, F, G. H, forms the rampart with 
its parapet. A B is the interior slope of the 
rampart ; B C is the terreplein of the rampart, 
having a breadth of about forty feet, on which 
the troops and cannon are placed ; D E is .called 
the banquette, or step, on which the soldiers 
mount to fire over the parapet ; E F G is the 
parapet, (or breastwork,) of a hight, (about 7 
feet,) sufficient to protect the men and Runs on 
the terreplein, and sloped in the opposite direc- 



WARFARE. 



179 



tion toward M, the opposite side of the ditch, so 
that a man approach ing there may he seen and 
fired at ; G II is the exterior slope of the para- 
pet ; II I is the revetment, or wall of masonry 
supporting the rampart, and strengthened, at 
intervals, by buttresses, (masses of masonry serv- 
ing as props,) placed at small intervals behind 
it. The exterior front of the rampart, covered 
with the revetment H K, is called the escarp; 
IKLM is the ditch ; L M, the opposite side 
of the ditch, is the counterscarp, also supported 
by a revetment of masonry ; M N'is the covered 
way, a space about ten yards in breadth, having 
a banquette, NOP, also protected by a parapet, 
P Q, the extreme slope of which, Q E, is called 
the glacis. — Brande. 

A Barricade, or Barricado, is a de- 
fense, either by intrenchment or 
raised work, made in a hasty man- 
ner, by barrels filled with earth, 
heaps of stones piled up, carts, 
trunks of trees, or any other materi- 
als which would obstruct the passage 
or advance of an opposing force. — 
Brande. 

A Bareiee is a piece of woodwork 
erected to defend the entrance of a 
passage or intrenchment, with a 
movable bar in the center, which 
may be withdrawn at pleasure. — 
Brande. 

A Poetcullis is a sort of a ma- 
chine composed of several large pieces 
of wood laid across one another, like 
a harrow and pointed with iron, 
used formerly to be hung over the 
gateways of fortified places, to be let 
down in the case of a surprise, and 
when there was not time to shut the 
gate. — Brande. (Fr., porte, a gate, 
and couler, to slip down.) 

To Intrench is to cut a trench or 
ditch around a place, as in fortifi- 
cation. 

A Moat is a deep trench around a 
castle or other fortified place. It is 
sometimes filled with water. 

Fascines (pron. fasseens) are bun- 
dles of fagots, twigs, or branches of 
trees, which, being mixed with earth, 
are made use of for filling up ditches, 
and forming parapets. (L., fascina, 
a fagot.) 

A Picket is a sharpened stake used 
in fortifications and encampments. 

Picketed, fortified or inclosed with 
pickets. 

A Stockade is, 1. A sharpened post 



set in the ground. 2. A line of posts 
set in the earth as a fence or barrier. 

A Gabion is a hollow cylinder of 
wickerwork, resembling a basket 
without a bottom, filled with earth, 
and serving to shelter men from an 
enemy's fire. 

A Garrison is a body of forces dis- 
posed in a fortress to defend it against 
the enemy, or to keep the inhabitants 
of the town, where it is situated, in 
subjection. — Brande. 

A Cordon is a line or series of 
military posts. 

15. Of Sieges, etc. 

A SIEGE is the sitting down of an 
army before a fortified place for the 
purpose of compelling the garrison to 
surrender. 

To Besiege is to surround with 
armed forces for the purpose of com- 
pelling to surrender either by famine 
or by violent attacks. 

To Beleaguer is to surround with 
an army. (Ger., be, by; and lagern, 
to lie, or encamp.) 

To Invest is to beset on all sides 
with an armed force, and to surround 
with works so as to prevent escape or 
the access of supplies. (L., investio, 
to clothe.) 

To Blockade is to beset with an 
armed fleet so as to prevent the en- 
trance or exit of vessels; as, to block- 
ade a port. 

A Circumvallation is a trench or 
bulwark thrown up about a camp or 
besieged city, composed of the earth 
dug from the ditch, and of sharp 
stakes planted in it, — Brande. (L., 
vallum, a rampart ) 

A Mine is a subterraneous passage 
commenced at a distance and termi- 
nating under the wall or rampart of a 
fortification, where a quantity of 
powder may be lodged for blowing up 
the works. 

To Spring a mine is to cause an ex- 
plosion of the powder that has been 
deposited in it. 

To Sally is, 1. To rush out, as a 
body of troops from a besieged place. 
in order to attack the besiegers. 



180 



WARFARE. 



Hence, 2. To issue suddenly. (L., 
salio, to leap. 

To Assault is to make a violent at- 
tack upon ; as, to assault a fortress. 

To Storm is to take by force; as, 
to storm a fortified town. 

16. To Surrender. 

To SURRENDER is, 1. To yield to 
the power of another ; as, to surrender 
a fort. 2. To yield one's self to the 
power of another; as, the enemy sur- 
rendered. (Fr., sur, up; and rendre, 
to give. ) 

To Capitulate is to surrender an 
army or garrison to an enemy by 
treaty, in which the terms of sur- 
render are specified and agreed to by 
the parties. 

To Surrender at discretion is to 
surrender without stipulations, the 
yielding party leaving everything to 
the discretion and generosity of the 
victors. 

17. Encampment, etc. 

A CAMP is, 1. The ground on 
which an army encamps. 2. The 
army encamped. 3. The order of the 
tents. (L., campus, a plain.) 

To Encamp is to spread tents for 
the purpose of a temporary stay. 
{en, in.) 

To Decamp is, 1 . To remove or de- 
part from a camp. Hence, 2. To de- 
part suddenly and privately, as if from 
fear, or with some sinister design. 

Quarters are, 1. Stations for sol- 
diers or an army. Hence, 2. Lodg- 
ings. 

A Tent is a temporary shelter 
under which a soldier sleeps, com- 
monly made of canvass, extended 
upon poles. 



A Marquee (pron. ma?*Jcee / ) is a 
large field tent. 

A Field is the ground where a 
battle is fought. 

The Field is the scene of active 
military operations beyond the limits 
of fortified inclosures. 

A Campaign includes the field opera- 
tions of an army for a single season. 

18. Of the Military Art. 

# TACTICS is the science and art of 
disposing military and naval forces in 
order of battle, and of performing 
military and naval evolutions. (Gr., 
Ta.cro-00 \tasso~], to arrange.) 

Strategy is the science of military 
command, or of directing great mili- 
tary movements. (Gr. , errparnyiu \_stra- 
tegeo~], to lead an army.) Hence, 

A Stratagem is, 1, and properly. 
An artifice in war. 2. Any artifice. 

An Evolution is, 1, and lit. The act 
of unrolling. 2. Any motion by which 
the disposition of troops is changed. 
(L., evolvo, [evolutum], to unroll.) 

A Maneuver is a dextrous move- 
ment, particularly in an army or 
navy. (Fr., main, the hand; and 
ceuvre, work.) 

A Feint (pron. faint) is a move- 
ment designed to deceive the enemy. 
(Fr., feindre, to pretend.) 

To Marshal is to arrange in mili- 
tary order ; as, to marshal troops. 

To Parade is, 1. To marshal. 
2. To exhibit in a showy or ostenta- 
tious manner. 

To Muster is to collect for inspec- 
tion or exercise. Hence, figuratively ; 

To Muster up is to succeed, by dint 
of effort, in raising or getting to- 
gether ; as, to muster up courage. 



OF KNIGHTHOOD. 



KNIGHTHOOD was originally a 
species of honor conferred on those 
who had distinguished themselves by 
their bravery in battle. (Sax., cnicht, 
or Ger., knecht, a servant.) Knights 
were the military servants of the 
chieftain to whom they were attached. 



The Accolade was a ceremony by 
which the honor of knighthood was 
conferred. The Accolade consisted 
in a blow of the flat of a sword on 
the neck of the kneeling candidate. 
(L., ad, upon; and collum, the neck.) 

To Dub is, 1. To make a person a 



KNIGHTHOOD. 



181 



knight by striking him with a sword. 
Hence, 2. To confer any dignity by 
some appropriate ceremony. 

Note. — The privilege of conferring knight- 
hood, belonged originally to the sovereign ; but 
when knighthood had assumed its peculiar ro- 
mantic character, the most distinguished and 
valorous knights were allowed to confer it, and 
kings themselves sought for the distinction of 
knighthood at their hands. — Brande. 

Knights-Bachelors were knights 
of a lower order. (L., baccalare, a 
small fief.) 

Knights-Bannerets were those who 
possessed fiefs to a greater amount, 
were obliged to serve in war with a 
greater attendance and carried a 
banner. 

An Esquire, or A Squire, was a 
young man who waited on a knight, 
to whom he was bound to render 
devoted and faithful service. In this 
capacity he was a sort of apprentice 
to knighthood; but as many esquires 
never reached the order of knight- 
hood, but remained independent, the 
rank of esquire, in ordinary usage, 
became an intervening order between 
the knight and the simple gentleman. 
(Fr., e'cuyer, a groom; it being one 
of the duties of a squire to attend to 
his master's horse.) — Brande. 

Chevalier, a French word synony- 
mous with the English word knight. 
(Fr., cheval, a horse; it having been 
the custom of knights to be mounted 
in battle, at tournaments, and when 
wandering in quest of adventures.) 

Chivalry, 1. Knighthood. 2. The 
usages and customs pertaining to the 
order of knighthood. 3. The body or 
order of knights. (From chevalier.) 

Chivalric, partaking of the charac- 
ter of chivalry. 

Chivalrous, brave, (from the cir- 
cumstance that bravery was a char- 
acteristic virtue of knights.) 

Knights-Errant were knights who 
wandered in quest of adventures. 
[Errant, wandering.) 

Orders of Knighthood. 

The ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD 

9,re of two classes ; either they are 
associations or fraternities possess- 



ing property and rights of their 
own as independent bodies ; or they 
are merely honorary associations es- 
tablished by sovereigns within their 
respective dominions, consisting of 
members whose only tie is the pos- 
session of the same titular distinction. 
To the former class belong the three 
celebrated religious orders founded 
during the Crusades, — Templars, 
Hospitalers, and Teutonic knights. — 
Brande. 

The Knights-Templars, or Knights 
of the Temple, were a military order 
of religious persons. It was founded 
by an association of knights at the 
beginning of the 12th century, for the 
protection of pilgrims on the roads in 
Palestine; afterward it took for its 
chief object the protection of the 
Holy Sepulcher at Jerusalem against 
the Saracens. — Brande. 

The Knights-Hospitalers were an 
order who built a hospital at Jeru- 
salem for pilgrims. At their original 
institution they were styled Knights 
of St. John of Jerusalem; afterward, 
Knights of Rhodes, and again 
Knights of Malta. 

The Teutonic Order was founded 
in 1190 by Frederick, duke of Swabia, 
and intended for Germans of noble 
rank only. Its original object was 
the performance of service against 
the Infidels in Palestine. — Brande. 

The Order of the Garter, for- 
merly called the Order of St. George, 
is an order of knighthood in England, 
the institution of which is ascribed 
to Richard I., who tied thongs of 
leather, as marks of distinction, 
around the legs of several of his offi- 
cers at the siege of Acre — Brande. 

Note. — According to another account, the 
Order of the Garter was instituted by Edward 
III. in commemoration of the circumstance of 
the king's having picked up a lady's garter at a 
ball.— See Hume, Vol. II. 

Baronets are a hereditary order 
of knights instituted by King James 
I., in 1611, as a reward for the ser- 
vices of those who came forward to 
quell the insurrection in Ireland. — 
Brande. 

The Legion of Honor is an order 



182 



HERALDRY — PROPERTY. 



instituted by Napoleon, when first 
consul of France, for merit, both mil- 
itary and civil. 

Sir, in England, is the distinguish- 
ing appellation of knights and baro- 
nets, to whose Christian names it is 
prefixed; as, Sir Humphrey Davy 
(L., senior, elder; whence signor, 
siore, sire, sir.) — Brande. 

A Tournament, or Tourney, was a 
mock battle, in which none but 
knights of noble birth were permitted 
to engage. 

A Just, or Joust, was an amicable 
contest between two knights armed 
with lances. 



The Lists were the inclosed field or 
ground where the ancient knights 
held their jousts and tournaments. 
Hence, the figurative expression, To 
enter the lists, signifying To engage 
in a contest. (From Ust % the line 
which was stretched around the 
space. ) 

Note. — In a joust, the contending knights 
took their stations at opposite ends of the lists, 
and having couched their lances on the saddle- 
bows, they rushed together, each aiming the 
point of his spear at the armor which protected 
the breast of his antagonist. 

To Tilt is to ride at full speed and 
thrust after the manner of knights 
in jousting. 



OF HEEALDRT. 



HEEALDRY is the science of 
conventional distinctions impressed 
on shields, banners, and other mili- 
tary accouterments. 

Arms are emblematic figures, 
painted on shields, flags, etc. 

A Coat-of-Arms was originally a 
coat on which the arms of a knight 
were represented, and which he wore 
over his armor. The representation 
of the arms of a family, corporation, 
or nation, is now called a coat-of- 
arms. 

Ensigns Armorial are the devices 
which enter into the composition of 
a coat-of-arms. (L., insignia, marks 
of distinction.) 

An Armory is a coat-of-arms. 

Bearings are the coats-of-arms, or 
the figures of armories, by which the 



nobility and gentry are distinguished 
from each other, and from common 
persons. 

To Blazon is to explain, in proper 
terms, the figures on ensigns armo- 
rial. 

Note. — The word is supposed to be derived 
from the German blasen, to blow, and to have 
originated in the ceremonial of tournaments — 
it having been customary, on these solemn occa- 
sions, for the herald to blow a trumpet when he 
called out the arms of a knight on ushering him 
into the lists. — Brande. 

Blazonry is the art of deciphering 
coats-of-arms ; also, that of expressing 
or describing coats-of-arms in appro- 
priate language. 

To Emblazon is to adorn with 
figures of heraldry, or ensigns armo- 
rial. 

An Escutcheon is a shield on which 
a coat-of-arms is represented. 



OF PEOPEETY. 



1. General Ideas. 

The PROPERTY of an individual 
consists in whatever he has the ex- 
clusive right to use and control. 
(L., proprius, own.) 

To Belong is to appertain as pro- 
perty. 

To Own is to have the legal right 
to property. 



To Possess is to have the right to 
property, and to have, at the same 
time, the power of controlling it. A 
minor may be the legal owner of 
property of which he can not acquire 
the possession till he attains his ma- 
jority. 

A Proprietor or Owner is one who 
has the legal right to property. 



PROPERTY. 



183 



Note. — The former of these terms is usually 
employed in reference to things of importance, 
and the latter on familiar occasions. Thus we 
should rather say, the proprietor of an estate or 
house, and the owner of a horse or book. 

To Appropriate, 1. To make a 
thing one's own by any lawful means. 
We may lawfully appropriate to our- 
selves that which has never had an 
owner, and also the fruits of our own 
honest industry. 2. To take and use 
as our own that which does not be- 
long to us. The thief appropriates 
to himself the goods of his neighbor. 
3. To apply to some particular pur- 
pose; as, to appropriate money for 
the establishment of a school. 

Note. — The purpose for which, or the object 
to which, an appropriation is made occupies the 
stead of a proprietor. 

Estate is the interest which a per- 
son has in lands or other property. 

Note. — Estate is of two kinds, real and per- 
sonal. 

Real Estate is property of a fixed 
or immovable nature, as lands and 
houses. 

Personal Estate consists of all 
kinds of property that is not included 
under the title of real estate. 

A Tenement is. any species of per- 
manent property that may be held. 
(L., teneo, to hold.) 

An Estate is the entire possessions 
of an individual. 

A person's Fortune is his entire 
estate, whether that be large or 
small. 

A Fortune is a large estate : as, a 
lady of fortune; to inherit & fortune. 

Goods are articles of domestic or 
personal utility. 

Chattels are items of personal 
property apart from the household; 
as cattle, implements of husbandry, 
etc. 

Effects include all kinds of pro- 
perty from the sale of which money 
may be realized for the benefit of 
creditors or the heirs of the estate. 
They are called effects, because they 
effect something for the benefit of 
the parties interested. 

Furniture. Under this title are 
included articles of household utility, 



convenience, or ornament. They are 
called furniture, because the house 
is furnished, that is, supplied and 
fitted up with those articles. 

Stock consists of those domestic 
quadrupeds of the farmer which have 
always a cash value in market. 
Cows, horses, sheep, and hogs consti- 
tute stock, but dogs and cats do not. 

Live Stock. When the valuable 
quadrupeds of the farm are in pro- 
cess- of being transported as freight 
to a distant market, they are called 
live stock. 

Cattle. This term, in England, 
includes all domestic quadrupeds used 
in tillage or other labor, and for food. 
In the United States the application 
of the term is restricted to animals 
of the ox kind. 

Poultry. Under this title are in- 
cluded such fowls as are propagated 
for the sake of their flesh, eggs, or 
feathers. 

2. Riches. 

RICH, ]. Possessing more than a 
medium share of property. 2. Pos- 
sessing beyond mediocrity such qual- 
ities as cause a thing to be prized or 
admired; as, rich clothing; a rich 
flavor ; rich food ; rich colors ; a rich 
landscape ; rich music. 3. Abundant ; 
as, a rich crop ; a rich supply. 4. Fer- 
tile ; as, a rich soil. 

Riches is a term which implies more 
than a medium amount of property. 

Wealth (from well), denotes the 
abundant possession of such things 
as are calculated to promote the ma- 
terial well-being of an individual or 
community. 

Opulence implies the possession of 
great riches by an individual or 
people. 

Affluence implies abundant and 
increasing wealth. (L., ad, to; and 
fluo, to flow.) 

3. Poverty. 

POOR, destitute of possessions. 
Any person who can not command 
the conveniences, though he may en- 
joy the indispensable necessaries of 
life, may be said to be poor. 



184 



PROPERTY. 



Poverty is the condition of being 
poor ; that is, the condition of being 
abridged of the conveniences of life. 

Indigence is a condition in which 
a person is not only destitute of the 
conveniences, but is stinted in regard 
to the necessaries of life. 

Penury is the privation of things in 
general, but especially of things that 
are essential to existence. 

Need is the absence of some parti- 
cular thing that would be serviceable 
to us. 

Want is the absence of the neces- 
saries of life. 

Destitution is the state of being 
unprovided with something that is 
useful or necessary. 

Paupers are poor persons who are 
provided for at the public expense. 

Charity signifies, primarily, love. 
Secondarily, kindness to the poor, 
because kindness is an expression of 
love. 

- Alms are things given for the re- 
lief of the poor. 

Eleemosynary, pertaining to or be- 
stowed in alms. An almshouse is an 
eleemosynary establishment. A sum 
of money given for the benefit of the 
poor is an eleemosynary donation. 

To Impoverish is to render poor. 

4. Of Value. 

The VALUE of a thing is that 
property, or those properties, which 
render it useful or estimable. 

The Real or Intrinsic Value of a 
thing is measured by its utility. 

The Estimated Value of anything 
is a value depending upon opinion. 

Worth is, 1. Intrinsic value. 2. 
Moral excellence ; as, he is a man of 
great worth. 

To Be Worth is to command a de- 
finite price in market; as, wheat is 
worth a dollar a bushel. 

Worthy, 1. Possessing moral worth; 
as, a worthy man. 2. Deserving ; as, 
worthy of commendation ; worthy of 
blame. 

The Price of an article is the value 
set upon it by the person who offers 
it for sale. 



Rate is the current price at which 
specific articles are bought and sold. 

To Estimate, To Value, or To Rate, 
is to set a value upon. 

To Appraise is to set a value on 
anything under the direction of law. 

To Prize is to have an apprecia- 
tion of the value of anything. The 
diamond is more highly prized than 
any other gem. 

To Esteem is, 1. To set a value on, 
whether high or low 

"They that despise me shall be 
lightly esteemed'' 1 — 1 Sam. ii. 

2. To set a high value on. 

To Estimate is to set a pecuniary, 
numerical, or moral value on any- 
thing without weighing, measuring, 
or counting. 

Pretium, price or value. (L.) 
Hence, 

Precious of great value. 

Appreciate, 1. To set a value on. 2. 
To increase in value. The precious 
metals appreciate as they become 
scarce {ad, to.) 

Depreciate, 1. To rate below the 
true value. Rival authors sometimes 
depreciate each other's works. 2. To 
fall in value. 

The Cost is the price paid for an 
article. 

Dear, costing much. 

Cheap, costing little. 

A Trifle is a thing of small value. 

Equivalent, having equal values. 
Five hundred francs are equivalent 
to ninety-five dollars. 

Par, equal. (L.) Hence, 

At Par, when spoken of bank- 
notes, stocks, bills of exchange, etc., 
implies an equality between the cur- 
rent and the nominal values. 

Under Par, or Below Par, implies 
that the current is below the nominal 
value. 

Above Par implies that current is 
above the nominal value. 

Discount is a deduction made from 
the nominal value, (dis, off; and 
count.) 

A Premium is some specific percent- 
age above the nominal value. 



PROPERTY. 



1S5 



5. Of Money. 

MONEY is the representative or 
measure of value. 

Monetary, pertaining to money in 
its relations to the business of a 
country, or to general commerce ; 
as, monetary distress. (L., moneta, 
coin.) 

Pecuniary, pertaining to money in 
its relations to private or individual 
business ; as, pecuniary interests ; 
pecuniary loss. (L. , pecunia, money. ) 

A Sum is an amount of money. 

A Treasure is a store of money 
or other things of great value. 

A Treasury is a place where money 
is kept. 

A Treasurer is one who has the 
keeping of money for others. 

Coin consists of pieces of the pre- 
cious metals in the form of small 
flat cylinders gauged to some uni- 
form standard of size, "weight, and 
fineness, and stamped by the author- 
ity of the government, with the name 
of the country; with that of the 
reigning sovereign; with the coat-of- 
arms of the nation ; with the date of 
the issue ; and with words, or with 
letters and figures designating the 
value. 

A Mint is an establishment fitted 
up with machinery for the coining of 
money. 

Bullion is uncoined gold and silver 
in the mass. 

Specie is gold, silver, or copper in 
the form of coin. 

A Bank is an institution that deals 
in monej". 

Note. — Banks lend money, receive money on 
deposit, and buy and sell exchange. Many 
banks also issue their own promissory notes, 
which, under the denomination of bank bills, 
circulate as money. These notes are signed by 
the president of the institution, are counter- 
signed by the cashier, and are payable at the 
bank, on demand, in gold and silver. 

Current, passing freely from hand 
to hand ; as, the current coin of a 
country; current bills. (L., cnrro, to 
run, or circulate.) 

Currency is whatever circulates as 
money, whether in the form of coin, 
or that of bank-notes. 



The Circulating Medium of a coun- 
try consists in whatever subserves the 
purposes of money. (Circulating, 
passing round in a circle, and L., me- 
dius, existing between.) 

Note. — A medium is that which exists between 
a cause or agency, and an effect or result, and 
through which the cause acts. Thus air is the 
medium of sound, because it is interposed be- 
tween the sonorous body and the ear, and serves 
to convey the sound to the auditory organ. If 
I sell a hundred bushels of wheat at one dollar a 
bushel, and buy twenty yards of cloth with the 
money, at five dollars a yard, then the money 
has come between the wheat and the cloth, and 
is, therefore, the medium through which my 
ownership has been transferred from the one ar- 
ticle to the other. 

Cash is, 1. Ready money, in con- 
tradistinction to credit or barter ; as, 
to sell for cash ; to pay the cash. 2. 
Cash is also ready money in contra- 
distinction to merchandise, or bills 
receivable. 

A Fund is money that is set apart 
for some particular purpose. 

Funds are money in possession, 
and applicable to any business or 
purpose whatever. L., fundus, a bot- 
tom or foundation. ) 

Note. — It was formerly a practice of the Brit- 
ish government, in borrowing money, to pledge 
some particular tax, or source of revenue, as a 
fundus, or bottom, on which the security for the 
payment of the interest was based. It is, hence, 
that the present popular use of the term, fund, 
has been derived. 

To Invest money is to employ it 
in establishing and carrying on some 
branch of business, or to apply it to 
the purchase of lands, stocks, or other 
property, with a view to profit. (L., 
investio, to clothe; because lands, 
stocks, etc., serve as a kind of cloth- 
ing for your money. ) 

Capital is money invested in trade, 
manufactures, etc., with a view to 
profit. (L., caput, the head, capital 
being a head or principal sum.) 

Stock is money or goods employed 
in trade, manufactures, banking, etc. 
(From stock, the trunk of a tree, in 
allusion to the profits of the business 
which represent the branches and 
fruit.) 

Revenue, or Income, is money aris- 
ing from permanent sources. (Fr., 
re, back, and venir, to come.) 



186 



PROPERTY. 



Fiscus, the property of the State. 
(L. ) Hence, 

Fiscal, pertaining to the public 
treasury or revenue. 

Confiscate, to take the goods or es- 
tate of a criminal and place the pro- 
ceeds in the public treasury. 

Finance is the art of forming plans 
for the successful management of pe- 
cuniary interests. 

Finances. By the plural term fi- 
nances, we mean the condition of a 
state or individual, in reference to 
moneyed means. Thus, we say that 
the finances of a government or indi- 
vidual, are in a prosperous, or in an 
embarrassed condition. 

A Financier is one who is capable 
of a skillful and economical manage- 
ment of pecuniary interests. 

6. Of the Acquisition of Money. 

EARNINGS consist in money or 
other property, acquired by labor. 

Profits consist in pecuniary ad- 
vantage resulting from the prosecu- 
tion of any business. 

Gains consist in pecuniary advan- 
tage derived from the prosecution 
of business. 

Note. — We conceive of profits as springing 
from our business by a sort of natural growth. We 
conceive of gains as being drawn fortb by exer- 
tion and skill. Our profits may be absorbed by 
our expenses, but our gains serve to increase 
our estate. 

Emoluments consist in pecuniary 
advantage incident to office, as sal- 
ary, fees, and perquisites. 

An Annuity is an annual sum 
settled on a person for a limited 
number of years, or for life. The 
person receiving an annuity is called 
an Annuitant. 

Lucre primarily signified simply 
gain ; but the term is now used only 
in a bad sense. Lucre is gain, ac- 
quired solely for the gratification of 
an avaricious spirit, without refer- 
ence to the good which wealth ena- 
bles its possessor to accomplish. 

Lucrative, yielding large gains ; as 
a lucrative business. 

Thrift is a prudent management 



by which expense is avoided and 
money is gained. (From thrive.) 

7. Pecuniary Compensation. 

WAGES are a compensation for 
labor, or services, at a stipulated 
rate, by the day, week, month, or 
year. 

Salary is a fixed yearly compen- 
sation. 

A Stipend is a settled compensa- 
tion for services, whether by the day, 
week, month, or year. 

A Stipendiary is one who performs 
services for a settled compensation. 

Interest is a compensation for the 
use of mone}r. 

Rent is a compensation for the 
use of a house, farm, or other real 
estate. 

Hire is a compensation paid, agree- 
ably to contract, for services, or for 
the use of any article of personal 
property. 

A Fee is a compensation to an of- 
ficer, or professional man, for the 
performance of some specific service. 

A Perquisite consists in money, or 
anything else that an officer is enti- 
tled to receive, apart from his salary, 
as a compensation for services. 

A Pension is an annual sum set- 
tled on a person in consideration of 
past services. The old soldiers who 
had fought in the war of the Revolu- 
tion, received a pension from the 
government. 

Mercenary, 1. Serving for wages; 
as, mercenary soldiers. 2. Sacrific- 
ing principle from a sordid love of 
gain ; as, a mercenary disposition. 
(L., merx, wages.) 

8. Of Expenditure. 

To SPEND, EXPEND, or LAY 
OUT, is to part with money, or other 
things of value, in order to supply 
our wants, or to procure gratification 
of any kind. 

Free, disposed to part readily with 
money for the benefit or gratification 
of others. 

Lavish, expending too freely, 
whether for ourselves or others. 



PROPERTY. 



187 



Profuse, immoderate in expendi- 
ture. (L., pro, forth, and /undo \_fu- 
sum~], to pour.) 

Extravagant, wildly profuse in ex- 
penditure. (L., extra, beyond bounds, 
and vagor, to wander.) 

Wasteful, expending on objects 
that are of no use, or whose value 
does not correspond to the amount 
expended. 

Prodigal, spending with a waste- 
ful profusion. 

To Dissipate, literally and prima- 
rily, signifies to scatter. Hence, to 
dissipate a fortune is to scatter it in 
wasteful expenditure. 

To Squander property is to spend 
it without economy or judgment. To 
squander time is to waste it in friv- 
olous and unprofitable engagements. 

A Prodigal is one who spends 
lavishly. 

. A Spendthrift is one who spends 
lavishly, without paying proper atten- 
tion to the recruiting of his resources. 

Sumptus, expense. (L.) Hence, 

Sumptuous, lit., costly or expens- 
ive; hence, splendid or magnificent; 
as, a sumptuous mansion; a sumptu- 
ous feast. 

Sumptuary, relating to expense. 

Sumptuary Laics are such as limit 
and regulate the expenses of citi- 
zens in apparel, furniture, food, etc. 

9. Limitation of Expenditure. 

To SAVE is to avoid waste and 
unnecessary expense. 

Economy is a prudent management 
of property, by which waste and un- 
necessary expense are avoided. By 
practicing economy we may subsist on 
moderate means. (Gr., oikoc \oicos~], 
a house ; and vopos \_nomos~], manage- 
ment. Economy is, therefore, liter- 
ally, household management.) 

To Husband is to manage economi- 
cally. We should husband our re- 
sources and our time. 

Frugality is moderation in per- 
sonal expenses. 

Parsimony is an excessive care to 
avoid expenses ; or parsimony is fru- 
gality carried to excess. 



Penuriousness is a hightened par- 
simoniousness. 

Note. — The penurious person spends as spar- 
ingly as if he were in a state of pinching penury, 
or want. 

Niggardliness disposes a person to 
spend in the smallest quantities pos- 
sible, and to exact the utmost farth- 
ing from others. 

Note. — A person characterized by such a dis- 
position is called a niggard. 

Stinginess is an indisposition to 
give, even to the most trifling amount 
of value. 

10. Exchange of Property. 

EXCHANGE consists in giving 
and receiving, mutually, things that 
are supposed to be of equal value. 

To Sell is to part with property in 
return for an equivalent, 

A Sale is an act of selling. 

To Vend is to sell articles of mer- 
chandise as a regular business. (Fr., 
vendre, to sell.) 

A Vendue is a public sale of the 
goods and chattels of an estate. 

Venal, being for sale. (L., veneo, 
to be sold.) 

Note. — Venal is used only in a bad sense. A 
man is said to be venal who, regardless of prin- 
ciple and honor, is ready to sell his services to 
the highest bidder. 

This verse be thine, my friend, nor thou refuse 
This from no venal nor ungrateful muse. — Pope. 

An Auction is a public sale by out- 
cry to the highest bidder. (L., augeo 
[auctuni], to increase.) 

To Buy is to receive property on 
the condition of returning an equiva- 
lent. 

To Purchase is the same in mean- 
ing with to buy, and differs from it 
only in being a less familiar term. 
Buy may always be substituted for 
purchase ; but, in speaking in relation 
to things of trifling value, buy is the 
preferable term. 

Emo [emptum~\, to purchase. (L.) 
Hence, 

Redeem, to purchase back; as, to 
redeem an estate ; to redeem a pledge ; 
to redeem prisoners, (re, back.) 

Redemption, the act of purchasing 
back. 



188 



EXCHANGE OF PROPERTY. 



A Redeemer is one who purchases 
back that which has come into the 
power or possession of another. 

The Redeemer is He who has pur- 
chased man's freedom from the thral- 
dom of sin and from the curse of the 
law. 

Preemption is the act or the right 
of purchasing before others, (pre, 
before. ) 

Note. — A Preemption Bight is the privilege of 
an actual settler on public lands to obtain them 
by purchase in preference to other bidders. 

A Ransom is the money or price 
paid for the redemption of a prisoner 
or slave, or for goods captured by an 
enemy. 

To Pay is to return an equivalent 
for some valuable received of another. 

11. Of Debt. 

To OWE is to be under obligation 
to pay for something received. 

A Debt is a sum owed. 

To be in Debt is to owe. 

A Debtor is one who owes. 

Due, standing as a debt (Fr., du, 
owed ; from devoir, to owe. ) 

Duty (from due) is a debt of moral 
obligation. 

Credit is faith or belief. To 
credit is to believe. Hence, to obtain 
goods on credit is to obtain them with- 
out present payment, on the grounds 
of the faith which the person of whom 
you obtain them reposes in your ability 
and disposition to pay him at some 
future time that may be agreed upon. 

A Creditor is one who furnishes 
goods, etc., to another, on the promise 
of future payment. 

Note. — My creditor believes that I am an hon- 
est man, and has, also, some faith in my ability 
to fulfill my engagements. 

To Trust is to let any one have 
goods, etc., on credit. 

Note. — The person who furnishes the goods 
trusts ; that is, reposes confidence, in the honesty 
and solvency of the other party. 

To Charge is to enter in a book a 
statement relative to the article which 
you have sold on credit. 

To Discharge is to pay that which 
has been charged against us as a debt, 



or to perform that which has been 
charged upon us as a duty. 

ISote.— A charge is, literally, a load, or burden. 
To charge is to impose a burden. To discharge is 
to throw off the burden. When, therefore, the 
terms charge and discharge are used in speaking 
of debts and duties, we represent them as bur- 
dens. An honest man under the weight of an 
unpaid debt, and a conscientious man under the 
burden of an unperformed duty, is supposed to 
feel an uneasiness analogous to that caused by 
physical weight. In paying the debt, or in per- 
forming the duty, he discharges; that is, throws 
off the load, and thus obtains relief. 

To Obligate is to bind either le- 
gally or morally to do some specific 
thing. (L., ob, upon; and ligo, to 
bind.) 

An Obligation is an act of bind- 
ing, or the condition of being bound 
to perform some specific act or acts. 

Note 1. — Obligations may be sometimes vol- 
untarily assumed, as when a person obligates 
himself to pay the debt of a friend. Other ob- 
ligations are imposed upon us by the nature of 
things. We are, for instance, under a necessary 
obligation to obey the divine law. 

Note 2.— If debts and duties are burdens, obli- 
gations are the cords which bind them upon our 
shoulders. 

Cancelli is a Latin word signify- 
ing lattice-work, which 
consists of bars crossing 
each other obliquely, $W 
thus. Hence, 

To Cancel is, 1. To draw lines 
across writing for the purpose of de- 
facing or obliterating it. 2. To an- 
nul the obligation of a debt; because 
lines are sometimes drawn across the 
record of a debt, to indicate that the 
debt has been either paid or for- 
given. 

To Settle is to adjust. 

Note. — To settle accounts is a figurative expres- 
sion derived from the settling of a turbid liquor. 
The pure liquor represents the credits and the 
sediment the debts. In the unsettled account 
these elements are confusedlj' mingled together, 
but when the account is settled, these elements 
are separated so that the relative proportions of 
each may be readily estimated. 

To Liquidate is, 1. To settle; as 
to liquidate an account. Hence, 2. 
To pay; as, to liquidate a debt. (L., 
liquidus, clear or transparent. 

Note. — To liquidate, as applied to accounts, 
involves the same figure that is involved in to 
settle. 




COMMERCE. 



189 



11. Of Commerce. 

COMMERCE is a general inter- 
change of commodities. 

Merchandise includes all articles 
that are the objects of commerce. 

Commodities are particular articles 
of merchandise. 

Goods are articles kept on hand for 
sale. 

Wares are manufactured articles 
prepared for sale. 

A Market is a place where com- 
modities are sold. 

THE Market is the general de- 
mand that exists for any particular 
commodity. 

A Shop is a room in which com- 
modities are kept for sale. 

To Trade is to buy and sell for 
profit. 

To Traffic is to be engaged in 
buying and selling. 

To Barter is to exchange one 
commodity for another. 

To Deal in any particular commo- 
dity is to be engaged in buying and 
selling it ; as, to deal in furs. 

Wholesale is the sale of goods by 
the piece, or in large quantities. 

Retail is the selling of goods in 
small quantities. 

A Merchant is one who is engaged 
in commerce. 

A Tradesman or Shopkeeper is one 
who sells by retail. 

Note. — The foregoing is the sense of the terms 
merchant, tradesman, and shopkeeper, as they are 
used in England. 

A Huckster is a petty dealer in 
provisions. 

12. Of Commercial Transactions. 

A Promissory Note is a short in- 
strument of writing by which a per- 
son obligates himself to pay to some 
one a specific sum against a specified 
time. 

Indorsers are persons who write 
their names on the back of a note, 
and thereby guarantee the payment. 
(L., in, on; and dorsum, the back.) 

The Maturity of a note is the 
time when it falls due. (L., maturus, 
ripe.) 



The Face of a note is the amount 
for which it is drawn. 

Discount is a deduction made from 
the face of a note, or the amount of a 
debt, (dis, off; and count.) 

A Draught is a written order for 
money, drawn by A, addressed to B, 
and payable to C. (From draw, to 
write.)' Also written draft. 

The Drawer is the person who 
draws an order for the payment of 
money. 

The Drawee 7 is the person on 
whom an order for money is drawn. 

The Payee' is the person to whom 
an order for money is payable. 

At Sight. A bill of exchange 
drawn payable at sight, is payable 
three days after presentation. 

After Sight. A bill drawn pay- 
able, say thirty days after sight, is 
payable thirty-three days after pre- 
sentation. 

Days of Grace are a certain num- 
ber of days, usually three, allowed for 
the payment of a note or bill of ex- 
change after it becomes due. 

" A Protest is a formal declara- 
tion made by a notary public, under 
hand and seal, at the request of the 
payee or holder of a bill of exchange, 
for non-acceptance, or non-payment 
of the same, protesting against the 
drawer and others concerned, for the 
exchange, damages, and interest. This 
protest is written on a copy of the 
bill, and notice is given to the in- 
dorser of the same, by which he be- 
comes liable to pay the amount of 
the bill, with charges, damages, and 
interest." — Webster. 

Commission is, 1. The state of being 
authorized to buy or sell goods for a 
merchant. 2. A compensation re- 
ceived for buying and selling for 
another. 

A Commission Merchant is one who 
buys and sells on the account of 
others, and receives, for his compen- 
sation, some specific percentage on 
the amount of the purchases and sales. 

A Factor is an agent who tran- 
sacts business for a merchant at 
some remote point. 



190 



INHERITANCE. 



13. Of Accounts. 
ACCOUNTS are written state- 
ments in regard to sales, purchases, 
disbursements, and other matters con- 
nected with mercantile business. 

A Day-Book, or Journal, is a book 
in which a merchant records, in due 
order, the transactions of each day. 

A Waste-Book, or Blotter, is a 
book in which the entries are first 
made, and from which they are 
afterward carefully copied into the 
journal. 

To Enter is to write a statement 
in the journal. 

An Entry is a written statement in 
the journal. 

A Ledger is a book in which the 
promiscuous entries of the journal 
are sorted, and arranged under their 
proper heads. 

To Post is to transfer an account 
from the journal to the ledger. 

Book-keeping is the art of keeping 
accounts in a systematic manner. 

Single Entry is a method of 
book-keeping, according to which 
each entry of the journal is trans- 
ferred to but one general head in 
the ledger. 

Double Entry is a method of book- 
keeping according to which each 
entry of the journal is transferred to 
two general heads in the ledger. 

An Accountant is one who is 
skilled in the art of keeping accounts. 

14. Inheritance. 
HEIRS are persons who are law- 
fully entitled to the property of a de- 
ceased relative. 

To Inherit is to receive by heir- 
ship. 

Hereditary, descending from father 
to son, as an hereditary right, an he- 
reditary estate. 

Hereditaments are things that may 
be inherited. 

A Heritage is an estate descend- 
ing from an ancestor. 

Inheritance is the reception of an 
estate by hereditary right. 

AN inheritance is an estate de- 
rived from an ancestor. 



A Patrimony is an estate inher- 
ited from a parent. (L., pater, a 
father. ) 

An Administrator is one who is 
appointed by a probate court to set- 
tle the estate of a deceased person. 

15. Of Wills. 

A WILL is a designation of the 
manner in which a person wishes 
that his property shall be disposed 
of after his death. Wills are of two 
kinds, written, and nuncupative, or 
verbal. 

A Testament is a written will duly 
attested. (L., testis, a witness.) 

A Testator is a person who makes 
a will. 

To Bequeath is to dispose of prop- 
erty by will. 

A Bequest consists in some specific 
item of property, or sum of money, 
appropriated by will to some person, 
institution, or other object. 

A Legacy is the same with a be- 



A Legatee is one to whom a legacy 
is bequeathed. 

To Devise is to give, or distribute, 
real estate by will 

A Devisor is a person who dispo- 
ses of real estate by will. 

A Devisee is a person on whom 
real estate has been bestowed by 
will. 

An Executor is one who executes, 
or carries out the provisions of a will. 

Intestate means dying without a 
will. 

16. Of Giving. 

To GIVE is to transfer one's right 
of property to another, without re- 
quiring anything in return. 

A Gift is a thing given. 

A Present is a complimentary 
gift. 

To Present' is to give in the way 
of compliment. 

Dono [donatuni], to give. (L.) 
Hence, 

Donation, a gift for some object 
of public utility. 

Donatives, gifts for securing good 
will. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



191 



Note. — The Roman emperors, on their acces- 
sion to power, frequently distributed large sums 
as donative' among the soldiers. 

Do' nor, a giver. 

Donee', the person on whom a gift 
is bestowed. 

Largesses are liberal gifts be- 
stowed by superiors on inferiors, as 
tokens of favor. (L., largior, to give 
largely.) 

A Bribe is a gift for the perversion 
of justice, as when a party who has a 
suit pending in court, makes a pres- 



ent to the judge, in order to bias him 
in his favor. 

Free, granted without pay; as,/ree 
admittance. 

Gratis, without recompense ; as, to 
give a thing gratis. (L.) Hence, 

Gratuitous, performed without com- 
pensation ; as, gratuitous services. 

Gratuity, a free gift. 

To Bestow is to grant as a gratuity. 

To Endow is to bestow money or 
lands on an institution for its sup- 
port. 



OF GEOGRAPHY. 



1. Definition of the Term. 

GEOGRAPHY is a description of 
the surface of the earth. (Gr., y» 
\_ge~], the earth, and >g*<pa \jjrapho~] 
to describe.) 

Physical Geography treats of the 
natural divisions and features of the 
earth's surface; also of climate, winds, 
oceanic currents, etc. [Physical, nat- 
ural. ) 

Civil or Political Geography treats 
of the division of the earth into em- 
pires, kingdoms, provinces, etc. 

Astronomical Geography treats of 
latitude, longitude, the points of the 
compass, etc. 

2. Physical Geography. 

The EARTH is a globe about eight 
thousand miles in diameter, and 
twenty-five thousand miles in circum- 
ference. 

Land is the portion of the earth's 
surface which is not covered with 
water. 

Terra, land. (L.) Hence. 

Terraqueous, consisting of land and 
water. (L., aqua, water.) 

Note. — The earth is called the terraqueous 
globe. 

Terra Firma, lit., firm or solid land. 
Hence, a continent or mainland. 

A Continent is a large body of 
land not separated by water. (L., 
con, together, and teneo, to hold.) 



An Island is a portion of land en- 
1 tirely surrounded by water. 

Isle is a poetic form of the word 
island, 

An Islet (i-let,) is a little island. 

Insula, an island. (L.) Hence, 

Insular, pertaining to an island; 
as, an insular situation. 

Insulate, to separate from all con- 
nection with surrounding objects. 

Peninsula, a portion of land al- 
most surrounded by water. 

An Isthmus is a narrow neck con- 
necting two bodies of land. 

A Cape is a point of land extend- 
ing into the sea. (L., caput, a head.) 

A Headland is a cape. 

A Promontory is the extremity of 
a mountain projecting into the sea. 
(L., pro, forward; and mons, a moun- 
tain.) 

A Country is a portion of the land 
surface of the earth. 

A Tract is a portion of land or 
water of indefinite extent. 

A Region is a tract of land of in- 
definite extent. 

A Plain is a level portion of the 
earth's surface. 

A Prairie is a plain covered with 



The Pampas are the vast prairies 
in the southern part of Buenos Ayres 
in South America. 

The Llanos are the grassy plains 
of Venezuela and Xew Grenada. 



192 



ASTRONOMICAL GEOGRAPHY. 



The Steppes of Asia are vast 
plains resembling the prairies of 
America. 

A Desert is a plain destitute of 
vegetation. 

A Plateau is an elevated plain. 

A Heath, in Europe, is a tract of 
land covered with a plant called 
heath or heather. 

A Mountain is a portion of the 
earth's surface raised up to a great 
hight. From 

Mons [_montis~\, a mountain. (L.) 
Hence, 

Mount, a mass of earth, or of earth 
and rock, rising to a considerable 
hight above the surrounding land. 

To Mount, 1. To rise on high. 2. 
To get on horseback. 

Amount, the total or sum to which 
a number of particulars, when taken 
collectively, mounts or rises. (Fr., a, 
to.) 

To Surmount, lit, to climb over 
the top of a mountain. Hence, To 
overcome ; as, to surmount difficulties 
or obstacles. 

To Dismount, to descend from the 
back of a horse. 

A Peak is a pointed mountain. 

A Ridge is a long and narrow 
elevation of land. 

A Chain or Range is a succession 
of mountains extending in some par- 
ticular direction. 

A Hill is an elevation lower than 
a mountain. 

A Hillock is a little hill. 

A Mound is an artificial hillock. 
(L., mons, a mountain.) 

A Valley is a low portion of land 
between hills and mountains. 

Vale is a poetic form of the word 
valley. 

Dale is a poetic term and is equiv- 
alent to vale. 

A Glen is a narrow depression 
between hills. 

A Bottom, in the United States, is 
a low and level strip of land border- 
ing on a river. 

A Ravine is a long, deep, and nar- 
row depression of the surface. 

A Gully is a lon«;, narrow hollow 



worn in the earth by a current of 
water. 

A Cave, or Cavern, is a hollow 
place in the earth. (L., cavus, hol- 
low.) 

A Grotto is, 1. A natural cavern. 
2. An artificial, ornamented cave for 
coolness and refreshment. (It.) 

Grot is a poetical abbreviation of 
the word grotto. 

Then let me, sequestered Fair, 

To your Sybil grot repair.— Grainger. 

For the terms of Hydrographical Geography see 
Art. Water ; and for the principal terms of Po- 
litical Geography, see Art. Civil Government. 

3. Astronomical Geography. 

The EARTH is one of those bodies 
called planets. See Art. Astronomy. 

The Axis of the earth is the 
straight line which passes from north 
to south through the center, and 
around which it turns in 24 hours. 
(Gr., ayat [ago~], to turn.) 

The Poles are the extremities of 
the axis. 

The Horizon is a circle touching 
the earth at the place of the spec- 
tator, and bounded by the line in 
which the earth and skies seem to 
meet. (Gr., °£i£a> [horizo~], to bound.) 

Note. — The horizon, as above denned, is the 
sensible horizon. The plane of the rational, hori- 
zon is parallel to it, and passes through the 
center of the earth. 

To Rise, when spoken of the heav- 
enly bodies, signifies to come above 
the plane of the horizon. 

To Set is to pass below the plane 
of the horizon. 

The East is the quarter of the 
heavens in which the sun rises. 

The Orient is the east, so called 
from the rising of the sun. (L., ori~ 
ens, rising.) 

Oriental, eastern. 

The West is the quarter of the 
heavens in which the sun sets. 

The Occident is the west. (L., oc- 
cidens, setting.) 

Occidental, western. 

The South is the direction of the 
right hand when a person stands 
with his face toward the east. 



ASTRONOMICAL GEOGRAPHY. 



193 



Austkal, southern. (L., Auster, the 
south wind.) 

The Xorth is the region of the 
earth and sky which is opposite to 
the south. 

Boreal, northern. (L., Boreas, the 
north wind.) 

Septentrional, northern. (L., Sep- 
tenirio, a northern constellation, 
called Charles's Wain.) 

Arctic, northern. (Gr., A/txtgj \_Arc- 
tos~], the northern constellation of the 
Bear.) 

Antarctic, southern. (Opposite to 
the arctic. Gr., *vn [anW], opposite.) 

The Zenith is the point in the 
heavens directly over the head of 
the spectator. 

The Nadir is the point in the 
heavens which is directly opposite 
to the zenith. The nadir is directly 
under the place where we stand. 

The Equator is a line drawn east 
and west around the earth at an 
equal distance from each pole. 

Note. — The equator is thus called because 
when the sun is in the plane of this circle the 
days and nights are equal all over the world. 

A Meridian is a great circle of the 
sphere passing through the earth's 
axis, and the zenith of the spectator. 

Note. — Meridians are represented on artificial 
globes by lines drawn north and south, and 
meeting at the poles. These are also called noon 
lines. (L., meridies, noon.) 

Latitude is distance from the 
equator either north or south. (L., 
latus, broad, because the breadth of 
the habitable world, as known to the 
ancients, extended from north 
south. 

Longitude is distance east or 
west, from any established meridian. 
(L., longus, long, because the length 
of the habitable world, as known to 



the ancients, extended east and west.) 
A Degree is one three-hundred- 
and-sixtieth part of the earth's cir- 
cumference, or about 69£ miles. 

A Minute is one sixtieth part of 
a degree. 

A Second is one sixtieth part of a 
minute. 
13 



The Tropics are two smaller cir- 
cles situated on the opposite sides of 
the equator, and at the distance of 
23° 28' from that circle. 

Note. — The tropics mark the limits of the 
sun's northern and southern declination. (Gr., 
Tp;^->) [trope], a return, because when the sun 
has touched either tropic, he immediately begins 
to relu)~n to the opposite tropic.) 

The Tropic of Cancer is the north- 
ern tropic, thus called because the 
sun touches this circle when he is 
about entering the constellation of 
Cancer. (See Art. Astronomy.) 

The Tropic of Capricorn is the 
southern tropic, thus called because 
the sun touches this circle when he 
is about entering the constellation of 
Capricorn. ) 

The Arctic Circle is drawn within 
23° and 28' of the north pole, and 
marks the limits of constant day dur- 
ing the twenty-four hours when the 
sun is at the northern tropic. 

The Antarctic Circle is drawn at 
the distance of 23° 28' from the south 
pole, for a reason similar to that as- 
signed above. 

The Zones are five belts on the 
earth's surface, bounded by the tro- 
pics and the polar circles. (Gr., £a>v» 
\_zo'ne~], a girdle.) 

Climate, among the ancient geog- 
raphers, was applied to denote that 
obliquity of the sphere with respect 
to the horizon, which gives rise to the 
inequality of day and night. They 
to divided the space comprehended be- 
tween the equator and the pole, into 
thirty equal parts, which they denom- 
inated climates, or inclinations. (Gr., 
Kxna [clino], to incline). — Brande. 

Climate, in the ordinary accepta- 



tion of the term, embraces all those 
modifications of the atmosphere, by 
which our organs are sensibly af- 
fected. — Brande. 

To Acclimate is to habituate the 
body to a new climate, (ad, to.) 

Clime is a poetical form of the 
word climate. 



194 



ASTRONOMY. 



OF ASTRONOMY. 



I. General Terms. 

ASTRONOMY is the science 
which treats of the motions, magni- 
tudes, and distances of the heavenly 
bodies. (Gr., *n£ov [astroii], a heav- 
enly body; and vo t uo? \nomos~], a law.) 

Heaven is, 1. The dome-like arch 
which seems to be heaved up over our 
heads. 2. The regions of space which 
surround the earth on all sides. 3. 
The abode of the blest, from the idea 
of its being situated somewhere within 
the limits of the physical heavens. 

The Sky includes the regions of the 
air, and extends indefinitely upward 

The Welkin is the vault of heaven, 
or the visible regions of the air. (A 
poetical word.) 

"Their hideous yells rend the dark welkin. 
Pfalijps. 

The Firmament includes the region 
of the fixed stars. (L.,frmamentum, 
the firm, or solid sphere, in which, ac- 
cording to the ancient astronomers, 
the fixed stars were set.) 

CoeLUM, heaven. (L.) Hence, 

Celestial, heavenly. 

otp an 02 [Owrawos], heaven, ((jr.) 
Hence, 

Uranography, a description of the 
heavens. 

Uranus, one of the primary plan- 
ets. 

Urania, the Muse of astronomy. 

The Heavenly Bodies include the 
sun, the moon, and the stars. 

2. Of the Sun. 

The SUN is the source of light and 
heat to our world. 

Note.— The diameter of the sun is 892,000 
miles. Its bulk is 1,400,000 times greater than 
that of the earth, and its distance from the 
earth is 96,000,000 miles. 

Sol, the sun. (L.) Hence, 
Solar, pertaining to the sun ; as, 
solar light. 

Insolation, a local disease of plants 
attributable to exposure to too bright 
a light, which causes an excessively 
rapid evaporation, the effect of which 



is to kill the part in which the evapo- 
ration takes place. — Brande. 

Parasol, a sun-shade. (G-., tt±2* 
\_para~], against.) 

'haios [Helios], the sun. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Heliocentric. The heliocentric 
place of a heavenly body is its posi- 
tion as seen from the sun. 

Helioscope, an instrument for view- 
ing the sun without injury to the eye. 
(Gr., <TK07na> \_scopeo~], to view.) 

Perihelion, the point in the orbit 
of a planet, or comet, which is near- 
est to the sun. (mpt [peri], near to.) 

Aphelion, the point in the orbit of 
a planet, or comet, which is farthest 
from the sun. (cnro \_apo~], remote from.) 

Parhelion, a mock-sun. See Art., 
Light. 

3. Of the Stars. 

A STAR is an apparently small, lu- 
minous body in the heavens. 

Stella, a star. (L.) Hence, 

Stellar, pertaining to the stars. 

Stellate, star-shaped. 

Constellation, a cluster, or group, 
of stars, (con, together.) 

A2TPON [astron], a star. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Astronomy, the science of the stars. 
(Gr., vojuos [nomos], a law.) 

Astral, belonging to the stars; as, 
an astral system. 

Astrography, a description of the 
stars. (Gr., yc*<pot> \_grapho~], to de- 
scribe.) 

Asterism, a small cluster of stars. 

Asterisk, the figure of a star, thus, 
*, used in printing or writing, as a 
reference to a note in the margin, or 
to fill the space when a name, or part 
of a name, is omitted. 

Note 1. — There are three general classes of 
stars ; planets, comets, and fixed stars. 

Note 2. — The planets and comets, in connec- 
tion with the sun, constitute the Solar System. 

4. Of the Planets. 
A PLANET is a solid body revolv- 
ing around the sun, in an orbit of a 
moderate degree of eccentricity. 



ASTRONOMY. 



195 






Note.— The planets are thus called because 
they wander, or change their position, among 
the fixed stars. (Gr., a-\»vt\ [plane], a ■wander- 
ing-) 

The Orbit of a planet, or other 
heavenly body, is the path in which 
it moves around a center of attrac- 
tion. (L., orbis, a circle.) 

Note 1. — The orbits of all the heavenly bodies, 
so tar as is known, are ellipses, in one of whose 
foci is situated the body around which the mov- 
ing body revolves. 

Note 2. — An Ellipse is a curvilinear figure, 
as A C B D,"having two fixed points, E and F, 
called foci, the sum of whose distances, E H-(- 





K D 


I 


t^"7\. 




\ ] 


B 


F j 



c 

F H, E K+F K, E L+F L, etc., from any point 
in the periphery, is always the same. 

Note 3. — Focus is a Latin word signifying a 
fire-place. The term was first applied in a met- 
aphorical sense, to the point in which the sun's 
rays are concentrated by a burning glass, in al- 
lusion to the heat ; and afterward to certain 
points in which geometrical lines meet. (pi. foci.) 

The Eccentricity of an orbit is 
the distance of either focus from the 
center of the orbit. (Gr., «t [ec], 
from, and Kivreov \_centron~\, the cen- 
ter.) 

Note. — The eccentricity of the earth's orbit is 
about one and a half millions of miles. When, 
therefore, the earth is in its perihelion, it must 
be three millions of miles nearer to the sun than 
when in its aphelion. 

The Ecliptic is the path or way 
among the fixed stars, which the 
earth, in its orbit, appears to describe 
to an eye placed in the sun. 

Note 1. — The ecliptic is thus called from the 
word eclipse, because eclipses of the sun or moon 
can happen only when the moon is in or near 
the plane of the earth's orbit. 

Note 2. — The plane of the ecliptic forms an 
angle of twenty-three degrees twenty-eight min- 
utes with the plane of the equator. 

The Equinoxes are the points of 
time at which the sun passes the 
equator. (L., cequus equal, and nox, 
night ; because, when the sun is at 
the equator, the days and nights are 
equal in length all over the world.) 



Note.— There are two equinoxes; the vernal 
and the autumnal. 

The Vernal Equinox occurs on the 
21st of March. 

The Autumnal Equinox occurs on 
the 22d of September. 

The Solstices are the points of 
time at which the sun is at the 
greatest distance from the equator. 
(L., sol, the sun, and sto, to stand; 
because when the sun has attained 
his greatest northern or southern 
declination, he seems to stand for a 
short time before he begins to re- 
turn.) 

Note.— There are two solstices; the summer 
and the winter solstice. 

The Summer Solstice occurs on the 
21st day of June. 

The Winter Solstice occurs on the 
21st day of December. 

Table of the Principal Planets. 



Mercury, 

Venus, 

Earth, 

Mars, 

Vesta, 

Juno, 

Pallas, 

Ceres, 

Jupiter, 

Saturn, 

Uranus, 

Neptune, 


&( 

>■ 

a 

H 


37,000,000 

08,000,000 

93,000,000 

144,000,000 

223,000,000 

253,000,000 

203,000,000 

203,000,000 

490,000,000 

900,000,000 

1,800,000,000 

2,850,000,000 


g 

3 


3,123 

7,702 

7,916 

4,398 

unknown 

1,545 

2,280 

1,761 

89,170 

79,042 

35,100 

35,000 




88 days. 

225 « 

3G5% « 

087 " 

1,313 " 

1,580 " 

1,080 " 

1,980 " 

4,333 « 

10,759 « 

30,088 " 

160 years. 


2 B 

C 
— -. 

a o 
ta <_ 

c =' 



Note.— The planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, 
Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn were known to the 
ancients. Uranus was discovered, in 1781, by 
Sir William Herschell ; and Neptune was dis- 
covered, in 1846, by Galle, the existence and 
position of the planet having been previously 
deduced by Leverrier and Adams, from certain 
irregularities in the motion of Uranus, which 
irregularities they referred to the attraction of 
an undiscovered planet. 

The Asteroids or Planetoids are 
a family of small planets, having 



196 



ASTRONOMY. 



their orbits between those of Mars 
and Jupiter, and at an average dis- 
tance of about 260 millions of miles 
from the sun. The following is a 
list of these bodies : 



IN THE 
YEAR 

1801 
1S02 
1804 
1807 
1845 
1847 
1847 
1847 
1848 
1849 
1850 
1850 
1850 
1851 
1851 
1852 
1852 
1852 
1853 
1852 
1852 
1853 
1852 
1853 
1853 
1853 
1853 
1854 
1854 
1854 
1854 
1854 
1854 
1855 
1855 
1855 
1855 



Secondary Planets, Satellites, or 
Moons, are small planets revolving 
around some of the larger planets. 
(L., satelles, an attendant.) 

Note. — The Earth has one satellite ; Jupiter, 
four ; Uranus, six ; and Saturn, eight. 

5. Of the Moon. 
The MOON is the satellite of our 
planet. 

N 0TE . _The Moon's diameter is 2159 miles. 
Its bulk is one-forty-ninth part of that of the 
earth. It revolves around the earth in twenty- 
seven days, seven hours, and forty-three min- 
utes. Its mean distance from the Earth is 
237,000 miles. The inclination of the Moon's 
orbit to that of the Earth is five degrees and 
fifty minutes. 

The Perigee is the point of the 
Moon's orbit which is nearest to the 
earth, (my [peri'], near ; and y» \_ge~\, 
the earth.) 



THE ASTEROIDS. 


DISCOVERED BY 


Ceres 


Piazzi 


Pallas 


Olbers 


Juno 


Harding 


Vesta 


Olbers 


Astraea 


Hencke 


Hebe 


Hencke 


Iris 


Hind 


Flora 


Hind 


Metis 


Graham 


Hygeia 


Gasparis 


Parthenope 


Gasparis 


Victoria 


Hind 


Egeria 


Gasparis 


Irene 


Hind 


Eunomia 


Gasparis 


Psyche 


Gasparis 


Thetis 


Luther 


Melpomene 


Hind 


Fortuna 


Hind 


Massilia 


Gasparis 


Lutetia 


Goldschmidt 


Calliope 


Hind 


Thalia 


Hind 


Themis 


Gasparis 


Phoceas 


Chacornac 


Proserpin 


Luther 


Euterpe 


Hind 


Bellona 


Luther 


Amphitrite 


Marth 


Urania 


Hind 


Euphrosyne 


Ferguson 


Pomona 


Goldschmidt 


Polyhymnia 


Chacornac 


Circe 


Chacornac 


Leucothea 


Luther 


Atalanta 


Goldschmidt 


Fides 


Luther 



The Apogee is the point of the 
Moon's orbit which is farthest from 
the earth. (Gr., clttq \_apo~], from; 
and y» \_ge~], the earth.) 

The Nodes are the points where 
the orbit of the Moon intersects or 
pierces the plane of the Earth's 
orbit. (L., nodus, a knot.) 

The Ascending Node is the point 
at which the Moon penetrates the 
plane of the ecliptic in passing from 
south to north. % 

The Descending Node is the point 
at which the Moon passes the plane 
of the ecliptic in moving from north 
to south. 

The Phases of the Moon, are the 
various appearances which she as- 
sumes. (Gr., <?*<rn [phasis], an ap- 
pearance.) 

The Change of the Moon takes 
place at the moment when . she 
passes the sun, and commences a 
new monthly revolution. 

The New Moon continues for one 
week after the change. 

A Crescent is a figure resembling 
the new or increasing moon. (L., 
crescens, increasing.) 

The Horns are the points of the 
crescent moon. 

A Half Moon is the figure of a 
moon cut in two. 

The Full Moon occurs when the 
sun and the moon are situated on 
opposite sides of the earth, and the 
moon turns the illuminated half of 
her surface directly toward us. 

A Quarter of the Moon is the 
fourth part of its monthly period. 

Quadrature is the position of one 
heavenly body in respect to another, 
when distant from it ninety degrees. 

Note. — The moon is in her quadratures when 
at an equal distance from the points of conjunc- 
tion and opposition. 

A Month is a period extending from 
one change of the moon to another, 
(from moon.) 

Luna, the moon. (L.) Hence, 

Lunar, pertaining to the moon. 

Lunation, the period from one new 
moon to another. 

Lunacy, madness, from an idea 



ASTRONOMY. 



197 



which formerly prevailed, that the in- 
fluence of the moon either caused in- 
sanity or aggravated its symptoms. 

Sublunary y Ut, situated beneath 
the moon. Hence, pertaining to this 
world. 

All sublunary things are subject to chaDge. — 
Dry den. 

6. Of Eclipses. 

An ECLIPSE consists in the ob- 
scuration of the light of a celestial lu 
minary. (Gr., euxaira [ecleipo], to 
fail. ) 

Note 1. — Eclipses arc of two kinds. First. — 
When the obscuration is caused by an intercep- 
tion of the light received by the luminary from 
the sun. Second. — When the obscuration is 
caused by an interception, either totally or par- 
tially, of the light transmitted from the lumin- 
ary to the spectator. — Brande. 

Note 2. — An eclipse of the sun is caused by an 
intervention of the moon between the earth and 
the sun. 

Note 3. — An eclipse of the moon is caused by 
the moon's passing through the shadow of the 
earth. 

Note 4. — A solar eclipse can happen only at 
the change of the moon, and a lunar eclipse can 
happen only at the full of the moon. 

The Ldib is the border or outer- 
most edge of the sun or moon. 

A Digit is the twelfth part of the 
diameter of the sun or moon. 

7. Of the Comets. 

The COMETS are bodies revolving 
around the sun in very eccentric 
orbits, and are generally distin- 
guished by a hair-like appendage 
called the tail (Gr, »oju» [co'me], 
hair.) 

The Head, or Nucleus, is the denser 
portion of a comet. 

Note 1. — The tail of a comet is sometimes 
more than one hundred million of miles in 
length. 

Note 2 — Comets, generally, if not always, 
consist of an inconceivably thin vapor. Accord- 
ing to Sir John Herschell, stars of the smallest 
magnitude may, sometimes, be distinctly seen 
through the nucleus, or densest portion of a 
comet. 

Note 3. — The comets are supposed to be very 
numerous ; yet there are only three whose 
periods are known ; to wit : Halley's, Encke's, 
and Biela's. 

Halley's Comet has a period of 75 
years. 

Encxe's Comet has a period of 
about three years. 



Biela's Comet has a period of about 
six years. 

8. Of the Zodiac. 

The ZODIAC is an imaginary belt 
extending eight degrees on each side 
of the ecliptic, which divides it in the 
middle. (Gr., <£WW [zodion~], a little 
animal; because the constellations of 
the ecliptic are, for the most part, 
represented in celestial charts by the 
figures of animals.) 

The Signs of the Zodiac are the 
twelve equal portions into which the 
Zodiac is divided by transverse lines. 
(L., signum, a figure, in allusion to 
the figures of animals, etc., with 
which the Zodiac is filled. ) 

Table of the Signs of the Zodiac. 



Latin Names. 

Aries. 

Taurus. 

Gemini. 

Cancer. 

Leo. 

Virgo. 

Libra. 

Scorpio. 

Sagittarius. 

Capricornus. 

Aquarius. 

Pisces. 



English Names. 

The Earn. 
The Bull. 
The Twins. 
The Crab. 
The Lion. 
The Virgin. 
The Balance. 
The Scorpion. 
The Archer. 
The Goat. 
The Waterbearer 
The Fishes. 



Symbols. 
op 

« 

n 

25 

a 

"I 

t 

v? 



X 



Symbols of the Planets, etc. 



O The Sun. 



The Moon. 

Mercury. 

Venus. 

The Earth. 

Mars. 

Vesta. 



Juno. 
# Herschell. 
p Ceres. 
£ Pallas. 
It Jupiter. 
J? Saturn. 



Note 1. — The sun passes through all the signs 
of the zodiac in one year. 

Note 2. — The moon passes through all the 
signs of the zodiac in each of its revolutions 
around the earth. The moon is, therefore, a 
little more than two days in passing througii 
each sign. 

Note 3— When people look in the almanac for 
the sign, their object is to find the position of the 
moon among the constellations of the Zodiac. 

Note 4. — The idea that the influence of the 
moon varies according to its position among the 
signs of the zodiac is unphilosophical, and i.s 
nothing but a vulgar prejudice. 



198 



ASTROLOGY. 



8. Of the Fixed Stars. 

The FIXED STARS are thus 
called because from one year to 
another they do not sensibly change 
their relative positions. 

Note 1. — The fixed stars may be distinguished 
by their twinkling, whereas the planets shine 
with a steady light. 

Note 2. — The fixed stars are at such a distance 
that it requires light from 10 to 15 years, moving 
at the rate of 200,000 miles per second to travel 
from the nearest of those stars to our system. 

Note 3. — The fixed stars shine by inherent 
light; they are equal in magnitude to our sun, 
and are supposed to be actual suns illuminating 
and warming other systems of planetary worlds. 

Note 4. — The number of stars visible through a 
good telescope has been estimated at 75 millions. 

The Galaxy, or Milky Way is that 
broad, luminous band which stretches 
across the sky every evening from 
horizon to horizon, and which forms 
a zone completely encircling the 
whole sphere almost in a great circle. 
When examined through powerful 
telescopes, it is found to consist en- 
tirely of stars, scattered by millions 
like glittering dust on the black 
ground of the general heavens. — 
Brande. 

An Astral System embraces an 
immense number of stars, or suns, 
revolving around a common center. 



Note.— The Milky Way consists of the astral 
system to which our sun belongs. 

Nebula, (plu., nebulas,) a name 
given to faint, misty appearances, 
which are dimly seen among the 
stars, resembling a comet, or a speck 
of fog. (L., nebula, a little cloud.) — 
Olmstead. 

Resolvable Nebulas are such as by 
the aid of telescopes may be resolved 
into stars. 

Note. — The resolvable nebulae may be regarded 
as appendages of our astral system. 

The Irresolvable Nebulas may either 
consist of stars that are too remote 
to be separated by our instruments, 
or they may consist of matter that is 
essentially nebulous or mist-like. 

Note. — The irresolvable nebulae are, doubtless, 
in many instances, remote astral systems, re- 
sembling the Milky Way. 

The Nebular Zone is a broad belt 
crossing the Milky Way nearly at 
right angles, and crowded with im- 
mense numbers of nebuloe. 

Note 1. — The Nebular Zone is probably a sys- 
tem of astral systems, or a galaxy of galaxies, in 
which each individual system bears the same 
relation to the whole, that a single star bears to 
the Milky Way. 

Note 2. — The nebulas are mostly telescopic 
objects, only one or two being visible to the 
" eye. 



ASTROLOGY. 



ASTROLOGY is the art of pre- 
dicting events from the relative po- 
sitions and supposed influences of 
the planets. (Gr., Arrpov [_astron\, a 
star; and hoyoc [logos'], a discourse.) 

Note. — Originally astrology was synonymous 
with astronomy. 

The Aspect of the Planets is their 
relative position. 

Note. — The astrologers reckoned five aspects, 
namely, the Conjunction denoted by the char- 
acter 3 ! the Opposition, by § ; the Trine, by 
^ ; the Quadrile, or Quaetile, by n ; and the 
Sextile, by H- 

The Conjunction is the aspect of 
two planets that are together. 

The Opposition is the aspect of 
two planets when 180 degrees apart. 

The Trine is the aspect of two 
planets that are 120 degrees apart. 



The Quadrile is the aspect of two 
planets that are 90 degrees apart. 

The Sextile is the aspect of planets 
that are 60 degrees apart. 

Note. — With regard to the influences of the 
aspects, they are benignant, malignant, or indif- 
ferent. 

The Benign, or propitious aspects, 
are the trine and the sextile. 

The Malign, or adverse aspects, 
are the opposition and the quadrile. 

The Indifferent aspect is the con- 
junction. 

The Houses, in Astrology, are the 
twelve equal portions into which the 
whole heaven, visible and invisible, 
is divided by the horizon, the merid- 
ian and four other circles at the dis- 
tances of 30 and 60 degrees from the 
meridian. The first house is the 



CHEMISTRY. 



199 



house of life ; the second, of riches ; 
the third, of brothers; the fourth, of 
parents; the fifth, of children; the 
sixth, of health; the seventh, of mar- 
riage; the eighth, of death; the 
ninth, of religion; the tenth, of dig- 
nities; the eleventh, of friends; and 
the twelfth, of enemies. 

Note 1. — The houses have different powers, 
the strongest of all being the first, and the next 
in power the tenth ; so that if two planets are 
equally powerful, that will prevail which is in 
the stronger house. 

Note 2. — By the apparent revolution of the 
heavens a celestial body is carried through the 
twelve houses in twenty-four hours. 

A Horoscope is a representation 
of the aspect of the heavens, and po- 
sitions of the celestial bodies at a 
particular moment of time, drawn 
according to the rules of the imagi- 
nary science of astrology. — Brande. 



A Nativity is a horoscope repre- 
senting the aspect of the heavens at 
the moment of a person's birth. 

The Ascendant is the part of the 
heaven which is about to rise, and 
includes the first house. 

Note. — Each house has one of the heavenly 
bodies as its lord, who is stronger in his own 
house than in any other. 

The Lord of the Ascendant is the 
planet which rules in the ascendant 
or first house. 

Note 1. — The astrological term ascendant has 
passed into common language in the sense of 
superiority, or commanding influence, as when 
we say that one man has the ascendant over 
another. Ascendancy, (erroneously written as- 
cendency) has the same origin. 

Note 2. — The terms saturnine, jovial, and mer- 
curial, as applied to the temperaments, are of as- 
trological origin, and refer to the supposed in- 
fluence of the planets upon the dispositions of 
persons. 



CHEMISTEY. 



CHEMISTRY is a department of 
science, the objects of which are to 
investigate the nature and the proper- 
ties of the elements of matter, and 
their mutual actions and combina- 
tions ; to ascertain the proportions in 
which they unite, and the modes of 
separating them when united ; and to 
inquire into the laws which preside 
over and affect these agencies. — 
Brande. 

A Chemical Element is a simple or 
uncompounded substance. 

Note 1. — The number of known substances re- 
garded as elementary is 55. They may be di- 
vided into two general classes: 1st, the Metals; 
and 2d, the Non-Metals. 

Note 2. — The ancients classified all substances 
under the titles of earth, air, fire, and water, 
■yvhich they called the four elements. 

Table of the Simple Substances with 
their Equivalent or Combining 
Weights. 

1. The Metals. 



Gold, 


200 


Bismuth, 


72 


Silver, 


110 


Zinc, 


32 


Iron, 


28 


Arsenic, 


38 


Copper, 


32 


Cobalt, 


30 


Mercury, 


200 


Platinum, 


96 


Lead, 


104 


Nickel, 


28 


Tin, 


58 


Manganese, 


28 


Antimony, 


65 


Tungsten, 


100 



Tellurium, 


32 


Barium, 


09 


Molybdenum, 


48 


Strontium, 


44 


Uranium, 


217 


Calcium, 


20 


Titanium, 


24 


Cadmium, 


56 


Chromium, 


28 


Lithium, 


10 


Columbium, 


185 


Zirconium, 


30 


Palladium, 


54 


Aluminium 


10 


Rhodium, 


45 


Glucinium, 


18 


Iridium, 


96 


Yttrium, 


32 


Osmium, 


100 


Thorium, 


60 


Cerium, 


48 


Magnesium, 


12 


Potassium, 


40 


Vanadium, 


68 


Sodium, 


24 


Latanium, 




2. The Non-Metallic Elements. 




Oxygen, 


8 


Carbon, 





Chlorine, 


36 


Phosphorus, 


16 


Iodine, 


125 


Boron, 


20 


Bromine, 


78 


Silicon, 


8 


Fluorine, 


18 


Nitrogen, 


14 


Sulphur, 


16 


Hydrogen, 


1 


Selenium, 


40 







Note 1. — The non-metallic elements may be 
divided into two families. The first family in- 
cludes oxygen, chlorine, iodine, bromine, fluorine, 
sidphur, and selenium. The characteristic prop- 
erty of the elements of this family is, that, in 
common with oxygen, they are all acidifying 
principles. Carbon, phosphorus, boron, silicon, 
nitrogen-, and hydrogen, which constitute the 
second family, seem to possess a nature interme- 
diate between that of the metals and that of the 
oxygen family. 

Note 2. — Gold, silver, iron, copper, mercury, 
lead, and tin, are the only metals which were 
known to the ancients. 

Antimony was described by Basil Valentine in 
1496. 

Bismuth was described by Agricola in 1530. 



200 



CHEMISTRY. 



Zinc was first mentioned by Paracelsus in the 
16th century. 

The metals of the list above, from arsenic to 
chromium, inclusive, were discovered during the 
last century; and the remaining twenty-one 
have been discovered since the commencement 
of the present century. 

Of the non-metallic elements, sulphur and car- 
ton only were known to the ancients. 

Note 3. — In the foregoing table, the numbers 
represent the proportional weights of the atoms 
of the different elementary substances. The 
atom of hydrogen is the lightest, the weight of 
its atom being represented by the number 1. 
The weight of the atom of oxygen is eight times 
greater than that of hydrogen, and that of sul- 
phur is sixteen times greater. 

A Mixture consists of different sub- 
stances whose particles are brought 
into contact with each other, while 
there is no union between the ulti- 
mate atoms. 

A Chemical Compound consists of 
two or more simple substances whose 
ultimate atoms have united. 

Note. — In the case of a mixture, the elements 
retain their sensible properties ; while in the 
case of a true chemical compound, a new substance 
is formed, in which the sensible properties of 
neither of the elements can be recognized. 

Chemical Equivalents are quanti- 
ties of different substances which are 
proportional to the numbers repre- 
senting the weight of their atoms. 
For example, 1 grain of hydrogen, 8 
grains of oxygen, and 16 grains of 
sulphur, are equivalents. 

Note. — Substances combine, chemically, only 
in the ratio of their atomic weights, or in ratios 
expressed by multiples of those weights. Thus, 
one equivalent of hydrogen will unite with either 
one or two equivalents of oxygen; and one 
equivalent of nitrogen will unite with either 
one, two, three, four, or five equivalents of oxy- 
gen. 

Oxygen is a term which signifies a 
generator of acids. (Gr., o|y? [oxys], 
sour; and yw*u> [gennao], to pro- 
duce.) 

Note 1. — Oxygen forms one-fifth of the atmo- 
sphere, eight-ninths of water, and more than 
one-half of the solid crust of the globe. 

Note 2. — The oxygen of the atmosphere is the 
supporter both of respiration and of ordinary 
combustion. 

Hydrogen is one of the constituent 
elements of water. (Gr., ymaee [gen- 
nad], to produce; and ?V&>§ [hydor], 
water. ) 

Note 1. — Hydrogen, in its gaseous state, is the 
lightest of all known substances, being about 
fifteen times lighter than common air. 

Note 2. — Water is a compound of hydrogen 



and oxygen, consisting of one equivalent of each, 
or of one part by weight of hydrogen, and eight 
of oxygen. 

Nitrogen is thus called from its 
being the basis of nitric acid, and is 
one of the constituents of atmospheric 
air. 

Note. — Atmosplieric or Common Air consists of 
two equivalents of nitrogen and one of oxygen, 
or 2X1^=28 parts by weight of nitrogen and 2X 
8=16 parts of oxygen. 

Chlorine is one of the constituents 
of common salt. It has its name 
from its color. (Gr.. x Ka> i 0,; [chloros], 
green.) 

Note. — Chlorine is remarkable for its bleach- 
ing properties, and also for its property of de- 
stroying disagreeable odors. 

Iodine is a substance obtained from 
the ashes of sea weeds. It derives 
its name from the color of its vapor. 
(Gr., iceSn; [lodes'], violet-colored.) 

Bromine is a substance found in 
the ashes of sea-weeds and in sea 
water. It is thus named from its 
rank odor. (Gr., 0pa>y,os [bromos], a 
rank odor. ) 

Fluorine is a substance which nat- 
urally exists in combination with cal- 
cium, with which it forms the min- 
eral called fluor spar. 

Note. — Combined with hydrogen, fluorine 
forms an acid possessing the remarkable prop- 
erty of corroding glass. 

Sulphur is a brittle solid of a 
lemon-yellow color, nearly tasteless, 
and inodorous, except when rubbed. 
It is found in a pure state in the vi- 
cinity of volcanoes, and exists abun- 
dantly in combination with the met- 
als, forming the sulphurets of iron, 
copper, lead, silver, etc. — Gray. 

Carbon is the substance of pure 
charcoal. 

Note. — The diamond is crystallized carbon. 

Phosphorus is a very inflammable 
substance, transparent and nearly col- 
orless, or of a wax color. It is ob- 
tained from bones, and receives its 
name from the property of shining in 
the dark. (Gr., ?»; [phos], light, and 
<££/>*> [phero], to bear.) 

Boron is a dark, olive-colored solid 
without taste or smell. It derives its 
name from the salt called borax, of 



CHEMISTRY. 



201 



which it is one of the constituent ele- 
ments. 

Silicon is a solid of a dark brown 
color, *and derives its name from the 
Latin word silex, flint, of which it is 
the basis. 

Selenium is an opake, brittle solid, 
without taste or odor; its luster is 
metallic, resembling lead in the mass, 
but in powder has a deep red color. 
(Gr., Ti\hi\ [selene~], the moon.) 

Gold is the most precious of the 
metals. It is distinguished by its yel- 
low color, and by being the most mal- 
leable of all the metals 

Aurum, gold. (L.) Hence, 

Auriferous, that yields or produces 
gold; as, auriferous sands. (L.,fero, 
to bear.) 

XPT202 [Chrysos], gold. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Chrysan'tliem, a flower, so called 
from its golden color. (Gr., avQtjuov 
[anthemon], a flower.) 

Chrysopra / sus, a stone of a golden 
color, with a tinge of green. 

Chrys'alis, the particular form 
which butterflies, and some other in- 
sects, assume before they arrive at 
their winged or perfect state. (Thus 
called from the yellow color of some 
species.) 

Silver is one of the precious met- 
als, and is distinguished by having 
the clearest white color of all the 
metals. 

Argentum, silver. (L.) Hence, 

Argentiferous, producing silver; 
as, argentiferous ore. (L., fero, to 
bear. ) 

To Plate is to cover over with sil- 
ver. (Span., plata, silver.) 

Plate is gold or silver wrought into 
articles of household furniture. 

Copper is distinguished from all 
other metals, except titanium, by its 
red color. It is very ductile and 
malleable. 

Cuprum, copper. (L.) Hence, 

Cupreous, resembling, or partak- 
ing of the nature of copper; as, a 
cupreous taste. 

Lead is a metal of a bluish-white 
color, soft, malleable, and ductile. 



Plumbum, lead. (L.) Hence, 

Plumb, or Plummet, a piece of lead 
attached to a line. 

Plumber, (pron., plum'mer,) one 
who works in lead. 

Plumbery, (pron., plum'mery), 1. 
Lead-works. 2. The art of working 
in lead. 

Iron is the most useful of the 
metals. 

Steel is a compound of iron and 
carbon. The carbon rarely exceeds 
two per cent., and is generally be- 
low it. 

Note. — Steel is made by a process called cemen- 
tation, which consists in filling a proper furnace 
with alternate strata of bars of the purest mal- 
leable iron and powdered charcoal. Atmospheric 
air is carefully excluded from the boxes contain- 
ing the bars, and the whole is kept for several 
days at a red heat. — Brande. 

Ferrum, iron. (L.) Hence, 

Ferruginous, 1. Containing parti- 
cles of iron. 2. Of the color of the 
rust of iron. 

Chalybeate, impregnated with 
iron ; as, a chalybeate spring. (L. , 
clialybs, steel.) 

Mercury is of a tin-white color, 
and strong metallic luster. It re- 
tains its liquid form at common tem- 
peratures, and is, for this reason, 
called quicksilver. 

Tin has a color and luster resem- 
bling silver. It is very malleable. 

Zinc is of a bluish-white color, 
with a strong metallic luster, and 
lamellated texture. 

Platinum is the most dense of the 
metals, of a white color, resembling 
silver. 

Tellurium is a brittle metal, of a 
bright gray color, very infusible and 
volatile. 

Titanium is of a deep red color, 
resembling copper. 

Bismuth is a brittle solid, gener- 
ally composed of broad plates, of a 
reddish-white color ; very fusible. 

Antimony is a brittle metal, of a 
white color; fuses at 810°, and, on 
cooling, has a lamellated texture. 

Tungsten is a very hard, brittle 
metal, resembling iron in color. 

Molybdenum is a brittle metal of a 
white color, and very infuoible. 



202 



CHEMISTRY. 



Vanadium, when obtained by means 
of potassium, is a brittle, black sub- 
stance; but when prepared by the 
decomposition of the chloride, is 
white, resembling silver, of a strong 
metallic luster. 

Chromium is a brittle metal, of a 
grayish-white color, and very infus- 
ible. 

Arsenic is a very brittle metal, of 
a steel-gray color, high metal luster, 
and of a crystalline structure. 

Nickel is of a white color, inter- 
mediate between tin and silver ; 
ductile and malleable, and attracted 
by the magnet. 

Cobalt is a brittle solid, of a red- 
dish gray color; and weak metallic 
luster. 

Cadmium resembles tin in its color 
and luster, but is harder and more 
tenacious ; very ductile and malle- 
able. 

Manganese is a hard, brittle metal, 
of a grayish-white color, and gran- 
ular texture ; very infusible. 

Zirconium exists in the form of a 
black powder. 

Thorium is of a deep, leaden-gray 
color. 

Glucinium presents the form of a 
white powder, without taste or odor. 

Aluminium is the metallic base of 
common clay. 

Potassium is the metallic base of 
potash. It is a soft, malleable solid, 
yielding to the pressure of the fingers 
like wax; of a decidedly metallic 
luster, similar to mercury in color. 

Note. — Potash is obtained from the ashes of 
wood, by causing water to pass through the 
ashes, and then evaporating the ley, as it is 
called, to dryness. 

Sodium is the metallic base of 
soda. It is a white, opake solid, of 
metallic luster, resembling silver. 

Note 1.— Soda may be obtained by lixiviating 
the ashes of sea plants, and then evaporating the 
lixivium, or ley. 

Note 2. — Potash and soda are called the 
alkalies. 

Note 3. — The alkalies are employed in the 
manufacture of glass, the one or the other being 
used according to the kind of glass that is to be 
produced. The principal element of glass be- 
side the alkalies is silex, used in the form of 
sand. 

Note 4. — The alkalies also form the basis of 



the soaps. Potash, in combination with an oil, 
or any fatty matter, forms soft soap. Soda, 
combined in the same manner, forms hard soap. 

Lithium, the base of lithia, is a 
white-colored metal, like sodiu*m. 

Note. — Lithia is reckoned as one of the alka- 
lies. 

Barium, the base of baryta, is a 
metal of a dark gray color, inferior 
in luster to cast-iron. 

Strontium, the base of strontia, is 
a metal resembling barium in most 
of its properties. 

Calcium is the metallic basis of 
lime. 

Magnesium is the metallic base of 
magnesia. It is a very malleable- 
solid, of a white color, like silver, 
and of a brilliant metallic luster. 

Note. — Baria, strontia, lime and magnesia, 
resemble potash and soda in their properties, 
and have, therefore, been called the alkaline 
earths. 

Acknowledgment. — The author is indebted 
to Grai/s Chemistry for the foregoing descrip- 
tions of the metals. 

Of Chemical Compounds. 
1. Alloys. 

An ALLOY, in coinage, is a baser 
metal mixed with a finer. 

An Alloy, in chemistry, is any mix- 
ture of different metals. 

Alloy, in a figurative sense, is evil 
mixed with good; as, no happiness 
is without alloy. 

Brass is an alloy of copper and 
zinc. 

Bell-Metal is a mixture of copper 
and tin, with a small portion of brass 
or zinc. 

Pinchbeck is an alloy of copper 
and zinc, resembling gold in its ap- 
pearance. The proportion of zinc is 
greater than in brass. — Ure. 

Pewter is a composition consist- 
ing mainly of tin and lead. The best 
pewter consists of tin alloyed with 
small quantities of antimony, copper, 
and bismuth. 

Bronze is a compound consisting 
of copper and tin, to which other 
metals are sometimes added. It is 
used for statues, bells, and cannon. 

An Amalgam is a compound of 
quicksilver with any other metal. 

To Amalgamate is, 1. To compound 



CHEMISTRY. 



203 



quicksilver with another metal. 2. 
To combine different things by mix- 
ture. 

2. Of the Chemical Compounds designated 

by the sujtz-uret. 

The non-metallic elements, in uniting with 
each other and with the metals, form a class of 
compounds which are named by adding the ter- 
mination, uret, to the name of the non-metallic 
clement, or to one of them, if both are non-me- 
tallic, and by then adding to this word the 
name of the other element, with of prefixed. 
Thus carbon and hydrogen form the carburet of 
hydrogen ; and sulphur and iron form the sul- 
phuret of iron. 

3. Of the Chemical Compounds designated 

by the suffix-ide. 

The members of the oxygen family, in uniting 
with other substances and with each other, form 
compounds which are named by adding the ter- 
mination, ide, to the name of the oxygen ele- 
ment, or to one of tbem, if both are oxygen 
elements, and by then adding the name of the 
other element with the word of prefixed. Thus 
oxide of iron is a compound of oxygen and iron ; 
chloride of bromine, or bromide of chlorine, is a 
compound of chlorine and bromine. 

Bote 1. — When the name of a metal ends in 
?;m, the oxide is sometimes designated by chang- 
ing urn into a : thus, potassa, soda, Hilda, baria, 
strontia. magnesia, alumina, glucina, yttria, thorina, 
and zirconia, are the oxides of potassium, sodium, 
etc. 

Note 2. — In cases where substances unite in 
several proportions, the proportions are indi- 
cated by numerical prefixes. Thus, proto, the 
first ; bi. or bin, (formerly deuto,) the second ; 
ter, the third ; quadro, the fourth, etc. ; and per, 
the highest degree, denote one, two, three, etc., 
equivalents of the first named element; as, the 
protoxide of nitrogen ; the binoxide of mangan- 
ese ; the peroxide of iron. The protoxide of 
nitrogen consists of one equivalent of oxygen 
united to one equivalent of nitrogen. The bin- 
oxide of manganese contains two equivalents of 
oxygen. The peroxide of iron contains the 
highest number of equivalents of oxygen with 
which iron is capable of combining. The pre- 
fixes- di, two ; tri, three, etc., denote two, three, 
etc., equivalents of the base. Thus, a dinoxide 
of copper consists of one equivalent of oxygen 
and two of copper. 

4. Of the Compounds called Acids. 

An ACID is a compound consist- 
ing of an element of the oxygen 
family, united with an acidifiable 
base in such a proportion that this 
compound, when united with a sali- 
fiable base, forms a new compound 
called a salt. 

Note. — Many of the acids are sour to the taste, 
aid hence the 



An Acidifiable Base is a substance 
that may acquire the properties of 



an acid by being combined with some 
element of the oxygen family. 

Note 1.— All the non-metallic elements, ex- 
cept oxygen, are acidifiable bases, as are likewise 
the metals antimony, arsenic, manganese, tungsten, 
tellurium, molybdenum, titanium, chromium, and 
cobnnbivm. 

Note 2.— In naming the oxygen acids, the 
suffix, ic, is added to the name of the base. Thus 
carbonic acid is formed by the union of carbon 
as a base, with oxygen as the acidifying prin- 
ciple. 

>~ote 3.<— Acids which do not contain oxygen, 
receive names which are compounded of the names 
of the constituents, the first enunciated termi- 
nating in o, and the last in ic ; as, ftuoboric acid, 
in which boron is the base, and fluorine the acidi- 
fying principle ; or, as hydrochloric acid, in which 
hydrogen is the base, and chlorine the acidifying 
principle. 

Note 4. — When there are two oxygen acids of 
the same base, the weaker acid is distinguished 
by the sufiix. cms; as, sulphurous acid, which 
contains less oxygen than sulphuric acid. 

Note 5. — In the case of three or more acid 
compounds of the same base, the prefix hypo, is 
used to denote inferiority, as in the following 
compounds of oxygen with sulphur : 

Sulphuric acid, I Sulphurous acid, 

Hyposulphuric acid, | Hyposulphurous acid. 

5. Of the Salts. 

SALTS are formed by the union 
of the oxygen acids with the metal- 
lic oxides, or with other compounds 
which have similar properties. 

A Salifiable Base is an oxide, or 
other compound with which an acid 
combines in forming a salt. (L., 
sal, salt, and, facia, to make.) 

NoteI. — Acids ending in ic, form salts ending 
in ate. Thus, sulphuric acid, in combination 
with oxide of iron, forms the sulphate of iron. 

Note 2. — Acids ending in ous, form salts end- 
ing in ite. Thus sulphurous acid, in combina- 
tion with the oxide of potassium, or potash, 
forms the sulphite of potash. % 

Note 3. — The term salt is sometimes used in a 
more extended sense, to include all the possible 
combinations of the binary compounds in ide 
and uret. 

6. Alchemy. 

ALCHEMY was an imaginary art 
which had for its object, 1. The trans- 
mutation of the baser metals into 
gold. 2. The discovery of a universal 
medicine. 3. The discovery of a 
liquid which would burn forever in 
a lamp without diminishing in quan- 
tity. 

'The Philosopher's Stone was the 
substance sought for by the alche- 
mists, which, being mixed with baser 
metals, would transmute them into 
gold. 



204 



MINERALS. 



The Elixir of Life was a medicine 
which was to be an infallible remedy 
for all diseases, and was to have the 
quality of warding off old age and 
death. It was supposed that its ap- 
plication might even restore life to 
an inanimate body. 



An Adept was one who professed 
to have obtained the philosopher's 
stone, or either of the other objects 
of alchemical search. (L., adipiscor 
[adeptus~\, to obtain.) Hence, we 
derive the use of the term adept, in 
the sense of a person skilled in an art. 



OF MINERALS 



1. General Terms. 

A MINERAL is any natural pro- 
duction formed by the action of 
chemical affinities, and organized, 
when becoming solid, by the powers 
of crystallization. — Dana. 

Mineralogy is the science which 
treats of the properties of mineral 
substances, and teaches us to char- 
acterize, distinguish, and classify 
them according to their properties. 
It comprehends the study, or science 
of all inorganic substances in the 
earth and on its surface. — Dana. 

A Mine is a place in which a con- 
siderable quantity of any mineral 
naturally exists. 

An Ore is a mineral consisting of 
a metal combined with some other 
substance, as oxygen, sulphur, or car- 
bon, called its mineralizer. 

A Crystal, in chemistry and min- 
eralogy, is an inorganic body, which, 
by the operation of affinity has as- 
sumed the form of a regular solid, 
terminated by a certain number of 
plane and smooth surfaces. — Cleave- 
land. 

Crystallography is the branch of 
science which treats of the forms of 
crystals, (dr., >§*<?>«■> [grapho~], to de- 
scribe.) 

Earth is any loose, soft, and in- 
combustible matter which enters into 
the composition of the globe. 

Stone is any hard mineral sub- 
stance that is neither metallic nor 
combustible. 

2. Earth. 

EARTHY, consisting of earth; as 
earthy particles. 



Earthen, made of earth; as earthen 
ware. 

Soil consists of primitive earth 
mingled with the matter of decayed 
vegetation. 

Note.— The soil forms a dark-colored stratum 
of the average thickness of perhaps a foot, at 
the surface of the earth. 

The Subsoil is the earth immedi- 
ately beneath the soil. 

Mold is a loose and rich soil. 

Humus, moist earth. (L.) Hence, 

Inhume, to put in the ground; as, 
to inhume a corpse, {in, into.) 

Exhume, to take out of the ground; 
as, to exhume a dead body, {ex, out 
of.) 

Humble, lit., situated on or near 
the ground. Hence, 1. Lowly in con- 
dition. 2. Lowly in spirit. 

Posthumous, being or happening 
after a person's burial; as, posthu- 
mous fame; ^posthumous publication. 

Humus, a pulverulent, brown sub- 
stance, formed by the action of air on 
solid animal or vegetable matter. It 
is a valuable constituent of soils. — 
Graham. 

Clay is a species of earth which is 
firmly coherent, weighty, compact, 
and hard when dry, but stiff, viscid, 
and ductile when moist, and smooth 
to the touch; not readily diffusible 
in water, and when mixed not readily 
subsiding in it. — Webster. 

Loam is a soil in which clay pre- 
vails. 

Marl is composed of carbonate of 
lime and clay in various proportions. 

Argilla, potter's clay. (L.) Hence, 

Argillaceous, consisting of clay ; 
as, argillaceous earth. 

Argil, the substance of pure clay. 



MINERALS. 



205 



Lutum, clay. (L.) Hence, 

Lute, or Luting, in Chemistry, a 
composition of clay, or other tena- 
cious substance, used for stopping 
the juncture of vessels to prevent 
the escape or entrance of air, or for 
covering them when exposed to 
heat. — Webster. 

Bole is an argillaceous mineral 
generally reddened^ by oxyd of iron. 
(Gr, @o>kos (bolos), a mass.) 

Terra, earth. (L.) Hence, 

Terrace, a platform of earth sup- 
ported by a wall, or bank of turf. 

Terreen, an earthen or porcelain 
vessel for table furniture, used often 
for containing soup. 

Terra Cotta, (It.), lit., baked clay; 
a name given to statues, architectu- 
ral ornaments, figures, vases, etc., 
modeled or cast in a paste made of 
pipe or potter's clay, and a fine, color- 
less sand. — Brande. 

Terra Sienna, a brown bole or 
ocher, from Sienna in Italy. 

3. Of Stone. 

A ROCK is a large, stony mass. 

A Crag is a steep and rugged 
rock. 

A Cliff is a high and steep rock. 

A Pebble is a very small stone. 

Gravel is a term applied to a 
quantity of pebbles. 

Lapis [lapidis], a stone. (L.) 
Hence, 

Lapidary, an artificer who cuts, pol- 
ishes, and engraves precious stones. 

Lapidify, to form into stone, (fy, 
from L., facio, to make.) 

Lapidescent, growing or turning 
into stone. 

Dilapidate, lit, To pull asunder 
the stones of a wall. Hence, 

Dilapidated, in a ruinous condi- 
tion; as, a dilapidated house, (di, 
asunder.) 

Petra, a stone or rock. (L.) 
Hence, 

Petrify, 1. To become stone. ' 2. 
To convert into stone, {fy, from L., 
facio, to make.) 

Petrifaction, 1. The act of chang- 



ing into stone. 2. An organized body 
that has been rendered hard by the 
deposition of stony matter in its 
cavities. 

A10O2 [Litiios], a stone. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Lithography, the art of tracing 
letters or designs on stone, and of 
transferring them to paper by im- 
pression. (Gr., ypx?a> \_grapho~], tc 
write or delineate.) 

Monolith, a column of a single 
stone. (Gr, ^ovoc \jnonos'], one.) 

4. Of the Precious Stones. 

The PRECIOUS STONES are 
hard mineral substances, which, on 
account of their beautiful colors, are 
worn as ornaments. 

A Gem is a precious stone of any 
kind. (L., gemma, a bud.) 

A Jewel is an ornament of dress, 
in which the precious stones form a 
principal part. 

Quartz is pure silex, occurring in 
pellucid, glassy crystals, having the 
form of a six-sided prism, terminated 
at each end by a pyramid; and also 
in masses of various colors, more or 
less transparent to opake. 

Jasper is a silicious mineral of 
various colors; sometimes spotted, 
banded, or variegated. It takes a 
fine polish, and the variety and rich- 
ness of its colors render it useful in 
the ornamental arts. — Brande. 

The Sapphire is a very hard gem, 
consisting essentially of crystallized 
alumina. It is of various colors; the 
blue variety being generally called 
the sapphire; the red, the oriental 
ruby ; the yelloiv, the oriental topaz. 
Brande. 

The Chalcedony is a semi-trans- 
parent, silicious mineral, of various 
colors, and often banded. The finest 
specimens are said to have been 
originally found at Chalcedon, in 
Asia. — Brande. 

The Emerald is a mineral of a 
beautiful green color, which occurs 
in prismatic crystals, and is much 
valued for ornamental jewelry. — 
Brande. 



206 



PLANTS. 



The Carnelian is a red, or flesh- 
colored chalcedony. — Brande. 

The Sardonyx is a reddish-yellow, 
or orange-colored chalcedony ; it is 
often blood-red by transmitted light. 
Brande. 

The Sarditjs is a precious stone 
mentioned in Rev. xxi. 

The Sardine is the same with Sar- 
dius. One of the stones set in 
Aaron's breastplate was a sardine. 
Ex., xxviii. (From Sardis, a city in 
Asia Minor.) 

The Chrysolite is a crystallized 
mineral, often of a golden-yellow 
color. — Brande, (G-r., xP v<ros [_ c ^ ir y- 
sos~\, gold, andx/Sss [lithos~], a stone.) 

The Beryl is a mineral of great 
hardness, occurring in green, or blu- 
ish, six-sided prisms. It is identical 
with the emerald, except in color, 
the latter having a purer and richer 
green color, proceeding from a trace 
of the oxyd of chrome. The color- 
ing matter of the beryl is oxyd of 
iron. — Dana. 



The Topaz occurs in rhombic 
prisms, and is generally of a yellow- 
ish color and pellucid ; but it is also 
met with colorless, and of greenish, 
bluish, or brownish shades. — Dana. 

The Chrysoprasus is a pale, green, 
silicious mineral, generally ^semi- 
transparent. It is tinged by oxyd 
of nickel, and is much esteemed for 
ornamental purposes. — Brande. 

The Jacinth, or Hyacinth, is a 
red variety of zircon, sometimes 
used as a gem. — Dana. 

The Amethyst is purple rock-crys- 
tal, or crystallized quartz. — Brande. 

The Garnet is a mineral, of which 
there are several varieties. The pre- 
cious garnet is transparent, and in 
crystals or rounded grains. It is a 
silicate of alumina and iron, and is 
used for ornamental jewelry. — 
Brande. 

The Carbuncle is a gem mentioned 
in ancient authors, and probably cor- 
responds with our precious garnet. 
Brande. 



OF PLANT 



A PLANT is an organic body des- 
titute of sense and spontaneous mo- 
tion. 

botanh [Bot'-a-ne], a plant (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Botany, the science of plants. 

$tton [Phyton], a plant. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Phytography, 1. The science of 
describing plants in a systematic 
manner. 2. A description of plants. 
(Gr., ypa<poo [grapho~], to describe.) 

Phytology, 1. A discourse or treat- 
ise on plants. 2. The science of 
plants. (Gr., xoyos [logos], a dis- 
course.) 

Phytophagous, eating or subsisting 
on plants. (Gr., <p<xya \_phago~\, to 
eat.) 

Zoophyte, the coral animal, thus 
called from its propagating its kind 
by offshoots, after the manner of cer- 
tain plants. (Gr., faov \zo-on\, an 
animal.) 



Vigeo, to grow. (L.) Hence, 

Vegetate, to grow after the man- 
ner of plants. 

Vegetation, 1. The process of 
growing, after the manner of plants, 
2. Plants in general. 

An Herb is a plant with a soft, 
succulent [juicy,) stem, which dies 
to the root every year. 

Herbage is, 1. Herbs collectively. 
2. Grass or green food for cattle. 

Herbal, pertaining to plants. 

A Herbal is a book that contains 
the names and descriptions of plants 
with an accouut of their qualities. 

A Herbalist is, 1. A person 
skilled in plants. 2. One who makes 
collections of plants. 

A Herbarium is a collection of 
plants dried and preserved. 

Herbaceous, having the nature of 
an herb ; as, herbaceous plants. 

Herbescent, growing as an herb; 
as, a herbescent plant. 



PLANTS. 



207 



Herbivorous, subsisting on herbs. 
(L., voro, to eat.) 

A Tree is a large plant that has a 
woody stem, sustains itself in an up- 
right position, and continues to live 
and grow for many years. 

A Shrub differs from a tree only 
in size, a shrub being smaller than 
a tree. 

Note. — Any woody, perennial plant that does 
attain a bight exceeding six or eight feet, may 
he called a shrub. 

Shrubbery is shrubs in general. 

A Shrubbery is a plantation of 
shrubs. 

A Bush is, 1. Either a shrub, or a 
tree of shrub-like size. 2. A thicket 
of trees or bushes. 

A hird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 

A Sapling is a young tree. (Thus 
called from its abounding in sap.) 

A Forest is a large tract of ground 
covered with trees. 

A Wood is a small forest. 

The Woods are an indefinite extent 
of forest-covered country. 

A Grove is a small collection of 
trees. 

A Clump is a cluster of trees or 
shrubs closely set. 

Arbor, a tree. (L.) Hence, 

Arbor, a frame of lattice-work cov- 
ered with vines, branches of trees, or 
other plants. 

Arborescent, resembling a tree. 

Arboret, 1. A small tree or shrub. 
2. A place planted or overgrown with 
trees. 

Arborist, one who makes trees 
his study. 

Arboriculture, the art of cultivat- 
ing trees and shrubs for timber and 
ornamental purposes. 

A Bower is a shelter or covered 
place in a garden, made with boughs 
of trees bent and twined together. 

The Vine is that woody, climbing 
plant, which produces grapes. 

A Vine is any climbing or trailing 
plant. 

The Eoot is that part of a plant 
which fixes itself in the earth. 

Radix, a root. (L.) Hence, 

Radicle, a small fibriform root. 



Radical, pertaining to the root or 
origin ; as, a radical error ; a radical 
difference. 

Radicate, to plant deeply and 
firmly ; as, radicated opinions. 

Eradicate, lit, to pull up by the 
roots. Hence, to destroy thoroughly; 
as, to eradicate weeds ; to eradicate 
errors, vice, or disease, (e, out.) 

A Stem is, 1. The body of a plant. 
2. The support of flower or fruit. 

A Stalk is an upright stem of a 
plant. 

A Trunk is the stem of a tree. 

Stirps, the stem and root of a 
plant. (L.) Hence, 

Extirpate, lit., to pluck up by the 
roots. Hence, to root out, or destroy 
wholly ; as, to extirpate error. 

Branches are the smaller portions 
into which a stem divides itself. 

A Branchlet is a small branch. 

A Shoot is a young branch. 

A Twig is, 1. A small branch. 
2. A seedling tree. 

Just as the lui-g is bent the tree 's inclined. 

A Sprig is a small twig or shoot of 
a tree or other plant. 

Ramus, a branch. (L.) Hence, 

Ramify, to separate into branches. 

Ramification, 1. The act of sepa- 
rating into branches. 2. A branch. 

Ra'mose, or Ra'mous, branchy. 

Bark is the covering of plants, and 
corresponds to the skin of animals. 

The Rind is, 1. The skin of a fruit. 
2. The bark of a plant. 

Cortex, bark. (L.) Hence, 

Cortical, belonging to or consisting 
of bark. 

Decorticate, to strip off the bark. 

The Pith is the soft spongy sub- 
stance in the center of plants. 

A Leaf is an organ of a plant, usu- 
ally flat and membranous, but some- 
times linear, cylindric, etc. 

A Leaflet is a small leaf constitut- 
ing a division of a compound leaf. 

FoLruM, a leaf. (L.) Hence, 

Foliaceous, 1. Having leaves inter- 
mixed with flowers; as, a foliaccous 
spike. 2. Pertaining to leaves; as, 
foliaceous glands. 3. Separating into 



208 



PLANTS. 



leaves or thin laminae; as, foliaceous 
spar. 

Foliage, leaves in general. 

Foliate, leafy; as, a foliate stalk. 

Exfoliate, in surgery, to come off 
in thin scales, as carious bone. 

A Bud is a small protuberance on a 
plant, containing the rudiments of fu 
ture leaves, or of a flower. 

Note. — Buds are of three kinds : that contain 
ing the flower ; that containing leaves ; and that 
containing both flowers and leaves. 

An Eye is a bud. 

To Bourgeon is to put forth buds 
(Fr., bourgeon, a bud.) 

To Inoculate is to insert the bud of 
a tree or plant in another tree or 
plant. (L., in, upon, or into; and 
oculus, an eye or bud.) 

A Sprout is, 1. A shoot of a plant 
2. A shoot from a seed. 

A Germ is, 1. That portion of a 
seed in which the rudiments of a new 
plant are wrapped up. Hence, 2. 
That from which anything springs. 
(L., germen, a bud.) 

To Germinate is to sprout, as a 
seed. 

A Flower, or Blossom, is a bud ex- 
panded, and containing the rudiments 
of the future fruit. 

To Bloom is, 1. To bear flowers. 
2, and fig., To be healthful and beau- 
tiful ; as, blooming youth. 

To Blow is to unfold flowers. 

Flos [floris], a flower. (L.) 
Hence, 

Flora, 1. The goddess of flowers. 
2. The plants of a particular region. 

Floral, pertaining to flowers. 

Florist, a cultivator of flowers. 

Florid, 1. Of a lively red color; 
as, a florid countenance. 2. Embel- 
lished to excess with the flowers of 
rhetoric ; as, a florid style. 

A Posy is a bunch of flowers. 

A Nosegay is a bunch of flowers 
used to regale the sense of smelling. 

A Bouquet (boo-ka') is a bunch of 
flowers employed as an ornament. 

The Fruit is a vegetable produc- 
tion consisting of the seed and its 
coverings. 

Fructus, fruit. (L.) Hence, 



Fructify, to make fruitful. 

Fructification, 1. The act of mak- 
ing fruitful. 2. The fruit organs of a 
plant. 

The Seed is a body consisting of 
the germ together with a portion of 
starchy matter designed for the first 
nourishment of the young plant, the 
whole being incased in a skin, hull, 
or shell. 

A Grain is a small seed, as that 
of wheat. 

A Nut is a large seed covered with 
a shell. 

A Kernel is a seed divested of its 
covering. 

A Shell is a hard covering of the 
kernel of a seed. 

A Hull is an outer covering which 
incloses the seed. 

A Husk is a loose, membranous, 
outer covering of seeds, as the husks 
of maize. 

Chaff is the covering of such 
grains as wheat, rye, etc. 

Semen, seed. (L.) Hence, 

Seminary, a plot of ground where 
seed is sown to produce plants for 
transplantation. 

Seminiferous, seed-bearing. (L., 
fero, to bear.) 

Disseminate, to scatter, as seeds. 

Mildew is a thin, whitish coating, 
with which the leaves of vegetables 
are sometimes covered, occasioning 
disease, decay, and death. (Ger., 
mehl, meal, from the circumstance 
that the plants have the appearance 
of being sprinkled with meal ) 

Blight is the sudden death of 
plants, and also the drying up and 
withering of their branches. — 
Brande. 

To Blast is to check the growth 
and prevent from coming to maturity. 

To Wither is to become dry; as 
leaves or flowers. 

To Wilt is to begin to wither. 

Ripe, brought to perfection in 
growth; as, ripe fruit. 

Maturus, ripe. (L.) Hence, 

Mature, ripe; as, mature fruit; ma- 
ture years. 

Maturity, ripeness; as the maturity 



ANIMALS. 



209 



of a fruit; the maturity of the men- 
tal powers; the maturity of a prom- 
issory note. 

Precocious, ripe too soon; as, a 
precocious youth. (L., p>ro?, too soon; 
and coquo, to cook; that is, to ripen.) 

Precociousness, or Precocity, is a 
state of ripeness in the young, at- 
tained before the proper period. 



Green, not having yet attained to 
maturity; as, green fruit. 

Thrifty, growing rapidly and vig- 
orously. (From thrive.) 

Luxuriant, developing itself in a 
copious growth. 

Rank, largely developed by growth ; 
as, rank seeds. 



OF ANIMALS. 



1. General Terms. 

An ANIMAL is an organized body 
endowe-d with sensation, and capable 
of voluntary motion. 

Note. — The animal kingdom is divided into 
four provinces or sub-kingdoms, to wit : verte- 
brata, moUusca, articulata, and radiata. 

The Vertebrata, or Vertebrate 
Animals, are those which have a 
back bone. (L., vertebra, a backbone.) 

The Mollusca, or Mollusks, are 
animals which have soft bodies, like 
the oyster and snail. (L., mollis, 
soft.) 

The Articulata are characterized 
by a jointed, or articulated covering, 
consisting of a series of rings, as 
the bee or the spider. (Articulus, a 
joint.) 

The Radiata are animals whose 
parts are arranged around an axis, 
and on one or several radii, or on 
several lines extending from one pole 
to the other. — Cuvier. 

Note. — The Vertebrata are divided into four 
classes, namely, mammals, birds, reptiles, and 
fishes. 

Mammals are animals that nourish 
their young with milk. (L., mamma, 
an organ for the secretion of milk.) 

A Quadruped is a four-footed mam- 
mal. (L., quatuor, four; and pes [pe- 
dis'], a foot.) 

A Beast is, 1. Any four-footed ani- 
mal which may be used for labor, 
food, or sport. (Usually applied to 
large animals.) 2. A man who is 
filthy and debased in his manners 
and habits. 

Beastly, coarse and filthy. 
14 



Bestial, 1. Belonging to the class 
of beasts. 2. Having the qualities 
of a beast 

Bestiality, in man, consists in 
beastly manners and habits. 

To Besiialize is to make like a 
beast. 

Brutus, irrational. (L.) Hence, 

Brute, 1. Unconscious; as, brute 
matter. 2. Irrational; as, a brute 
beast. 3. In common with the 
beasts; as, brute violence. 

A Brute, 1. Any animal destitute 
of reason, consequently any animal 
except man. 2. One of the larger 
quadrupeds. 3. A low-bred, unfeel- 
ing man. 

Brutal, 1. Pertaining to the brutes ; 
as, brutal nature. 2. Befitting a 
brute; as, a brutal temper; brutal 
manners. 

Brutality, insensibility to pity or 
shame. 

Brutalize, to make brutal. 

A Bird, or Fowl, is an individual 
belonging to a class of warm-blooded 
vertebrate animals, characterized by 
oviparous generation, a covering of 
feathers, a beak, the posterior ex- 
tremities organized as feet, and the 
anterior extremities as wings, gene- 
rally formed for flight. — Webster. 

Avis, a bird. (L.) Hence, 

Aviary, a house or in closure , for 
keeping bird's confined. 

OPN12 (e/jv/flsc) [Ornis (ornithos)], 
a bird. (Gr.) Hence, 

Ornithology, the science of birds. 
(Gr., xcyc; [logos'], a discourse.) 

The Reptiles constitute a class 



210 



ANIMALS. 



including all such animals as are 
cold-blooded, vertebrated, and breathe 
air; as, tortoises, lizards, frogs, etc. — 
Webster. (L., repo [reptum], to 
creep. ) 

Fishes are a class of animals which 
breathe by means of gills, swim by 
the aid of their tail and caudal fins, 
and are oviparous. — Webster. 

IX0T2 [Iohthys], a fish. (Gp.) 
Hence, 

Ichthyology, the science of fishes. 
(Gp., xoyos [logos], a discourse.) 

Malacology is the science of mol- 
luscous animals, (/^axsixo? [malacos], 
soft; and xoyo; [logos], a discourse.) 

Conchology is that department of 
malacology which treats of the na- 
ture, formation, and physiological 
relations of the hard parts or skele- 
tons of the molluscous animals; or, 
in other words, conchology is the 
science of shells. — Brande. (Gr., xoy%» 
[conche], a shell; and Kayos [logos], 
a discourse.) 

The Articulata are divided into 
five classes, to wit: crustaceans, arach- 
nidans, insects, anelids, and cirripeds. 

The Crustacean's are a class of 
articulated animals, including lob- 
sters, shrimps, and crabs ; so called 
from the crust-like shell with which 
the body and legs are covered. — Dana. 

The Arachnidans are a class of 
articulate animals with legs, but with- 
out wings, including spiders, mites, 
and scorpions. — Webster. (Gr., afx-xvn 
[arachne], a spider.) 

Insects constitute a class of arti- 
culated animals, having the body 
composed of three distinct parts, the 
head, the corselet, or thorax, and the 
abdomen ; the legs, six in number, 
with usually two or four wings at- 
tached to the thorax; and along the 
sides of the abdomen, minute punc- 
tures, called spiracles, by means of 
which the respiration takes place. — 
Dana. (L., insecta, cut in, from the 
appearance of the body.) 

Entomology is the science of in- 
sects. (Gr., twofAov [eniomon], an in- 
sect; and Kcyos [logos], a discourse.) 

The Anelids are a class of articu- 



late animals, characterized by an 
elongated body, formed of numerous 
rings or annular segments, including 
the earthworm and various other 
animals. — Webster. (L., anellus,/& 
little ring.) 

The Cirripeds are animals of the 
barnacle kind. Their feet are long 
and slender, and curve together in a 
kind of curl. — Webster. (L., cirrus, 
a lock of hair.) 

2. The Horse. 

A STEED is a horse for state or 
war. 

A Charger is a war horse. (From 
, to attack.) 

A Courser is a race-horse. (From 
course, a running.) 

A Palfrey is a lady's horse. 

A Pony is a small horse. 

A Roadster is a horse fit for travel- 
ing. (From road.) 

A Draught Horse is a horse used 
for drawing. (From draught, a draw- 
ing.) 

A Barb is a horse from Barbary. 
(Contracted from Barbary.) 

A Nag is a horse, in familiar lan- 
guage. 

A Hobby is a wooden horse for the 
amusement of children. Fig., a favor- 
ite pursuit. (Primarily, an Irish or 
Scotch pacing horse.) 

A Mare is the female of the horse 
kind. 

A Brood Mare is a mare kept for 
breeding. 

A Foal is the young of a mare or 
she-ass. 

To Foal is to bring forth a foal. 

A Colt is a young horse. 

A Filly is a young mare. 

Equus, a horse. (L.) Hence, 

Equine, denoting the horse kind. 

Equestrian, pertaining to horses 
or to horsemanship. 

Equestrianism, the art of riding on 
horseback. 

Equitation, a riding on horse- 
back. 

Equiiant, riding a-straddle. (A bo- 
tanical term denoting the position 



ANIMALS. 



211 



of the unexpanded leaves of certain 
plants. 

']nno2 [Hippos], a horse. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Hippodrome, anciently a circus, or 
place in which horse-races were per- 
formed and horses exercised. (Gr., 
fyoptoc \_dromos~], a course, or running.) 

Ilippocentaur, a fabulous monster, 
half man and half horse. (Gr., nervea 
\_centeo~], to spur.) 

Hippopotamus, the river-horse. 
[7rorauo; \_potamos~\, a river.) 

Hippogriff, a winged horse. (Gr., 
>/»4 [gryps], a griffin.) 

Caballus, a horse. (L.) Hence, 

Cavalcade, a procession on horse- 
back. 

Cavalry, horse troops. 

Cavalier, 1. An armed horseman. 
2. A knight. 

Cheval, a horse. (Fr.) Hence, 

Chevalier, a knight. 

Chivalry, knighthood. (See Art. 
Knighthood.) 

A Groom is a man who has the 
charge of horses. 

An Hostler (osier) is a man who 
has the care of horses at an inn. 
(Fr., hostelier, an innkeeper. See 
Hotel.) 

An Equerry is an officer of nobles 
or princes who has the care and man- 
agement of their horses. 

Note 1. — In the British Court an equerry is a 
subordinate officer, under the master of the 
horse. There are four equerries in ordinary, 
and an equerry of the crown stable. A queen 
consort has three equerries. — Brande. 

Note 2. — The equerries ride in the leading 
coach on all great occasions, and have a table 
provided for them by themselves. — Webster. 
(See Esquire.) 

THE Manege (manazhe') is the art 
of horsemanship, or of training horses. 
Brande. 

A Manege is a school for teaching 
horsemanship and for training horses 
Webster. (Fr., manier, to manage.) 

A Stud is a collection of breeding 
horses and mares, or the place where 
they are kept. 

3. The Dog. 
The DOG is a species of quadru- 
peds belonging to the genus canis. 



which includes three species — the 
dog, the wolf, and the jackall. 

The Mastiff is a large variety of 
dog, remarkable for strength and 
courage. 

The Hound is a variety of the dog 
used in the chase. The hound is 
characterized by a light and slender 
form, and has long, pendulous ears. 
(Ger., hund, a dog.) 

The Spaniel is a dog used in sports 
of the field, remarkable for his saga- 
city and obedience. — Webster. (From 
Hispaniola. ) 

A Terrier is a small dog that creeps 
into the ground after animals that 
burrow. (L., terra, the ground.) 

A Harier, or Harrier is a hound 
used for hunting hares. 

The Water Dog is a dog thus 
named from his readiness in entering 
the water to bring game, etc., to his 
master. 

The Newfoundland Dog is a very 
large dog, with the hair long and 
somewhat curled. 

Note. — The readiness with which the New- 
foundland dog takes to the water, his aptitude 
to fetch and carry, and his powerful and active 
swimming, have been the means of preserving 
the lives of many human beings. — Brande. 

The Shepherd's Dog is a large dog, 
employed by shepherds to guard 
sheep, 

The Poodle is a small dog resem- 
bling the water-dog, covered with 
long, silky hair, either wholly white, 
or with black patches. — Partington. 

A Pug is a small dog with a face 
and nose like those of a monkey. 

A Bull-dog is a large dog, re- 
markable for his strength and cour- 
age. (Probably thus called from his 
having been employed in baiting 
bulls.) 

A Cur is a degenerate dog. Fig., 
A worthless man. 

Canis, a dog. (L.) Hence, 

Canine, pertaining to dogs ; as, a 
canine appetite, canine madness. 

KrnN [Cyon, cynos~], a dog. Hence, 

Cynic, or Cynical, having the qual- 
ities of a surly dog. See the Terra 
Cynics. 



212 



MANKIND — THE YOUNG. 



OF MANKIND. 



1. Man. 

HOMO [ hominis], man. (L.) 
Hence, 

Homicide, the act of killing a man. 
(See Ccedo.) 

Human, pertaining to the race of 
man; as, the human form, human 
nature. 

Humane, having a disposition to 
treat others with kindness, because 
such a disposition distinguishes, or 
should distinguish man from the sav- 
age beast. 

Humanity, 1. The nature of man. 
2. Kindness of disposition. 

AN0PnnO2 [Anthropos], man. 
(Gr.) Hence, 

Anthropology, the science of hu- 
man nature, (dr., xoyoc [logos], a 
discourse.) 

Anthropophagi, man-eaters. (Gr., 
tpctya) [phago], to eat.) 

Philanthropy, the love of mankind. 
(Gr., <pthtee [phileo], to love.) 

Philanthropic or Philanthropical, 
loving the whole human race. 

Philanthropist, one who wishes 
well to his fellow-men. 

Misanthropy, a hatred or dislike 
to mankind. (Gr., pinoe [miseo], to 
hate.) 



Misanthrope, or Misanthropist, a 
hater of mankind. 

Vir, a male of the human species 
of mature age. (L.) Hence, 

Virile, manly ; as, virile age ; virile 
strength. 

Virility, manhood. 

Vira'go, a bold, masculine woman. 

2. Woman. 

A WOMAN is a female of mature 
age, belonging to the human species. 

F(emina, a woman. (L.) Hence, 

Feminine, 1. Pertaining to woman, 
or to women; as the feminine sex. 
2. Suited to the nature of woman; 
as feminine graces. 3. destitute of 
manly qualities. Nimias was no man 
of war, but altogether feminine, and 
subject to ease and delicacy. — Ra- 
leigh. 

Effeminate, lit, made to resemble 
a woman. Hence, soft and delicate 
to a womanly degree. 

Effeminacy, unmanly delicacy. 
{Lit, the condition of being made 
to resemble a woman.) 

Mitlier, a woman. (L.) Hence, 

Muliebrity, the state of being a 
woman; that is, a state in females 
corresponding to virility in man. 



OF THE YOUNG 



1. The Young of the Inferior Ani- 
mals. 

A COLT is a young animal of the 
horse kind. 

A Filly is a female colt. 

A Foal is a suckling colt. 

A Calf is a young animal of the 
ox kind. 

A Heifer is a young cow. 

A Lamb is a young sheep. 

A Lambkin is a small lamb. 

A Whelp is the young of any of 
the larger carnivorous animals, as 
the dog, the lion, the bear, etc. 



A Cub is the young of the bear or 
fox. 

A Puppy, or Pup, is the young of 
the dog kind. 

A Kitten is the young of the do- 
mestic cat. 

A Pig is the young of the swine. 

A Fawn is a young deer. 

A Chicken is the young of the do- 
mestic hen. 

A Gosling is the young of the 
goose. 

A Duckling is a young duck. 

A Nestling is a young bird in the 
nest. 



SPIRITUAL BEINGS. 



213 



A Fledgling is a young bird just 
fledged (covered with feathers). 

Grubs are the young of insects. 

The Catterpillar is the young of 
the butterfly. 

A Larva or Larve is an insect in 
the grub or caterpillar state. (L., 
larva, a mask, because the true form 
of the insect is concealed.) 

The Chrysalis is the second state 
of a metabolian, or changeable in- 
sect, in which it becomes inactive, 
takes no food, and is inclosed in a 
transparent covering, which, in many 
instances, reflects a metallic luster; 
whence the name. (Gr., xgixrcc [chry- 
sos], gold). — Brande. 

Aure'lia is of the same significa- 
tion with chrysalis. (L., aurum, 
gold.) 

A Litter consists of the entire 
number of young brought forth at 
one time, by those quadrupeds which 
usually produce several young at a 
birth ; as a litter of pigs, kittens, etc. 

A Farrow is a litter of pigs. 

A Brood is, 1. A set of young 
birds. 2. The young of animals in 
general. 



2. The Young of Human Species. 

A CHILD is a young being of the 
human species. 

An Infant is a young child. (L., 
in, not; and fans, speaking.) 

Infancy is the first part of life, be- 
ginning at birth. 

Note.— Infancy does not extend beyond the 
first year or two of life. 

Childhood usually extends to the 
twelfth or fourteenth year, at which 
time youth begins. 

A Bantling is a young child. 

A Brat is a child in contempt. 

A Boy is a male child. 

Puer, a boy. (L.) Hence, 

Puerile, boyish; as, puerile amuse- 
ments. 

A Puerility is an expression or 
conception which is insipid or child- 
ish. 

A Girl is a female child. Colloqui- 
ally, a young unmarried woman. 

Youth is the period of life which 
intervenes between childhood and 
manhood or womanhood. See Art. 
Time. 



OF SPIKITTJAL BEINGS. 



1. Deity. 

GOD is the Supreme Being. 

A God is any object of religious 
worship. 

Godhead consists in an assemblage 
of those attributes which are essential 
to the being of a God. 

Jehoyah is the scripture name of 
the Supreme Being. 

Deus, God. (L.) Hence, 

Deity, Godhead. 

The Deity, the true God. 

A Deity, any object of religious 
worship. 

Deist, one who believes in the ex- 
istence of God, but denies the inspira- 
tion of the Bible. 

Deify, to raise to the rank of a god. 
(u. , facio, to make. ) 

Diyus, a god. (L.) Hence, 



Divine, 1. Pertaining to God ; as, 
the divine perfections. 2. Godlike. — 
To err is human ; to forgive is divine. 

Divinity, 1. Godhead. 2. The 
Deity. 

'Tis the Divinity that stirs within us. — Addison. 

3. A false god ; as, the heathen divini- 
ties. 4. Science of divine things ; as, 
a system of divinity. 

0EO2 [Theos], God. (Gr.) Hence, 

Theist, one who believes in the ex- 
istence of God. 

Atheist, one who denies the exist- 
ence of a God. (Gr., & [a], not.) 

Polytheist, one who believes in the 
existence of many gods. (Gr., ttoxvs 
[polys], many.) 

Monotheist, a person who believes 
in the existence of one God only. 
(Gr., /acvos [rnonos~\, one.) 



214 



SPIRITUAL BEINGS. 



Pantheist, one who believes that 
the universe is God. (Gr., ttxm [pari], 
all.) 

Pantheon, a temple in ancient Rome 
dedicated to all the gods. 

2. Of Celestial Spirits. 

An ANGEL is, 1, and lit., A mes- 
senger. 2. A celestial spirit ; because 
celestial spirits are employed by the 
Deity in the administration of human 
affairs. (Gr., uyy&oc [angelos], a mes- 
senger.) 

An Archangel is a chief angel. 
(Gr., a$x og \_circhos'], chief.) 

A Seraph (plu. seraphs, or seraph- 
im,) is an angel of the highest order. 

As full, as perfect in vile man that mourns, 

As the rapt seraph that adores and burns. — Pope. 

A Cherub (plu. cherubim, or cher- 
ubs,) is, 1. A spirit next in order be- 
low a seraph. 2. A beautiful child. 

3. Of Evil Spirits. 

A DEVIL is, 1. A fallen spirit. 
2. A very wicked person. (Gr., fia- 
(Soxoc \_diabolos~], an accuser.) 

The Devil is the chief of the fallen 
angels. 

Satan is the proper name of the 
Evil One. 

Note. — Satan is a Hebrew term signifying an 
adversary. 

Lucifer is one of the appellations 
of the Evil One. See Art. Light. 

Beelzebub is the prince of the 
devils. 

A Demon is an evil spirit, 

A Demoniac is a person 
by an evil spirit. 

To Exorcize is to cast out evil 
spirits by religious ceremonies. (Gr., 
e|^*<&) [exorcizo~\, to adjure.) 

A Fiend is a malignant spirit. 
(Ger. ,feind, an enemy.) 

Diabolus, the devil. (L.) Hence, 

Diabolical, horribly wicked ; as, a 
diabolical scheme. 

4. Of Fairies, Genii, etc. 
The FAIRIES are a kind of fa- 
bled beings of a diminutive human 
figure, inhabiting lonely places, and 
endowed with the power of render- 
ing themselves visible or invisible at 



pleasure. They danced on the 
greens by moonlight, performed acts 
of kindness in behalf of those who 
had their good will, annoyed others 
by mischievous pranks, and some- 
times stole children for whom they 
took a fancy. 

A Fairy, in poetic language, is a 
beautiful little girl. 

Fairyland is the imaginary home 
of the fairies. 

Fairy, exquisitely beautiful; as, a 
fairy scene. 

A Fay is a fairy. 

An Elf is, 1. A fairy. 2. A mis- 
chievous person. (Plu., elves.) 

Elfin, pertaining to the elves. 

An Elfin is a little urchin. 

Mab is the queen of the fairies. 

A Banshee is an Irish fairy. 

The Demons of the ancient Greeks 
were spirits holding a middle place 
between men and the gods. They 
were called Cacodemons, or Agatho- 
demons, according as their influence 
was evil or beneficent. (Kaxoc, evil; 
and ayaBoc^ good.) 

The Genii (sing., genius,) are a 
sort of imaginary beings intermedi- 
ate between men and angels. 

The Sylphs are a kind of imag- 
inary beings inhabiting the air. 

A Sylph, in the poetic style, is an 
exquisitely graceful female. 

A Sylphid is a little sylph. 

The Salamanders are a kind of 
imaginary beings inhabiting fire as 
their natural element. 

The Gnomes are a kind of imagin- 
ary beings inhabiting the inner 
parts of the earth. 

Note. — According to Pope, the spirits of gen- 
tle and amiable females, at death, become 
sylphs; " the spirits of fiery termagants in 
flame mount up, and take a salamander's 
name ;" while the spirits of the morose and 
gloomy assume the name, and enter the abodes 
of the gnomes. Sue the poem entitled " The 
Rape of the Lock." 

A Ghole, or Ghoul, is an imaginary 
demon among Eastern nations, who 
was supposed to prey on dead bodies. 

An Ogre is a hideous giant of 
fairy tales, who lives on human be- 
ings. — Arabian Nights. 

An Ogress is a female ogre. 



MAGIC AND WITCHCRAFT. 



215 



5. Of Gliosis and Apparitions. 

A GHOST was originally a spirit 
of any kind. In present usage, 

A Ghost is a departed human 
spirit, returning to the earth, and 
rendering itself visible. 

Ghostly, spiritual ; as, ghostly ene- 
mies, a ghostly father. 

Ghastly, 1. Like a ghost in appear- 
ance. Hence, 2. Very pale; as, a 
ghastly countenance. 3. Shocking; 
as, a ghastly wound. 

A Specter is, 1. The appearance 
of a person who is dead. 2. Any 
supernatural appearance. (L., spec- 
trum, an appearance.) 

Spectral, ghastly; as, spectral 
forms. 

A Shade is a departed spirit. 



Ma'nes is a Latin word signifying 
the spirit of a deceased person. 

A Goblin is an evil spirit visibly 
manifesting itself. 

A Hobgoblin is a spirit of a fright- 
ful form visibly manifested. 

An Apparition is any supernatural 
appearance. 

A Phantom is an apparition that 
has form, but no tangible substance. 

A Spook or Spuke, is a ghost or 
hobgoblin. (Ger.) 

A Wraith is, 1. An apparition of a 
person in his exact likeness, seen a 
little before his death, or soon after. 
2. A genius, or spirit, presiding over 
some one of the elements of nature. 

By this the storm grew loud apace, 
The water-wraith was shrieking. 

Campbell. 



OF MAGIC AND WITCHCRAFT 



MAGIC is the pretended art or 
science of producing wonderful ef- 
fects by the aid of superhuman be- 
ings. 

A Magician is one skilled in the 
art of producing wonderful effects by 
the aid of superhuman beings. 

The Black Art is the art of the 
magician. 

Note. — Magic is called the black art, because 
the persons practicing it -were supposed to be 
aided by the devil. 

To Conjure (kun'-jur,) is to per- 
form magic ceremonies. (L., conjuro, 
to summon in a sacred name.) 

A Conjurer is one who practices 
magic. 

A Wizard is a conjurer. (From 
icise.) 

A Witch is a woman in compact 
with the devil, who is supposed to 
aid her in effecting her purposes. 

Witchcraft is the art of effecting 
one's purposes by the aid of evil spir- 
its. 

Sorcery is witchcraft. 

A Sorcerer is a man who effects 
his purposes by the aid of evil spirits. 

A Sorceress is a witch. 

To Enchant is to effect by magic 



arts. (Fr., chanter, to sing; because 
magicians and witches sometimes ac- 
companied their cerejnonies with the 
singing of certain set forms of words.) 

An Enchanter is a magician. 

An Enchantress is, 1. A sorceress. 

2. A woman, whose beauty or excel- 
lencies give her an irresistible power. 

Enchantment is the act of produc- 
ing wonderful effects by the aid of 
superhuman beings. 

A Charm is, 1, and properly, A 
form of words in verse, to be sung 
or rehearsed in magic ceremonies. 
Hence, 2. Any magic ceremony. 3. 
Any object possessing supernatural 
virtues in the way of curing disease, 
or warding off evil, etc. (L., carmen, 
a song. ) 

To Charm is, 1. To affect by magic 
influence. 2. To fortify with charms 
against evil. 

I have a charmed life which must not yield. — 
Shalspeare. 

3. To delight exceedingly, as if by 
magic influence. 4. To subdue by 
secret power, like that of magic. 

Music the fiercest grief can charm. — Pope. 

Incantation is the act of repeating 
certain forms of words for the pur- 



216 



MYTHOLOGY. 



pose of raising the spirits. (L., in- 
canto, to sing.) 

A Spell is, 1. A form of words, or 
some ceremony, of magic virtue. 2. 
Magic influence; as, to be under a 
spell. 

Spellbound, under the influence of 
a spell, so as not to be able to move 
or exert one's faculties. 

To Fascinate is, 1. To operate upon 
by a secret and irresistible influence. 
Serpents are said to have the power 
of fascinating other animals, and 
even persons. The animal under the 
influence of the fascination loses the 
power of voluntary motion, and a bird 
or other small animal becomes the 
victim of the serpent. 2. To captivate 
by some powerful charm, as that of 
beauty. 



An Amulet is something worn as a 
preservative against witches, evil spi- 
rits, etc. 

A Talisman, among the Eastern 
nations, was a figure cut in metal, 
stone, etc., with certain superstitious 
ceremonies, and supposed to be en- 
dowed with the virtue of averting 
disease, and of controlling evil spi- 
rits, etc. 

Note. — The amulet and the talisman are similar 
in their nature, but the latter is believed to pos- 
sess more extensive powers than the former. 

Necromancy is, 1, and properly, 
The art of revealing future events by 
a pretended communication with the 
dead. 2. The practice of witchcraft. 

Note. — The second of the foregoing definitions 
is now the more usual sense of the term. See 
Art. Time, Sec. To Foretell. 



OF THE GKECIAN AND KOMAN MYTHOLOGY. 



MYTHOLOGY is the collective 
body of the traditions of any heathen 
nation respecting its gods, and other 
fabulous and supernatural beings. — 
Worcester. (Gr., pvQoc [mythos], a 
fable ; and xoyos [logos'], a dis- 
course.) 

Chaos ( Confusion) and his wife 
Nox (Night), were the original pro- 
genitors of the race of the gods. 

Cgelus (Heaven) and his wife 
Terra (Earth), were the children of 
Chaos and Nox. 

Saturn was one of the sons of 
Ccelus and Terra. 

Jupiter, a son of Saturn, was the 
supreme deity among the Greeks and 
Komans. 

Juno, a daughter of Saturn, was 
the wife of Jupiter. 

Neptune, a son of Saturn, was the 
god of the ocean. Hence, 

Neptunian, pertaining to the ocean, 
or to water; as, the Neptunian theory 
in geology, which refers to the forma- 
tion of all rocks and strata to the 
action of water. X Plutonian. 

Pluto, a son of Saturn, was the 
god of the infernal regions. Hence, 



Plutonian, one who maintains that 
the unstratified rocks have been 
formed by the action of fire. 

Vulcan, the son of Jupiter and 
Juno, was the god who presided over 
the working of the metals. Hence, 
blacksmiths are called the sons of 
Vulcan. 

Venus, the wife of Vulcan, was 
the goddess of beauty and love. 

Cupid, the son of Venus, was the 
god of love. He is represented as 
being equipped with a bow and a 
quiver filled with arrows, with which 
he pierced the hearts of those whom 
he wished to affect with the passion 
of love. 

Mars was the god of war. Hence, 

Martial, warlike. 

Bellona was the goddess of war. 
(L., helium, war.) 

Ceres was the goddess of hus- 
bandry. 

Cereal, pertaining to Ceres. 

The Cereal Grains are wheat, rye, 
barley, etc., Ceres having first taught 
men the use of these grains. 

Bacchus was the god of wine. 
Hence, 



MYTHOLOGY. 



217 



Bacchanal, or Bacchanalian, one 
who indulges in drunken revels. 

Pan was the god of shepherds. 

Mercury was the god of eloquence 
and commerce. 

Apollo, or Phosbus (the Sun), was 
the presiding deity of archery, pro- 
phecy ,*medicine, and music, and was 
the president and protector of the 
Muses. — Brande. 

Diana, or Phoebe (the Moon), was 
the goddess of hunting. 

Minerva was the goddess of wis- 
dom. 

JE'olus was the god of the winds, 
Hence, 

Eolian, played upon by the winds; 
as, the Eolian harp. 

The Muses were nine sisters, the 
daughters of Apollo and Mnemosyne 
(Memory). Their office was to pre- 
side over the liberal arts. The poets 
were in the habit of invoking the 
Muses to inspire them in their com- 
positions. 

Note. — The muses were nine in number. 
They were 

1st. Calli'ope, who presided over lyric poetry 
and eloquence. 

2d. Clio, who presided over history. 

3d. Melpom'-en-e, who presided over tragedy. 

4th. Etjtkb'pe, who presided over music. 

5th. Eea'to, who presided over tender and 
amorous poetry* 

6th. Terp-sich'-o-re, who presided oxer danc- 
ing. 

7th. Uba'nia, who was the muse of astronomy. 

8th. Tha'lia, who was the patroness of com- 
edy. 

9th. Polthtmxia, or Poltmxia, who presided 
over singing and rhetoric. 

Parnassus was a mountain in 
Greece, sacred to the Muses. Hence, 
in the following, by the term Par- 
nassus is meant the entire body of 
rhymesters, or pretended votaries of 
the Muses: 

The Dog-star rages, nay, 't is past a doubt, 
All Bedlam or Parnassus is let out. — Pope. 

The Aonian Mount was Mount 
Helicon, also sacred to the Muses. 
To soar above the Aonian Mount is 
to take a higher flight than had ever 
been taken by the poets of Greece 
and Rome, in consequence of having 
a loftier theme and a higher source 
of inspiration. 



Or if Sion hill, and Siloa's brook that flowed 
Fast by the oracle of God, delight thee more, 
I thence invoke thy aid to my adventurous song, 
That with no middle flight intends to soar 
Above the Aonian Aloitnt. — Milton. 

The Pierian Spring was a spring 
sacred to the Muses. Hence, to 
drink at the Pierian Spring is to 
devote one's-self to literature and 
philosophical studies. 

Drink deep or taste not the Pierian Spring. — 
Pope. 

The Nymphs were goddesses pre- 
siding over the mountains, forests, 
meadows, and waters. 

Note.— The principal classes of nymphs wero 
the following : 

1st. The Dryads, which were wood-nymphs. 
(Gr., Sp-i [drijs], an oak.) 

2d. The Oreads, which were mountain 
nymphs. (Gr., op'ot [pros], a mountain.) 

3d. The Naiads, which were water-nymphs. 
(Gr., vxiui [naio], to swim.) 

4th. The Nereids, which were sea-nymphs. 
They were the daughters of the sea-god Nereus, 
and hence their name. 

A Nymph, in poetical language, is 
a young Avoman. 

The Gorgons were three sisters 
whose features were so terrific as to 
turn the beholders into stone. 
Hence, 

A Gorgon is anything very ugly 
or horrid. 

The Furies were three sisters, the 
goddesses of revenge. They were 
represented as having their heads 
covered with snakes instead of hair. 
Hence, 

A Fury is a stormy, turbulent, and 
violent woman. 

The Graces were three beautiful 
sisters who waited upon Venus. 

The Fates were three sisters who 
determined the destiny of every per- 
son at his birth. 

The Sirens were three monsters 
inhabiting a rock in the sea. In the 
upper part of their bodies they had 
the form of a woman, and in the 
lower part, the form of a fish. They 
enticed mariners by the charms of 
their singing to approach the rock, 
and then seized and devoured them. 
Hence, 

A Siren, in a secondary sense, is 
any mischievous enticer. 

The Harpies were fabulous winged 



218 



MORALS. 



monsters, ravenous and filthy, having 
the face of a woman and the body 
of a vulture, with their feet and 
fingers armed with sharp claws. 
They were three in number, and were 
represented as being very rapacious. 
Hence, 

A Harpy, in a figurative sense, is 
an extortioner. 

. The Centaurs were monsters half 
man and half horse. 

The Chimera was a monster vom- 
iting flames, having the head of a 
lion, the body of a goat, and the tail 
of a dragon. Hence, in modern use, 

A Chimera is a creature of the 
imagination. 

The Hydra was a many-headed 
serpent, slain by Hercules. At first, 
for each head that he cut off, two 
others immediately sprouted out; but 
having bethought himself of cauter- 
izing the wounds with firebrands, he 
succeeded in subduing the monster. 

Hence, in a figurative sense, we 
speak of a hydra-headed evil. 

The Griffin, in the natural history 
of the ancients, was an imaginary 
animal, represented with four legs, 
wings, and a beak, the upper part re- 
sembling an eagle, and the lower 
part, a lion. It was supposed to 
watch over mines of gold, and hidden 
treasures. 

Augeas was a king of Elis. This 



prince had a stable which had not 
been cleansed for thirty years, ten 
thousand oxen having been kept in 
it during this entire period. Hercu- 
les having undertaken to cleanse the 
stable, accomplished the task in a 
single day, by causing the rivers Al- 
pheus and Peneus to flow through it. 
Hence, Augean, very filthy. Politi- 
cians sometimes call a corrupt ad- 
ministration an Augean stable, and 
each one would be glad to have an 
opportunity of signalizing himself as 
a Hercules in cleansing it. 

Argtts was a being who had a hun- 
dred eyes, and was endowed with the 
faculty of watching with a portion 
of them while he slept with the rest. 
Hence, 

Argus-eyed, very keen-sighted and 
vigilant. 

The Cornu-Copije, or Horn of Plen- 
ty, was a horn that supplied the pos- 
sessor with everything that he de- 
sired. In paintings all kinds of 
fruits are represented as pouring 
forth at the larger end of the horn. 

Ambrosia was the celestial food on 
which the gods were supposed to sub- 
sist, and to which, along with nectar, 
they were believed to owe their im- 
mortality. (Gr., ct/ufipoTos [amhrotos]. 
immortal. ) — Anthon. 

Nectar was the beverage of the 
gods. 



OF MORALS. 



1. Terms relating to the general idea 

of Morals. 

MOS, [moms'], manner or custom. 
(L.) Hence, 

Moral, 1. Pertaining to the actions 
of men as being either right or 
wrong. 

Note. — The moral quality of actions may be 
cither good or bad. 

2. Acting conformably to the rule of 
right; as, he is a moral man. 

Morals, the customary actions of a 
person in reference to right and 



wrong ; as, a man of correct morals ; 
a man of loose morals. 

Morality, 1. The practice of the 
moral duties. 2. The quality of an 
action which makes it either good or 
bad. 

H0O2 [Ethos], a custom. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Ethics, the science of morals. 

Ethic, or Ethical, pertaining to, or 
treating of the science of morals ; as, 
an ethical discourse; an ethical 
writer. 



MORALS. 



219 



The Moral Law is the law which 

prescribes our duties to God, and to 
our fellow-man. 

2. Conformity to the Moral Law, or to 
the Standard of Bight. 

VIRTUE consists in the practice 
of the moral duties, and in abstaining 
from vice. 

Honesty consists in an indisposition 
to take advantage of others in the in- 
tercourse of business. 

Uprightness is the principle that 
prompts a man to do to others in his 
dealings with them, as he would that 
they should do to him. 

Probity consists in a strict and 
conscientious regard for the rights of 
others. 

Integrity consists in a firmness of 
moral principle, which enables its 
possessor to withstand the temptation 
to do wrong when self-interest con- 
flicts with the rights of others. 

Right, as it should be, either 
physically or morally. 

A Right is a title or claim which is 
in accordance with that which is 
right. 

Righteous •, 1. In accordance with 
the standard of right ; as, a righteous 
act. 2. Governed by right principles ; 
as, a righteous man. 

Just, 1. Giving to others their 
due; as, a just man. 2. Due, or de- 
served; as, a just punishment. 

Justice is, 1. That which is due to 
every one. 2. The giving to others 
their due. 

JEquus, equal. (L.) Hence, 

Equity, the distribution of equal 
and impartial justice to all. 

Iniquity (for inequity), lit, ine- 
quality. Hence, 1. A violation of the 
principles of equal and impartial 
justice. Hence, 2. Wickedness in 
general. 

Iniquitous, lit., unequal. Hence, 
1. Unjust; as, an iniquitous de- 
cision. 2. Wicked ; as, an iniquitous 
scheme. 

Fair, affecting all parties alike. 

Partial, favoring one party at the 
exocnse of another. 



Impartial, treating all parties alike. 

3. Non- Conformity to the Moral 
Standard. 

BAD, either physically or morally 
defective; as, bad air; a bad man. 

Wrong, not right. See Art. To 
Twist. 

Sin is a want of conformity to the 
divine law. See Art. Religion. 

Wicked, sinful. See Art. Re- 
ligion. 

Naughty, disposed to be perverse, 
or to practice mischief; as, a naughty 
boy. 

Pravus, lit, crooked;^., wicked. 
(L.) Hence, 

Deprave, to make bad or worse, in 
amoral sense; as, to deprave manners, 
morals, the heart, etc. 

Depravation, 1. The act of making 
bad or worse. 2. The state of being 
made bad or worse. 

Depravity, corruption of moral 
principles. 

Corrupt, lit, rotten. Hence, ut- 
terly depraved. 

Degenerate, having, as a race of 
plants or animals, become deteriora- 
ted. Hence, fig., having become de- 
teriorated in point of moral excel- 
lence. 

Degraded, lit., removed from a 
higher to a lower round on a ladder. 
Hence, fig., brought down from a 
higher to a very low degree in the 
scale of moral excellence. See To 
Degrade. 

Base, lit, low in place. (Not used 
at present in the literal sense.) Fig., 
low in a moral sense ; as, a base fellow. 

Mean, lit, middle. Hence, fig., oc- 
cupying, at the best, but a middling 
position between the highest and the 
lowest. A mean fellow was, there- 
fore, anciently, a middling sort of 
fellow ; but modern usage has brought 
him down very near to the bottom 
of the scale. 

Vilis, cheap, or low-priced. (L.) 
Hence, 

Vile, morally cheap, or held in low 
estimation by the good; as, a vile 
man. 



220 



MORALS. 



Vilify, and Revile, to attempt to 
cheapen a good man's character by 
means of abusive language. 

Abandoned, wholly given up to vice 
and wickedness. See To Abandon. 

Turpis, base. (L.) Hence, 

Turpitude, baseness of words or 
actions. 

A Knave, who was, originally, a 
boy, is, at present, a dishonest man. 
(Ger., knabe, a boy.) 

A Rascal was formerly a servant, 
as in Wickliffe's translation of the 
Bible: "I, Paul, a rascal of Jesus 
Christ." At present, a rascal is a 
trickish, dishonest fellow. 

A Villain, in the feudal ages, was 
an humble but honest man who held 
lands by a servile tenure. At present, 
a villain is a man who is extremely 
depraved and capable of great crimes. 
(L., villa, a village.) 

A Rogue is one who cheats or de- 
frauds in dealing. 

A Scoundrel is, 1. A consummate 
villain. 2. A man without honor or 
virtue. 

Go, if your precious but ignoble blood 
Has crept through scoundrels ever since the flood. 

Pope. 

A Scamp is a great rascal. 

A Scape-Gallows is one who has 
narrowly escaped the gallows for his 
crimes. 

A Fault is, properly, something 
done amiss through error or mistake. 
(L.,fallo, to fail or err.) 

Note. — Fault implies wrong, and often some 
degree of criminality. — Webster. 

Culpa, a fault. (L.) Hence, 

Culpable, deserving of blame. 

Inculpate, to blame or censure. 

Exculpate, to clear by words from 
a charge or imputation of guilt, (ex, 
out of. ) 

A Crime is the violation of a law. 

Criminal, 1. Guilty of a crime. 2. 
That violates a law; as, a criminal 
act. 3. Relating to crimes; as, a 
criminal code. X Civil. 

A Criminal is a person who has 
violated a law. 

To Criminate is to charge with a 
crime. 



To Recriminate is to criminate in 
return. 

To Accuse is to charge with a crime 
before a tribunal. 

To Excuse is to pardon or overlook 
a fault. 

To Acquit is to release from a 
charge or suspicion. A jury acquits 
a prisoner. We acquit a person of 
evil intentions. 

To Offend is to transgress or vio- 
late ; as, to offend against the laws. 
(L., ob, against; &ndfendo \_fensum~], 
to hit or strike.) 

An Offense is the transgression of 
a law. 

A Misdemeanor, in law, is an 
offense less atrocious than a crime. 
(Mis, ill; and demean, to behave 
one's-self.) 

A Felony is any crime that is 
punishable with death. 

A Felon is a person who is guilty 
of felony. 

A Peccadillo is a slight crime. 
(Span., dim. of peccado, from the L. 
peccatum, sin.) 

Guilt is the state of a moral agent 
which results from the commission 
of crime. 

Heinous (pron. nanus), properly, 
hateful or odious ; hence, aggravated 
or enormous ; as, a heinous crime. 
(Fr., haine, hatred.) 

Atrocious, horribly wicked ; as, an 
atrocious crime. 

Atrocity, horrible wickedness; as, 
the atrocity of a crime. 

Flagitious, 1. Grossly and shame- 
fully wicked ; as, a flagitious action. 
2. Guilty of enormous and shameful 
crimes ; as, a flagitious person. 

Nefarious, wicked in the extreme. 
(Too wicked to be uttered. Ne, not ; 
and fari, to utter.) 

An Outrage is an act of injurious 
violence. 

A Culprit is, 1. A person arraigned 
in court for a crime. 2. A criminal. 

Note. — The term culprit is supposed to be 
formed from cul, for culpable, and prit, ready ; 
certain abbreviations used by clerks in noting 
the arraignment of criminals ; the prisoner is 
guilty, and the king is ready to prove him so. — 
Blacicstone. 



MORALS. 



221 



A Convict is one who has been 
convicted or found guilty of a crime. 

A Prisoner is one who is held 
in legal custody, either under the 
charge of having committed a crime, 
or in consequence of having been 
found guilty. 

An Accomplice is a partner in 
crime. 

To Abet is to encourage, aid, or 
countenance in the commission of 
crime. 

An Abettor is one who aids or en- 
courages another to commit a crime. 

A Principal is the absolute per- 
petrator of a crime. 

An Accessory to an offense is one 
who is not the chief actor, or present 
at its performance, but is concerned 
therein either before or after the fact. 
Brande. 

Innocent, not guilty. (L., in, not; 
and nocens, doing harm.) 

Harm, 1. Physical injury. 2. Moral 
wrong. 

Mischief, something done amiss 
either in a physical or moral sense. 
(Mis } wrong ; and the root of the Fr. 
achever, to do.) 

Bad, 1. Physically defective. 2. 
Morally depraved. 

Ill, contrary to good, physical or 
moral. 

Evil, 1. Having bad qualities of a 
natural kind. Some evil beast hath 
devoured him. — Gen. xxxvii. 2. Un- 
happy; as, evil tidings; evil days. 
3. Having bad qualities of a moral 
kind ; as, evil thoughts ; evil deeds. 

Natural Evil is anything which 
produces pain, distress, loss, or ca- 
lamity, or which in any way disturbs 
the peace, impairs the happiness, or 
destroys the perfection of natural 
beings. — Webster. 

Moral Evil is any deviation of a 
moral agent from the rules of conduct 
prescribed to him by God, or by legi- 
timate human authority. — Webster. 

4. Specific Crimes. 
MURDER is the killing of a per- 
son with malice prepense, or afore- 
thought. 



Manslaughter is the unlawful 
killing of another without malice, ex- 
pressed or implied. 

To Steal is to take, secretly and 
unlawfully, the goods of another. 

Theft is the crime of stealing. 

A Thief is one who is guilty of the 
crime of stealing. 

To Thieve is to practice theft. 

Larceny is the legal designation 
of theft. 

Grand Larceny is the crime of 
stealing an article or articles exceed- 
ing in value an amount specified by 
the law. 

Petty Larceny is the crime of steal- 
ing a thing, the value of which falls 
below a certain specified amount. 

To Purloin is to take by theft. 

To Pilfer is to practice petty 
theft. 

To Filch is to steal something of 
little value. 

To Embezzle is to appropriate, 
fraudulently, to one's own use that 
which is intrusted to one's care. 
Dishonest officers sometimes embezzle 
the public funds. 

To Peculate is to defraud the 
public by embezzlement. 

Plagiarism is the purloining of 
another's writings. 

A Plagiary, or Plagiarist, is one 
who purloins the Avritings of another. 

To Poach, in England, is to steal 
game. 

To Rob is to deprive another of his 
property by illegal force, or by put- 
ting him in fear. 

To Pillage is to strip of money or 
goods by open violence. Troops pil- 
lage the camp or the towns of an 
enemy. 

Note. — Robber?/ may be committed by a single 
individual, whereas pillaging is usually the act of 
bands or numbers. — Webster. 

To Plunder is to take by pillage 
or open force. 

Booty is that which is obtained by 
plundering. 

Pr,eda, booty. (L.) Hence, 

Predaceous, subsisting by plunder ; 
as, predaceous animals. 

Predatory, characterized by plun- 
dering ; as, a predatory band. 



222 



MORALS. 



A Highwayman is one who robs on 
the public road, or who lurks in the 
highway for the purpose of robbing. 

A Footpad is a highwayman who 
robs on foot. 

A Bandit is properly an outlaw or 
banished person. Hence, A robber. 
(Plu., bandits, or banditti.) 

A Pirate is a robber on the high 
seas. 

Piracy is the crime of robbing on 
the high seas. 

The Buccaneers were a set of 
piratical adventurers, chiefly English 
and French, who infested the West 
Indies and the coast of South America 
during the 17th and 18th centuries. 

Fillibuster was originally a desig- 
nation applied to the buccaneers. In 
recent usage the term Jillibusters is 
applied to bodies of armed men who 
unlawfully invade the territory of a 
friendly power for the purpose of 
revolutionizing the government. 

Smuggling is the offense of secretly 
importing and exporting goods with- 
out the payment of the duties to 
which they are subject. 

Arson is the malicious burning of 
a dwelling-house or out-house of an- 
other man. (L., ardeo [arsum~\, to 
burn. ) 

Treason is the crime of levying 
war against the government of one's 
country, or of adhering to its ene- 
mies. 

5. Duty. 

OUGHT was formerly used as the 
past tense and past participle of owe. 

"The love and duty I long have 
ought you." — Spelman. 

" That followed, sir, which to my- 
self I ought. — Dry den. 

Note. — Ought is, at present, used both in the 
present and past tenses, and signifies to be held, 
as it were, by the obligation of a debt. 

Duties are debts of moral obliga- 
tion which we owe to others. (Fr., 
du, participle of devoir, to owe.) See 
Art., Debt. 

Delinquent, failing in the perform- 
ance of duty. (L., delinquo {delic- 
tum}^ to leave undone.) 



A Delinquent is one who fails to 
perform his duty. 

Delinquency is, 1. Failure or ne- u 
gleet in the performance of duty. 2. 
A crime. 

A Monitor is one who warns of 
faults or informs of duty. (L., mo- 
neo [monitum], to remind.) 

A Monition is a reminding of 
duty. 

To Admonish is, 1. To notify of a 
fault. 2. To reprove mildly. 3. To 
counsel against wrong practices, (ad. 
to, and moneo, to call the attention.) 

Admonition is, 1. Giving the re- 
proof. 2. A warning against evil 
practices. 

6. Accountability. 

An ACCOUNT is, 1. A statement 
and summing up of debts and credits. 
Hence, 2. A balancing of debts and 
credits on the score of the duties 
which we owe to a superior. 

Accountable, liable to be called to 
an account in regard to the manner 
in which one has performed some 
duty. 

A Reckoning is, literally, a casting 
up of accounts in common business. 
Figuratively, a summing up of the 
items on the debt and credit sides of 
a moral score. 

Answerable or Responsible, liable 
to answer for the manner in which 
duties have been performed. (L., re- 
spondeo [responsum], to answer.) 

Amenable, liable to be called to an 
account. Every man is amenable to 
the laws. (Fr., a, to, and mener, to 
lead.) 

7. Desert. 

To DESERVE is to be entitled to 
by virtue of one's actions or moral 
qualities ; as, to deserve praise or cen- 
sure; to deserve reward or punish- 
ment. (L. , deservio, earn by service. ) 

Deserf is that which gives a right 
to reward, or which renders liable to 
punishment. 

To Merit is to deserve, either in a 
favorable or in an ill sense. The dil- 
igent and orderly pupil merits the 



MORALS. 



223 



praise of his teacher. Every sin mer- 
its God's displeasure. 

Merit is goodness or excellence 
which entitles to commendation or 
reward. 

Meritorious, well-deserving. 

8. Reward. 

A REWARD is, 1. An equivalent 
return for good done, for kindness, 
for services, etc. The laborer is 
worthy of his reward. — 1 Tim., v. 2. 
A just return of evil or suffering for 
wickedness. " Only with thine eyes 
shalt thou behold and see the reward 
of the wicked." 

A Recompense is, 1. An equivalent 
returned for anything given, done, or 
suffered; as a recompense for services, 
for damages, for loss, etc. 2. A re- 
turn of evil or suffering. See Art., 
Weight. 

To Compensate is to make amends, 
or to supply an equivalent; as, to 
compensate a person for loss, suffer- 
ing, or services. 

• To Requite is, 1. To repay either 
good or evil. " I will also requite 
you this kindness." — 2 Sam., ii. "Jo- 
seph will certainly requite us all the 
evil which we did to him." — Gen., i. 

To Retaliate is to return like for 
like. Generally used in a bad sense ; 
that is, to return evil for evil ; as, to 
retaliate injuries. (L., re, back, and 
talis, like.) 

Tit-for-tat is the retaliation of in- 
juries. 

To Remunerate is to pay an equiv- 
alent for service, loss, or expense. 
(L., re, back, and munus, a gift.) 

Retribution is, lit., a giving back. 
Hence, a return either of good or 
evil. (L., re, back, and tribuo, to 
give. ) 

Retributive or Retributory, reward- 
ing for good deeds and punishing for 
offenses; as, retributive justice. 

9. Punishment. 

To PUNISH is to afflict with pain, 
loss, or calamity, for a crime or fault. 

To Chastise is to inflict pain by 
stripes or otherwise, for the purpose 



of punishing an offender and recall- 
ing him to his duty. Parents chastise 
their children. 

To Chasten is to correct or free 
from faults by means of punishment, 
God chastens his faithful people to 
cleanse them from their transgres- 
sions. — Q-abbe. (L., castigo, com- 
pounded of castus, pure ; and ago, to 
make.) 

To Castigate is, 1. To punish by 
stripes. 2. To rebuke severely. 

Pcena, pain, or punishment, (L.) 
Hence, 

Penal, 1. Enacting punishment : 
as, a penal statute. 2. Inflicting 
punishment. 
Adamantine chains a.ndpena.1 fire. — Milton. 

3. Subject to, or incurring punish- 
ment ; as, a penal act. 

Penalty, the suffering in person or 
property which is annexed by law or 
judicial decision to the commission 
of a crime, offense, or trespass, as a 
punishment. 2. The suffering to which 
aperson subjects himself by covenant 
or agreement in case of the non-ful- 
fillment of his stipulations. — Webster. 

10. Specific Punishments and Instru- 
ments of Punishment. 

A ROD is a long twig of a woody 
plant sometimes used as an instru- 
ment of punishment. 

A Whip is an instrument for driv- 
ing horses or other teams, consisting 
of a lash tied to a handle or rod. 

To Whip is to strike with a whip. 

A Lash is the thong or braided 
cord of a whip. 

To Lash is to strike with a lash or 
anything pliant. 

A Scourge is, 1. A lash consisting 
of a strap or cord. 2. A punishment. 
Famine and plague are sent a| 
scourges for amendment. — Esdras. 

To Scourge is, 1. To whip severely. 
2. To afflict for sins or faults, and 
with the purpose of correction 
Whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth 
and scourgeth every one whom he re 
ceiveth. — Heb. xii. 

To Flagellate is to whip ct 



224 



MORALS. 



scourge. (L., flagellum, a whip, I 
scourge, or flail.) 

To Flog is to beat with a rod or 
whip. 

The Cat-of-nine-tails, or Cat-o'- 
nine-tails, is an instrument of pun- 
ishment, consisting of nine pieces of 
line or cord fastened to a piece of 
thick rope, and having three knots at 
intervals, used to flog offenders on 
board of ships. — Webster. 

The Knout is an instrument of 
punishment, in Russia, consisting of 
a strap of leather about half an inch 
wide, with which stripes are inflicted 
on the bare back. — Webster. 

A Ferule is a little wooden pallet 
or slice, used to punish children in 
school by striking them on the palm 
of the hand. — Webster. 

To Bastinade, or To Bastinado, is 
to beat with a stick or cudgel. 

A Bastinado is a sound beating 
with a stick or cudgel. 

Note. — This name is given to a punishment, in 
use among the Turks, of beating an offender on 
the soles of his feet. — Webster. 

To Drub is to beat with a stick. 

To Trounce is to beat severely. 

The Stocks are a machine consist- 
ing of two pieces of timber, in which 
the legs of criminals are confined by 
way of punishment. — Webster. 

A Pillory is a frame to confine 
criminals by the neck and head. 

A Jail, or Prison, is a building in 
which criminals, and persons charged 
with crimes, are confined. 

A Penitentiary is an institution 
designed not only for the punishment, 
but also, as its name implies, for the 
reformation of criminals. 

A Fine is a sum of money paid by 
way of punishment for an offense. 

To Mulct is to impose a fine. 

An Amercement is a pecuniary 
penalty inflicted on an offender at the 
discretion or mercy of the court. 
(Fr., a, at; and merci, mercy.) 

11. Reputation. 

The CHARACTER consists in the 
aggregate of the moral qualities, by 



which an individual is distinguished. 
See To Engrave. 

Reputation is the estimate in 
which a person's character is held by 
others. (L., re, again; and puto, to 
think.) 

Repute is the opinion entertained 
by people in regard to any person, 
practice, or thing; as, a man of re- 
pute, of good repute, of no repute, of 
bad repute. 

Reputable, being in good repute. 

Disreputable, being in bad repute ; 
as, a disreputable action. 

Fame is, 1. Public report or ru- 
mor. 2. Report that exalts the char- 
acter. (G-r., <j>njut [pJiemi], to speak.) 

Famous, much talked of and 
praised. 

Renown is exalted reputation on 
account of great achievements or ac- 
complishments. (Fr., re, again; and 
nommer, to name.) 

12. Regard. 

REGARD is a feeling excited by 
estimable qualities. (Fr., regarder, 
to look at. ) 

Respect is a feeling which is ex- 
cited by a view of moral excellence. 
(L., re, again, and specio \_spectum\, 
to look.) 

Esteem is the value which we set 
upon moral worth. See Art., Value. 

To Revere is to regard with min- 
gled respect and affection. (L., re, 
and vereor, to fear. ) 

Reverence is respect mingled with 
fear. 

Reverend, worthy of reverence. 

Reverent, expressing reverence ; as 
a reverent posture in prayer. 

Reverential, mingled with rever- 
ence; as, reverential fear, a reveren- 
tial regard. 

To Venerate is to have a deep 
feeling of regard for that which we 
look upon as sacred. We venerate 
age, ancient institutions, the rites of 
religion, etc. 

Venerable, worthy of being looked 
upon with a deep feeling of regard, 
on account of age, or sacredness of 
character. 



MORALS. 



225 



To Honor is to manifest a high re- 
gard for. 

To Worship is to treat with divine 
honors. 

13. To Praise. 

To PRAISE is to speak favor- 
ably of. 

To Comment is, properly, to com- 
mit to the good opinion of others. 
(L., commendo, to commit or intrust.) 
Hence, to mention with approbation. 

To Recommend is, literally, to com- 
mend again. Hence, to press upon 
the notice, confidence, or kindness 
of others, by favorable representa- 
tions. 

Plaudo [plausum'], to clap the 
hands. (L.) Hence, 

Applaud, lit, to clap the hands at; 
as, when the spectators in a theater 
are pleased with a performer. Hence, 
to praise earnestly, (ad, at.) 

Applause, originally, a clapping 
of the hands at a performance that 
pleased the spectators. Hence, hearty 
praise. 

Plaudite, clap your hands. 

>^ote. — At the close of a performance in the 
Roman theaters, praise was solicited by one of 
the performers crying out, Plaudite! Hence, 

Plaudit, contraction of plaudite. 
Praise bestowed by clapping, stamp- 
ing, or shouting. 

Plausible, lit, that may be ap- 
plauded. Hence, apparently right ; 
as, a plausible argument, a plausible 
pretext. 

Acclamation is, lit., a crying out 
to a thing. (L., ad, to, and clamo, to 
cry.) Hence, a shout of praise. 

An Encomium is a particular ex- 
pression of praise. 

Note. — Encomiums may he bestowed either 
upon the productions of genius, or upon what- 
ever is worthy in the characters and actions of 
men. 

Eulogy is, lit, a speaking well of. 
(Gr., in [eu], well, and xayta \logia~], 
a speaking.) Hence, praise bestowed 
upon the virtues and meritorious ac- 
tions of men. 

A Eulogy is a speech or writing in 
which a person is highly commended. 



A Panegyric, among the Greeks, 
was an oration in praise of an indi- 
vidual, delivered in an assembly of 
all the people. (Gr., ttuv [pan'], all, 
and ayv^tc [agyris~\, an assembly.) 
Hence, 

Panegyric is praise bestowed on a 
person. 

A Panegyric is an encomiastic 
speech or writing. 

Laudo \laudalum~], to praise. (L.) 
Hence, 

Laud, to praise. 

Laudation, the act of praising. 

Laudable, praiseworthy. 

Laudatory, expressing praise ; as 
a laudatory speech. 

To Compliment is to bestow deli- 
cate and respectful praise suited to 
the person and the occasion. (L., 
complaceo, to please greatly.) 

To Extol is to exalt with praises. 
(L., extollo, to lift up.) 

To Puff is to bestow empty and 
unmerited praise. (From puff, to 
blow. ) 

To Flatter is to go beyond the 
truth in praising. (L., flatus, a puff 
of wind.) 

To A dulate is to praise excessively 
and servilely. 

Note. — Adulation is commonly offered to the 
great. (L., adoleo, to offer incense.) 

A Sycophant was originally an in- 
former against those who exported 
figs unlawfully from the territory of 
Attica, in Greece. (Gr., o-vhu [sycos], 
a fig, and qxtva \/phaino~], to discover.) 
Hence, 1. A talebearer. 2. A mean 
flatterer of the great. 

A Parasite is, lit, one who dines 
with others. (Gr., tt^a \jpara~\, by, 
and enoc [sz'fos], food.) Hence, I. A 
hanger-on at the tables of the great, 
where he earns his welcome by base 
and servile flattery 2. A plant that 
is not fixed in the earth by a root 
of its own, but derives its nourish- 
ment from some other plant to which 
it attaches itself. 

To Palaver a person is to treat 
him with gross flattery. (From pa- 
lave?*, idle talk, from the Spanish pa- 
labra, a word.) 



226 



MORALS. 



To Blarney is to treat with 
smooth and deceitful flattery. 

To Cajole is to deceive by flat- 
tery. 

To Fawn is, lit, to show attach- 
ment by frisking about one. A dog 
fawns on his master. Hence, to 
court favor by mean and servile 
flattery. 

To Blandish is to flatter by kind 
words or affectionate actions. 

14. To Find Fault 

To BLAME is to charge as guilty 
of a fault. 

To Censure is to express one's 
disapprobation of something that has 
been done by another. 

Censorious, addicted to censure. 

To Condemn is to pronounce an 
act to be wrong. 

To Keprove is to tell a person of 
his faults with a view of inducing 
amendment. 

To Twit is to remind ill-naturedly 
of faults. 

Esop minds men of their errors without twit- 
ting them with what is amiss. — L'Estrange. 

To Reproach is to charge with a 
fault in severe terms. 

To Upbraid is, 1. To reprove with 
severity. 2. To assail with bitter re- 
proaches. 

To Reprehend is to censure mod- 
erately. 

Eeprehension is moderate censure. 

To Rebuke is to reprove. 

A Reprimand is a severe rebuke 
administered by a superior to an in- 
ferior. 

To Chide is, 1. To reprimand with 
asperity. 2. To scold. 3. To quarrel. 

To Scold is to find fault with rude 
clamor. 

To Rail is to utter reproaches. 

To Carp is to censure ill-naturedly. 
(L., carpo, to pluck or tear.) 

Captious, disposed to find fault. 
(L., capto, to catch at.) 

To Reprobate is to disapprove with 
marks of extreme dislike. 

A Satire is a composition, com- 
monly in poetry, in which vice or 
folly is exposed with severity. 



Satire is keenness and severity of 
remark. 

Irony is disguised satire in which 
a person seems to praise that which 
he means to condemn. 

Sarcasm is bitter and personal 
satire. (Gr., <nf.px.x£a> [sarcazo\ to tear 
the flesh.) 

A Lampoon is a personal satire in 
writing. 

A Pasquinade is a short piece of 
personal satire. 

To Inveigh is to utter censorious 
and bitter language against any one. 
(L., in, against; and velw, to carry.) 
Hence, 

Invective, severe censure. 

Obloquy is reproachful language. 
(L., ob, against; and loquor, to speak.) 

The Philippics are certain orations 
delivered by Demosthenes to excite 
the Athenians against Philip, king 
of Macedon. Hence, the word phil- 
ippic is used to denote any discourse 
full of acrimonious invective. 



15. Abusive Language. 

To REVILE is to treat with op- 
probrious language, (re and vile.) 

Scurrility consists in low, vul- 
gar, and abusive language, such as is 
used by buffoons and jesters. (L., 
scurra, a buffoon. ) 

A Blackguard is one who uses 
scurrilous language. (For blackard, 
a fellow of the black kind.) 

Contumely consists in insolent 
and contemptuous language or ac- 
tions. (L., con, and tumeo to swelL 
" Contumely is the insolent swelling 
of an unworthy person against merit 
in distress." — Crabbe.) 



16. To Speak-ill of Falsely. 

To SLANDER is to speak ill of 
falsely and knowingly. 

Calumny is a false accusation of a 
crime or offense, made knowingly 
and maliciously. 

To Asperse is, lit, to sprinkle 
upon. Hence, To bespatter the moral 
character of another with foul re- 



RELIGION. 



227 



ports. (L., ad, upon; and spargo 
[sparsuni], to sprinkle. ) 

To Detract is, lit. , to take away from. 
Hence, to take away from the sum total 
of the good qualities in another. (L., 
de, away ; and traho [tractum], to take. ) 

To Defame is to say something 
falsely to the prejudice of the fair 
fame of another, (de, from.) 

To Traduce is willfully to misrepre- 
sent. (L., trans, over; and duco, to 
lead ; that is, to transpose facts and 
circumstances.) 

To Vilify is to attempt to de- 
grade by slander. (L., vilis, mean; 
and facto, to make.) 

To Revile is to treat with oppro- 
brious and contemptuous language. 

To Malign is falsely and malig- 
nantly to speak ill of another. 

To Vituperate is to censure or 
denounce with great severity 

17. Disgrace. 

DISGRACE is the disesteem con- 
sequent upon ill-doing, (dis, priva- 
tive; and grace, favor.) 

Ignominy is public disgrace. (L., 
in, privative ; and nomen, honor.) 

Ignominious, very disgraceful; as, 
ignominious conduct; ignominious 
punishments. 



Opprobrium is reproach mingled 
with contempt or disdain. 

Opprobrious, 1. Reproachful and 
contemptuous; as, opprobrious lan- 
guage. 2. Deserving reproach and 
contempt; as, opprobrious conduct. 

Infamy is deep disgrace incurred 
by great crimes. (L., in, privative ; 
and fama, fame. ) 

Infamous, 1. Having a reputation 
of the worst kind; as, an infamous 
liar. 2. That renders a person in- 
famous; as, an infamous vice. 

Scandal is, 1. Something uttered 
which is false, and injurious to the 
reputation. 2. Shame or disgrace. 
(Gr., o-x.a.vS'dLxov [scandalon], a stum- 
bling block. The term scandal was 
figuratively applied to the unworthy 
conduct of a church member, be- 
cause such conduct was a cause of 
stumbling to others. But such con- 
duct being a shame to the person 
guilty of it, the term scandal came, 
in process of time, to be used in the 
sense of shame or disgrace.) 

A Stigma is a mark of infamy. 
(Gr., a-rtyjuu [stigma'], a brand-mark 
made with a hot iron.) 

To Stigmatize is to mark or brand 
with infamy. 



OF RELIGION. 



1. Sundry Terms. 

RELIGION consists in a system 
of belief, observances, and duties, 
which have God as their object, and 
are in accordance with his will. 

A Religion is any system of belief 
and observances that have reference 
either to the true God or to false 
deities. 

Note. — Cicero derives the term from religere, 
to reconsider. According to this etymology, 
religion is the careful study of things pertaining 
to the worship of God. 

Servius derives the term from religare, to hind 
fast. According to this etymology, religion is 
something that binds the mind, and produces in 
it a fixed principle. 

Superstition is, 1. False religion. 
2. Groundless notions in regard to 



the agency of spirits, or a belief in 
omens and prognostics. — Webster. 

Note. — Siqierstition is derived from the Latin 
saperstes, a survivor ; from super, over ; and sto, 
to stand or remain. " Cicero says that the term 
refers to those persons who were accustomed to 
pray that their children might survive them." 

" One of the Christian fathers ascribes the 
peculiar meaning of the term to the fact that 
the children who outlived their parents, were 
accustomed to pray to their departed spirits, 
thinking of, and acting toward them, as if they 
were a sort of lesser deities." 

Bigotry is a blind and obstinate 
attachment to a particular creed. 

EN0OTJIA2TH2 [EnTHOUSIASTES], 

one who is inspired, or under a di- 
vine influence, (iv [en], in ; and Qto; 
[Theos], God.) Hence, 

Enthusiast, 1. One who imagines 



228 



RELIGION. 



that he has supernatural converse 
with God, or receives special com- 
munications from him. Hence, 2. 
One whose mind is highly excited by 
the love, or in the pursuit, of some 
object. 

A Fanatic is one who indulges in 
wild and extravagant notions in re- 
ligion, or in regard to questions re- 
lating to morals. 

Note. — The term fanatici was applied an- 
ciently to a set of prophetic priests who per- 
formed the sacrifices in a wild and extravagant 
manner. — Brande. (L., fanum, a temple ; the 
fana or temples having been the places where 
the extravagances of these priests were prac- 
ticed.) 

Pious, 1. Reverencing and honor- 
ing the Supreme Being in heart, and 
in the practice of the duties he has 
enjoined. 2. Careful of the duties 
due to parents. 

Piety is, 1. Discharge of duty to 
God. 2. Duty to parents. 

A Vow is, 1. A solemn promise 
made to God. 2. Any solemn pro- 
mise ; as, vows of unchangeable love 
and fidelity. 

To Devote is, 1, and properly, To 
appropriate by a religious vow. 
Hence, 2. To give wholly up ; as, to 
devote one's-self to study; to devote 
one's-self to pleasure; to devote one's- 
self to religion. 

Devout, 1. Devoted to religion. 
Simeon was a just man and devout. 
2. Having a solemn and reverential 
frame of mind when engaged in 
prayer or other religious exercises. 

Devotion is, 1. The state of being 
solemnly set apart for a particular 
purpose. 2. External worship. 3. 
Attachment manifested by constant 
attention. 

A Devotee is, 1. One who is wholly 
devoted ; particularly, one who is 
wholly given to religion. 2. One who 
is superstitiously given to religious 
duties and ceremonies. 

2. Holy. 

HOLY, 1. Free from sin. 2. De- 
voted or set apart to the purposes of 
religion. 

Holy of Holies, the innermost 
chamber of the tabernacle, and, in 



after times, of the temple, among 
the Jews, in which was kept the ark 
of the covenant, and which was re- 
garded as the especial residence of, 
the Most High. See Ex. xxvi, 33 ; 
and Heb. ix. 

To Hallow is, 1. To make holy. 
2. To treat as holy; as, to hallow 
the Sabbath. 3. To honor as sacred. 

Hallowed be thy name. — Lord's Prayer. 

Sanctus, holy. (L.) Hence, 

Sanctity, holiness. 

Saint, a holy person. 

Sanctify, to make holy. 

Sanctimony, an appearance of 
sanctity. 

Sanctimonious, having an appear- 
ance of sanctity. 

THE Sanctuary, the Jewish Holy 
of Holies. 

A Sanctuary, 1. Any holy place, 
as a church. 2. A place of refuge. 

Note. — This last meaning of the word sanctuary 
originated in the circumstance that holy places, 
that is, temples and churches, have been used as 
places of refuge to which criminals might retreat, 
and be secure from the vengeance of those whom 
they had injured. 

Sanctum Sanctorum, the Holy of 
Holies. 

3. Sacred, 

SACRED, pertaining to or con- 
nected with religion. From 

Sacer, sacred. (L.) Hence, 

Sacrifice, a sacred rite consisting 
in an offering made to God upon an 
altar. (L., facio, to perform.) See 
Art. Worship. 

Sacr amentum, the military oath 
taken by every Roman soldier, by 
which he swore to obey his com- 
mander, and not desert his standard. 
Hence, 

Sacrament. See Art. Worship. 

Sacrilege, the crime of violating 
sacred things. (L., lego, to steal; 
the stealing of the sacred utensils of 
a church or temple being one species 
of sacrilege.) 

Sacrista?i, an officer who has 
the charge of the sacred utensils of 
a church. (Corrupted into Sexton.) 

Consecrate, to devote to a sacred use. 

Desecrate, to divest of a sacred 
character, (de, from.) 



RELIGION. 



2-9 



Execrate, primarily, to exclude 
from the privilege of a participation 
in sacred rites, etc. Hence, the signi- 
fication, To curse, {ex, from or out.) 

Note. — In its primary sense, "To execrate" 
is synonymous with " To excommunicate." 

Profane, destitute of the attributes 
of sacredness. (L., pro, before; and 
fanum, the temple.) 

Note. — The profani were persons who, from 
not being duly purified, were not permitted to 
enter the temples, but were obliged to stand 
without during the performance of the rites of 
worship. 

e iEP02 [Hiebos], sacred. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Hierarchy, 1. Dominion or govern- 
ment in sacred things. 2. The va- 
rious orders of the Christian minis- 
try, considered collectively, in those 
churches where subordination of 
rank among the clergy exists. 3. 
The celestial Mevarcliy comprehends 
the various ranks and orders of an- 
gels. (Gr., a^x* [arche], government.) 

Hierarch, one who rules or has 
authority in sacred things. 

Hieroglyphics, the sacred writing 
of the ancient Egyptians. 

Note. — According to Champollion, the Egyp- 
tian hieroglyphics consisted of three different 
kinds of characters : 1, The hieroglyphics, prop- 
erly so called, in which the object is represented 
by a picture. 2. Symbolical, in which an idea is 
expressed by some visible object which repre- 
sents it, as adoration by a censer containing in- 
cense. 3. Phonetic characters, in which the 
sign represented, not a visible object, but a 
sound. — Brando. {y\\j--rm [glypio], to carve, be- 
cause the specimens of hieroglyphical writing 
from which we have obtained our knowledge of 
the art, consist mainly of characters sculptured 
on monuments.) 

4. Of Sin. 

SIN consists either in the doing 
of things that are contrary to the 
divine law, or in neglecting to do 
things which that law enjoins. 

Wicked, 1. Contrary to the divine 
law; as, a wicked deed. 2. Not act- 
ing conformably to divine law; as, 
a wicked person. 3. Grossly immoral. 

Transgression is the act of passing 
beyond any law or rule of moral 
duty. (L., trans, beyond; and gradior 
[gressum], to go.) 

To Trespass is, lit, to pass beyond. 
Hence, primarily, To pass over the 



boundary of another man's land. 
Hence, in a religious sense, To trans- 
gress any divine law or command. 
(Norman Fr., tres, beyond; and pas- 
ser, to pass.) 

Pecco \_peccatum~], to sin. Hence. 

Peccant, sinning; as, peccant an- 
gels. — Milton. 

Impeccable, not liable to sin. 

5. Of Repentance. 

To REPENT is, 1. To feel pain, 
sorrow, or regret for something done 
or spoken. 2. To feel sorrow for 
sin, with a purpose of amendment. 
(L., pcena, pain.) 

Repentance is, 1. Sorrow for any- 
thing done or said. 2. Sorrow for 
sin, accompanied with a purpose of 
amendment. 

Penitent, feeling sorrow, with a 
purpose of amendment. 

Penitence, or Penitency, sorrow on 
account of sin, with a purpose of 
amendment. 

Penitential, proceeding from, or 
expressing sorrow for sin; as, peni- 
tential tears. 

Contrite, broken by sorrow for sin ; 
as, a contrite heart. (L., contero [con* 
triiuin], to break or bruise small.) 

Contrition is a sorrow for sin, 
founded on the love of God. 

Kemorse is a keen pain or anguish 
excited by a sense of guilt. (L., re, 
again ; and mordeo, to gnaw. ) 

Compunction is the pricking or 
sting of conscience, proceeding from 
a conviction of having violated a 
moral duty. (L., con, and pungo, 
[punctum] to prick.) 

Compunctious, pricking the con- 
science. 

Let no compunctions visitings of nature 
Shake my fell purpose. — Shaks. 

To Own is to assent to the truth 
of a charge that is made against us. 

To Acknowledge is to own under 
the influence of a consciousness of 
guilt. I acknowledge my transgres- 
sions, and my sin is ever before me. 
Ps. li. 

To Confess is to own under the 
influence of a feeling of penitence. 



230 



RELIGION. 



6. Of Pardon. 

To FORGIVE is to give up one's 
claim on another for satisfaction on 
account of a debt or offense, {for, 
up.) 

To Pardon is to give up one's 
claim for satisfaction on account of 
an offense. (Fr.,^>ar, up; and donner, 
to give.) 

Note. — When God forgives or pardons, lie does 
so in consequence of satisfaction rendered to the 
violated law, but not by the offender. 

To Remit is, lit., to send away. 
(L., re, away; and mitto [missum], to 
send.) Hence, 

To Remit a penalty is to forbear to 
exact it, and, as it were, to send it 
away. 

The Remission of sins is an ellip- 
tical expression for the remission, or 
non-in fiction, of the punishment due 
to the sins. 

To Absolve is to loosen or set free, 
as from an obligation or liability. 
(L., ab, from; and solvo [solutum], to 
untie.) Hence, 

Absolution is, lit, a loosening or 
setting free. Hence, 1. In the civil 
law, a sentence of the judge declaring 
the accused person innocent. 2. In 
the canon law, a remission of sins 
pronounced by a priest in favor of a 
penitent. 

7. Atonement. 

To ATONE (compounded of at and 
one) primarily signifies to reconcile 
parties who were at variance, and to 
cause them to be at one with each 
other. According to the present 
usage of the term, to atone is to make 
satisfaction for an offense by which 
reconciliation is procured between the 
offended and the offending parties. 

To Expiate is to make satisfaction 
for; as, to expiate a crime. (L., ex 
and pio, to atone for by pious observ- 
ances.) 

Expiation is the act of atoning for 
guilt. 

Expiatory, having the power to 
make atonement or expiation; as, an 
expiatory sacrifice. 

Propitious, 1. Favorable or kind. 



2. Disposed to be gracious or merci- 
ful. 

To Propitiate is to appease one of- 
fended, and render him favorable. 

Propitiation is, 1. The act of ap- 
peasing or rendering favorable. 2. The 
atoning sacrifice which procures the 
divine favor to guilty man. 

8. To Bless. 

To BLESS is, 1. To make happy by 
bestowing good. 

Note. — To bless, in the sense of to make 
happy, is an act of the Deity. 

2. To pray for a blessing on any one. 
And Isaac called Jacob and blessed 
him. — Gen. xxviii. 3. To make and 
pronounce holy. — And God blessed 
the seventh day and sanctified it. — 
Gen. ii. 4. To consecrate by prayer. 
And Jesus took the five loaves and the 
two fishes, and, looking up to heaven, 
he blessed them. — Luke ix. 5. To 
bless God is to thank him from our 
inmost heart for benefits received. — 
Bless the Lord, 0, my soul ; and all 
that is within me, bless his holy 
name. — Ps. ciii. 

A Benediction is a prayer invoking 
the divine blessing on any person or 
thing. (L., bene, well; and dico [dic- 
tum"], to speak.) 

9. To Curse. 

To CURSE is, 1. To pray for mis- 
chief or injury to fall upon. 2. To 
harass or torment with great calami- 
ties. 

A Malediction is a curse invoked 
or pronounced. (L., male, ill; and 
dico [dictum], to speak.) 

To Imprecate is to pray that a curse 
or calamity may fall upon one's-self or 
upon another person. (L., in, against; 
and precor [precatum], to pray.) 

To Execrate is to curse with a feel- 
ing of utter detestation or abhorrence. 
See Sacred. 

10. Systems of Religion. 
MOHAMMEDANISM is a re- 
ligious system established by Moham- 
med, who was born at Mecca, in 
Arabia, in the year 571. 



RELIGION. 



231 



A Mussulman (plural, Mussul- 
mans,) is a Mohammedan. 

Islam is the religion of Mohammed, 
and also the whole body of those who 
profess it throughout the world. — 
Brande. 

Islamism, the true faith, according 
to the Mohammedans. 

The Koran, or Alkoran, is the 
book containing the Mohammedan 
doctrines of faith and practice. 

A Fakir, or Dervise, is a Moham- 
medan monk or hermit. 

Brahminism, or Hindooism, is a sys- 
tem of religion which prevails in 
Hindoostan. 

Note 1. — Brahm, the highest divinity of the 
Hindoos, is said to have given birth, simultane- 
ously, to Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva; and to have 
allotted to the first the province of creating ; to 
the second, that of preserving ; and, to the 
third, that of destroying. — Brande. 

Note 2. — Beside the foregoing, the Hindoos 
believe in many inferior deities. 

A Shaster is a book among the 
Hindoos, containing the dogmas of 
their religion. 

Suttee is the religious rite of the 
burning of a widow upon the funeral 
pile of her husband, as practiced 
among the Hindoos. 

The Grand Lama is a Tartar 
prince who resides at Lassa, in 
Thibet, and is worshiped by certain 
tribes of the Tartars as a god. When 
he dies he is supposed to pass to an- 
other body in which to be born again; 
and the new Lama can only be dis- 
covered by a certain favored class 
among the priests. — Brande. 

Buddhism is the religion of China, 
Japan, and of India beyond the Gan- 
ges. The founder of this religion was 
an Indian prince, to whom the title 
of Buddha, or " The Sage," is assigned 
by his worshipers. The Buddhists 
hold that the human soul is an ema- 
nation from Deity ; that, after death, 
it will again be bound to matter, and 
subjected to the miseries and accidents 
of this life, unless the individual to 
whom it belongs, by the attainment 
of wisdom through prayer and con- 
templation, succeeds in liberating it 
from that necessity, and secures its 



absorption into the divine essence 
from which it sprang. — Brande. 

Fetichism (fet'ishism), is the wor- 
ship of inanimate objects among the 
negroes of Africa. 

A Fetich (fee'tish) is a stone, tree, 
weapon, vessel, or any other inani- 
mate object, worshiped by the negroes 
of Africa. 

Idolatry is the worship of images 
as gods. (G., iJ'oxov [eidolon], an im- 
age; and x*Tgsi* [latreia], worship.) 

Sabiaxism was the worship of the 
sun, moon, and stars. 

Paganism is the worship of false 
gods. (L., pagani, the inhabitants 
of villages, from pagus, a village.) 

Note. — After Christianity had been introduced 
into towns and cities, the inhabitants of the vil- 
lages continued tor some time to adhere to their 
idolatrous practices. Hence, the term pagan, a 
villager, came to signify an idolater. 

Heathenism includes all religious 
systems that do not recognize the true 
God. 

Theism is a belief in the existence 
of a God. (Gr., ©**? [Theos], God.) 

Deism acknowledges the existence 
of a God, but denies revelation. (L., 
Deus, God.) 

Atheism denies the existence of a 
God. (Gr., \jt\ a, privative, and ©aoc 
[Theos], God.) 

Polytheism, a belief in the exist- 
ence of many gods. (Gr., srofcwc 
[polys], many.) 

Pantheism, the doctrine that the 
universe is God. (Gr., 7r*v [pan], 
all.) 

THE Gospel is, lit, the good news 
of the coming of the Messiah. Hence, 
the Christian religion. 

A Gospel is a history of the life, 
doctrines, death, resurrection and 
ascension of our Savior. 

Evangelic, or Evangelical, in ac- 
cordance with the gospel. (Gr., 
tustyyixtov [euangelion], good news.) 

To Evangelize is to convert to the 
faith of the gospel. 

An Evangelist is, 1. A writer of the 
history of our Savior. 2. A preacher 
or publisher of the gospel of Jesus 
Christ, licensed to preach, but not 
having charge of a particular church. 



232 



RELIGION. 



Judaism is the religion of the 
Jews. 

11. Religious Belief. 

A FAITH is a s^ystem of religious 
belief; as, the Christian faith. 

A Creed is a formula of religious 
belief; as, the Apostles' Creed (L., 
credo, I believe.) 

Orthodox, sound in the Christian 
faith. (Gi\, cp&og [orthos], right; and 
&o%& \_doxa], an opinion.) 

Orthodoxy, soundness of faith. 

Heterodox, holding opinions con- 
trary to the faith and doctrines of 
the true church. (Gr., sts/jos [heteros], 
other; and Jof* \doxa~], an opinion.) 

Heterodoxy, the holding of a doc- 
trine or opinion contrary to the doc- 
trines of the Scriptures, or contrary 
to those of an established church. 

Heresy is the holding fundamental 
error in religion. (Gr., hipris [haire- 
sis~], a choice.) 

A Heretic is one who holds reli- 
gious opinions that are fundamentally 
erroneous. 

A Proselyte is a convert to any 
religious faith. (Gr., 7rpo; [pros'], to; 
and nWTico [elyteo~\, to come.) 

An Apostate is, 1. One who after 
having professed, renounces the 
Christian faith. The Emperor Julian, 
after having made a profession of 
Christianity, again returned to idol- 
atry, and lias hence been surnamed 
the Apostate. (Gr., cltto \_apo~], from; 
and 'ur.rnju.i \_histemi~], to stand.) 

A Renegade, or Renegado, is one 
who denies again the faith which he 
has once professed. (L., re, again; 
and nego, to deny.) 

An Infidel is one who rejects 
Christianity. {Literally, an unbe- 
liever, from in, not; and fides, faith.) 

Infidelity is a rejection of Chris- 
tianity. 

A Dogma is a doctrinal notion, 
particularly in matters of faith and 
philosophy ; as, the dogmas of the 
church ; the dogmas of Plato. — Web- 
ster. (Gr., Jcma \_dokeo~], to think.) 

A Tenet is any religious or philo- 
sophical principle or doctrine which 



a person holds as true. (L., teneo, to 
hold.) 

A Doctrine is any principle that 
is taught by an instructor in religion 
or philosophy. (L., doceo, to teach.) 



12. Of Worship. 
WORSHIP (for worthship) is, lit, 
the condition of being worthy. Hence, 

1. Respect paid to worth. Hence, 

2. Homage paid to God, and consist- 
ing in outward observances. 

Adoration is the service of the 
heart paid to the Supreme Being. 
(L., ad, to; and oro, to pray.) 

A Rite is a religious ceremony or 
observance. 

A Ritual is a book containing the 
rites to be observed, or the manner 
of performing divine service in a 
particular church or communion. 

A Litany is a solemn form of sup- 
plication used in religious worship. 
(Gr., Mravivoo \_litaneuo~], to pray.) 

A Liturgy is the entire ritual for 
public worship in those churches 
which use written forms. (Gr., xtiroc 
\leitos~], public, and spyov [ergon~\, a 
work. ) 

Service is public worship. (Prom 
serve.) 

Matins are morning service in the 
Catholic Church. (Fr., matin, the 
morning.) 

Vespers are evening service in the 
Catholic Church. (L., vesper, the 
evening.) 

An Offering is anything offered to 
God, or to the service of religion. 

An Oblation is anything pre- 
sented for the service of religion, as 
tithes, first fruits, etc. (L., offero 
[oblaturn], to offer.) 

A Sacrifice is, generally, any of- 
fering made to God; but, more prop- 
erly, that of a victim upon an altar, 
accompanied by customary ceremo- 
nies and forms of prayer, with the 
idea of gratifying God, or averting 
his displeasure. — Brande. 

To Sacrifice is to consume par- 
tially, or totally, on the altar of God, 
either as an atonement for sin, or to 



RELIGION. 



233 



procure favor, or to express thank- 
fulness. — Webster. 

Note. — As the act of sacrificing involved the 
destruction of the thing sacrificed, hence, figura- 
tively, 

To Sacrifice is to destroy, surrender, or suffer 
to be lost, for the sake of obtaining something. 

To Immolate is to sacrifice by de- 
stroying the life. (L., in, and mola, 
meal, from the practice of sprink- 
ling meal and salt on the head of 
the victim.) 

An Altar was an elevated struc- 
ture, usually of stone, on which sac- 
rifices were offered. (L., alius, high.) 

Incense is, 1. The odors of spices 
and gums burnt in religious rites. 
2. The materials burnt for making 
perfumes. (L., incendo [incensuni], 
to burn.) 

A Censer is a vase or pan in 
which incense is burned. 

A Sacrament is an outward or 
visible ordinance or sign instituted 
by Christ, and representing an in- 
ward or invisible grace. 

Note. — The Catholic Church holds to seven 
sacraments, namely: — baptism, confirmation, the 
eacharisl, penance, extreme unction, holy orders, 
and matrimony. The Protestants hold that 
there are only two sacraments, namely: — bap- 
tism and the Lord's Supper. 

Baptism is the rite of initiation 
into the visible church of Christ by 
the use of water. 

Sponsors, in some Christian com- 
munions, are persons who, at the bap- 
tism of infants, profess the Christian 
faith in their name, and guarantee 
their religious education. (L., spon- 
cleo [sponsum], to promise.) — Brande. 

A Godfather is a man who becomes 
sponsor for a child at baptism. 

A Godmother is a female sponsor. 

A Godchild is one for whom a per- 
son becomes sponsor at baptism. 

Confirmation is the rite of laying 
on of hands, in which one who has 
been baptized takes upon himself the 
vows made for him by his sponsors. 

The Eucharist, or Lord's Supper, 
in Protestant Churches, is the solemn 
ceremony of commemorating the 
death of the Saviour in the use of 
bread and wine as emblems of his 
flesh and blood. 



The Eucharist, in the Catholic 
Church, is held to be the body and 
blood of Christ under the appearance 
of bread and wine. (Gt., wxtptma) 
[eucharisteo~\, to give thanks.) 

The Communion is the sacrament 
of the Lord's Supper. (From com- 
mune, to take part with others ; from 
L. communis, common.) 

The Mass, in the Catholic Church, 
is the consecration and oblation of 
the host. — Murdoch. 

The Host, in the communion 
service of the Catholic Church is the 
element of bread transubstantiated, 
as the Catholics hold, into the body 
and blood of Jesus Christ. (L., 
hostia, a victim or sacrifice. ) 

Penance, as a sacrament, consists, on 
the part of the penitent, in contrition, 
confession, and satisfaction ; and on 
the part of the priest, in absolution. 

Extreme Unction is the rite of 
anointing, with consecrated oil, the five 
senses of the sick in danger of death. 

Chrism is an ointment made of oil 
of olives and balsam, blessed by the 
bishop. (Gr.j x? ur f JM \chrisma~], an 
anointing. ) 

Consecration is the act or cere- 
mony of separating from a common 
to a sacred use, or of devoting a per- 
son or thing to the service and wor- 
ship of God. 

13. The Church. 

The VISIBLE CHURCH compre- 
hends the entire body of true believ- 
ers throughout the world. — Brande. 

The Invisible Church compre- 
hends, in addition to these, the spirits 
of the just made perfect. — Brande. 

A Church is, 1. A denominational 
body of Christians. 2. A body of 
Christians under the care of the same 
pastor. 3. A house consecrated to 
the purposes of Christian worship. 
(Gt., kvqixxov [cyriacon~\, from nv^to; 
\_cyrios~], Lord.) 

EKKAHZ1A [Ecclesia], an assembly 
of the people at Athens convoked by 
heralds. (Gr., at [ec], forth; and 
icxxico [caleo~\. to call.) Hence, 

Ecclesia, 1. An assembly of Chris- 



234 



RELIGION. 



tians, or a body of Christians in the 
habit of assembling at the same place. 
2. The general body of Christians 
throughout the world. (L.) Hence, 

Ecclesiastic, or Ecclesiastical, per- 
taining to the church; as, ecclesias- 
tical history. 

An Ecclesiastic, a person conse- 
crated to the service of the church. 

Catholic, universal. (Gr., x«w 
[cata'], including; and oaq? [liolos~], 
the whole.) 

The Holy Catholic Church, in the 
Apostles Creed, comprehends the en- 
tire body of true Christians through- 
out the world. 

Note. — The term Catholic, as it occurs else- 
where in this work, is used merely as a distin- 
guishing epithet, without reference to the ques- 
tion whether this or that body of professing 
Christians is the true Universal Church, or a 
branch of that Church. 

A Communion is a body of Chris- 
tians who have one common faith and 
discipline. (L., communis, common.) 

Excommunication is ecclesiastical 
censure by which a person is cut off 
from communion with his church. 

An Anathema is a curse or denun- 
ciation by ecclesiastical authority. 

A Canon is a law or ordinance of 
an ecclesiastical council. 

The Canon of Scripture signifies 
the authorized and received catalogue 
of the sacred books. 

Canonical Hours are stated times 
of the day set apart, more especially 
in the Catholic Church, for devotional 
purposes. 

Canonization is a ceremony in the 
Catholic Church, by which holy men 
deceased are enrolled in the catalogue 
of the saints. 

Secular, pertaining to the present 
world, and not to things spiritual or 
holy; as, secular business; secular 
power. >£ 1. Spiritual. 2. Ecclesi- 
astical. (L., sccculum, the present 
world. ) 

Secularize, to convert from spirit- 
ual appropriation to common use; 
as, to secularize church property. 

14. The Clergy. 
The CLERGY arc a body of men 



set apart to officiate in the services 
of the church. (Gr., x\>ipos [deros^, a 
lot, in allusion, as some suppose, to 
the lots by which Matthias was chosen 
by the apostles.) 

Cleric, or Clerical, pertaining to 
the clergy. 

Clerk, a writer, from the circum- 
stance that, formerly, the clergy were 
almost the only persons that could 
write. 

Benefit of Clergy, in English 
law, was the exemption of the per- 
sons of clergymen from criminal pro- 
cess before a secular judge, a privilege 
which was also accorded to all who 
could read. 

The Laity are the body of private 
members of the church, in contra- 
distinction from the clergy. (Gr., 
Aao? [laos~\, the people.) 

A Layman is a private member of 
the church. 

The Holy Orders, in those Pro- 
testant Churches which admit of 
grades in the sacred ministry, are 
three : to-wit, bishops, presbyters, 
and deacons. The Catholic Church 
admits of seven different orders ; four 
minor, which are those of door-keeper, 
exorcist, reader, and acolyth ; and 
three major, which are those of sub- 
deacon, deacon, and priest. 

To Take Orders, in the Episco- 
pal Church, is to enter the sacred 
ministry. 

A Minister is a clergyman. (L., 
■minister, a servant, because the 
clergy are persons engaged in the 
official service of the church.) 

A Pastor is a minister who has 
the charge of a congregation. (L., 
pastor, a shepherd, from pasco \_pas- 
tuni], to feed.) See To Feed. 

A Parish is a territorial precinct, 
the inhabitants of which belong to 
the same church. 

Parochial, belonging to a parish ; 
as, parochial clergy; parochial duties; 
parochial reports. 

A Parson is, 1. The priest of a 
parish. 2. Any clergyman. 

A Rector, in the Episcopal Church, 
is a clergyman who has the charge 



RELIGION. 



235 



and care of a parish. (L., rector, a 
ruler.) 

A Vicar is an ecclesiastical per- 
sonage who has the care of a parish 
in the place of a lay or collegiate 
rector. (L., vice, in the place of.) 

A Curate is one who has the cure 
(care) of souls, now generally re- 
stricted to signify the spiritual assist- 
ant of a rector or vicar. (L., cura, 
care.) 

A Curacy is the office of a curate. 

A Chaplain is, 1. The minister of 
a chapel. 2. A clergyman who be- 
longs to a ship-of-war, to a regiment 
of soldiers, or to some institution. 
3. A clergyman retained to perform 
divine service in a family. 

A Chaplaincy is the office of a 
chaplain. 

A Priest was originally one who 
officiated at the altar, and performed 
the rites of sacrifice. 

A Priest, in the Latin and Greek 
Churches, is one who is authorized to 
consecrate the host and to say mass. 

Xote. — In the Latin and Greek Churches the 
person who celebrates mass is called a priest, in 
reference to the circumstance that the oblation 
of the host is regarded as a true sacrifice. 

A Priest, in the Protestant Ejris- 
copal Church, is one who belongs to 
the intermediate order between bishop 
and deacon. (Derived from the Gr., 
nterfknepa [presbyteros], an elder, by 
the following process : Presbyteros, 
presbyter, pr ester, priester, priest.) 

Note. — In the Episcopal Church the same 
person is called indifferently a priest, or presbyter, 
eince, according to the foregoing etymology, 
priest and presbyter are the same word. 

Sacerdos [sacerdotis], a priest. (L.) 
Hence, 

Sacerdotal, priestly ; as, sacerdotal 
robes. 

Poxtlfex. a high priest, (L.) Hence, 

Pontiff, 1. A" high-priest 2. A 
title of the Pope, who is styled " Su- 
preme Pontiff." 

Pontificate, the office of a pontiff. 

Pontifical, pertaining to a high 
priest; as, pontifical authority. 

Pontificals, the dress and orna- 
ments of a high-priest or bishop. 



Eni2KOn02 [Episcopos], an over- 
seer. (Gr., from m [epi], over; and 
rxoTTiu [scopeo], to see.) Hence, 

Bishop, a spiritual overseer. 

Xote. — In the Latin. Greek, and some Protes- 
tant Churches, a bishop is a person consecrated 
for the spiritual oversight of a diocese. 

A Bishopric, or Diocese, is the dis- 
trict over which the jurisdiction of a 
bishop extends. (Gr., Jiowcrt; [dioi- 
cesis], administration.) 

An Archbishop) is a chief bishop. 

A Metropolttax is the bishop who 
presides over the other bishops of a 
province. (From metropolis, the chief 
city.) 

^uffragaxs are the inferior bishops 
of a province relatively to the arch- 
bishop. (L., suffragor, to vote.) 

Xote. — Every bishop is said to be a siiffragcn 
relatively to the archbishop of his province, 
either on account of the suffrages given by them 
in the provincial synods, or because they can not 
be consecrated without the aid of the archbishop. 
Brande. 

A Prelate is a clergyman of a 
superior order, having authority over 
the lower clergy. Bishops and arch- 
bishops are calledjyrelates. (L.,p>rcefero 
[prestation], to place before others.) 

A Primate is a prelate of superior 
dignity and authority. In England, 
the archbishop of York is entitled 
the Primate of England; the arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, Primate of all 
England. (L., primus, first.) 

Primacy is the office of a primate. 

Episcopacy is that form of ecclesi- 
astical government in which diocesan 
bishops are established as distinct and 
superior to priests or presbyters. 

An Episcopate is the office of a 
bishop. 

Episcopal, belonging to, or vested 
in, bishops; as, episcopal authority. 

An Epiiscopalian is one who ad- 
heres to the episcopal form of church 
government. 

A See is the seat of episcopal 
power. (Fr., siege, a seat.) 

A Cathedral is the principal 
church of a diocese in which is the 
throne of the bishop. (Gr., asS&^x 
[cathedra], a seat or throne.) 

A Chapter is a society or commu- 



236 



RELIGION. 



nit j of clergyman, belonging to a ca- 
thedral, or collegiate church. 

A Dean, in England, is an eccle- 
siastical dignitary in cathedral and 
collegiate churches, and the head of 
a chapter. (L., decanus, from the Gr., 
iix.% [deca~], ten, because originally 
he was set over ten canons or pre- 
bendaries. 

A Canon is a person who possesses 
a revenue allotted for the performance 
of divine service in a cathedral or 
collegiate church. 

A Prebendary is an ecclesiastic 
who receives a stipend in considera- 
tion of his officiating in a cathedral 
or collegiate church. 

A Prebend is the share of the 
estate of a cathedral or collegiate 
church received by a prebendary. (L., 
prcebenda, to be given.) 

An Ordinary, in the common and 
canon law, is an ecclesiastical judge. 

Note. — A bishop is ordinary in his own diocese. 

The Pope is the chief bishop and 
visible head of the Catholic Church. 
(Low L., papa, a father.) 

The Popedom is, 1. The spiritual 
authority of the Pope. 2. The ter- 
ritory governed by the Pope as a tem- 
poral prince. 

Papal, pertaining to the Pope. 

The Papacy is the office and dig- 
nity of the Pope. 

A Cardinal is a dignitary, in the 
Catholic church, next in rank below 
the Pope. (L., cardinalis, chief, from 
cardo, a hinge.) 

A Conclave is a meeting of the 
cardinals for the election of a Pope. 
(L., conclave, a private apartment, 
from con ; and clavis, a key. ) 

A Deacon is a person in the lowest 
degree of holy orders. (Gr., ticuiovos 
\_diaconos], a servant.) 

Note.— It is the duty of deacons to serve or 
aid the officiating priest or minister in various 
ways. 

A Presbyter is, literally, an elder 
or aged man. (Gr., 7rpi<r/2uripog [_presby- 
ieros], elder.) 

A Presbyter is one who has pastoral 
charge over a particular congregation. 



Presbytery is that form of ecclesi- 
astical polity, according to which 
there is no gradation of order in the 
church, but which vests the church 
government in a society of clerical 
and lay presbyters, or in common 
phraseology, ministers and lay elders, 
all possessed officially of equal rank 
and power. — Brande. 

A Presbytery, in the Scottish Kirk, 
is a district composed of a number 
of adjacent parishes. — Brande. 

A Congregation is a body of Chris- 
tians united under one pastor, and 
meeting for worship at the same 
house. (L., con, and grex, a flock.) 

Congregationalism is that system 
of church government which vests all 
ecclesiastical power in the assembled 
brotherhood of each local church as 
an independent body. — Murdoch. 

A Council is an assembly of prel- 
ates and other spiritual persons for the 
regulation of ecclesiastical matters. 
Such councils are either national or 
oecumenical; the latter being those 
in which the whole body of the faith- 
ful -throughout the world is repre- 
sented, and are convened for settling 
points of universal interest. — Brands. 
(Gr, cijccj/um yn [oicoumene ge], the 
inhabitable world.) 

A Synod, in some churches, is a 
council or meeting of ecclesiastics 
only; in others, of ministers and lay 
members, to consult on matters of 
religion. (Gr., <rwo<?oc \_synodos~], a 
coming together.) 

A Consistory, in the English 
Church, is a place of justice in the 
spiritual court, or the court itself; 
the court of every diocesan bishop, 
held in their cathedral churches, for 
the trial of ecclesiastical causes aris- 
ing within the diocese. The bishop's 
chancellor, or his commissary, is the 
judge. — Blackstone. 

A Consistory, in some churches, as 
the German Peformed, is the lowest 
tribunal, corresponding to the Pres- 
byterian church session; and in 
others is composed of ministers and 
elders, corresponding to a presbytery. 
Webster. 



RELIGION. 



237 



15. Of Religious Instruction. 
To Catechise is to instruct by ask- 
ing questions, receiving answers, and 
offering explanations and corrections. 

Note. — The term catechise is used cliiefly in 
reference to religious instruction. (Gr., x*t >iz£<» 
[catecheo], to instruct.) 

Catechism is a form of instruction 
by questions and answers, particu- 
larly in the principles of religion. 

Catechetical, pertaining to, or re- 
ceiving instruction by, question and 
answer, particularly in the first prin- 
ciples of religion; as catechetical in- 
struction; a catechetical class. 

A Catechist is, 1. One who in- 
structs by question and answer. 2. 
One appointed by the Church to 
give instruction in the principles of 
religion. 

Catechumens, in the early ages, 
were persons undergoing a course 
of religious instruction, with a view 
to admission into the Church. 

16. Religious Orders. 

An Eremite, or Hermit, was a per- 
son who dwelt in a desert, or unfre- 
quented place, for the purpose of 
devoting himself to prayer and reli- 
gious contemplation. (Gr., i^n/uc; [ere- 
mos], a desert.) 

An Anchoret, or Anchorite, is a 
person who has retired from the 
world for the purpose of devoting 
himself entirely to meditation and 
prayer.. (Gr., ava^a^ta \_anachoreo~], 
to withdraw.) 

Monachus, or Monk, properly sig- 
nifies one who lives a solitary life, 
and was applied, in the first instance, 
to the numerous individuals who be- 
gan, in the second and third centu- 
ries, to retire from the occupations 
of the world, and to devote them- 
selves, in the deserts of Egypt and 
•Syria, to a contemplative and reli- 
gious life. — Brande. 

A Monk, according to the later 
usage of the term, is a member of 
an association of religious persons 
who live together, and have bound 
themselves by solemn vows to observe 
certain rules. (Gr., pom \_monos~], 
alone.) 



Monastery is the general name for 
those religious houses appropriated 
to the reception and maintenance of 
monks and nuns, but especially of 
the former. (Gr., /uzvcc \_monos~\. ) 

Monastic, pertaining to monaste- 
ries, monks, and nuns ; as a monas- 
tic life. 

Monachism, a monastic life. 

Cenobites are monks living in so- 
cieties, in contradistinction from 
those who lead the solitary life of 
hermits and anchorites. (Gr., noivo? 
\_coinos~\, common, and 0tne [6/os], 
life.) 

Nuns are females devoted to a re- 
ligious life, and living in seclusion, 
after the manner of the monks. 

A Nunnery is a house in which 
nuns reside. 

An Abbot is the superior of a 
monastery for men. {Abba, father.) 

An Abbess is the governess of a 
monastery for females. 

An Abbey was a monastery under 
the superintendence of an abbot. 

A Convent is, 1. A bod} 7 of monks 
or nuns. 2. A monastery or nun- 
nery. (L., conventus, an assembly.) 

Prior, Prioress. The heads of 
certain convents of monks or nuns. 

Note. — The prior is inferior in dignity to the 
abbot. 

A Priory was a convent of which 
a prior was the superior. 

A Cloister is literally an inclosed 
place. Hence, a house inhabited by 
monks or nuns. (L., clausvs, shut.) 

A Eecluse is, 1. A person who 
lives secluded from intercourse with 
the world. 2. A class of religious 
persons who lived as hermits in sin- 
gle cells attached to a monastery. 
(L., reclusus, shut up.) — Brande. 

Note. — The monkish system originated in 
Egypt, where St. Anthony formed several asso- 
ciations of this kind, about the beginning of the 
fourth century. — Brande. 

Monks of St. Basil. The earliest 
comprehension of a number of con- 
ventual societies under one rule was 
effected by St. Basil, archbishop of 
Cesarea, in Asia Minor, about the year 
358.— Brande. 

The Benedictine Monks. In the 



238 



SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY. 



West, the first order of monks was 
founded by Benedict of Nursia. 

Note. — The original inhabitants of monas- 
teries were laymen, the spiritual duties of the 
institution being performed by the pastor of a 
neighboring village, or by one or two resident 
ecclesiastics. — Brande. 

The Order of the Augustinian 
Canons consisted of persons ordained 
or destined to the sacred profession. 
This order originated with St. Augus- 
tine, bishop of Hippo, in Africa, 
about the commencement of the fifth 
century. 

The] 

Catholic Church, professed poverty, 
chastity, and obedience, and devoted 
themselves to the promotion of the in- 
terests of the Church. (L., mendico, 
to beg.) 

A Friar is a brother or member 
of any religious order, but more ex- 
clusively applied to those of the Men- 
dicant Orders, of which the four chief 



were the Dominicans, Franciscans, 

Carmelites, and Augustinians. 

Brande. (Fi\, frere, a brother.) 

The Dominicans, or Friars of the 
Order of St. Dominic, were instituted 
at the beginning of the 13th century. 

Note. — The Dominicans were called Black 
Friars in England, and Jacobins in France, from 
the situation of the principal convent near the 
Rue St. Jacques, in Paris. 

The Order of the Franciscans was 
founded by St. Francis, of Assisi, in 
Umbria, in the year 1209. 

The Carmelites derived their name 
from Mount Carmel, in Syria, where 
the order originated. 

The Jesuits, or the Society of Je- 
sus, the most celebrated of the Roman 
religious orders, was founded, in 
1534, by Ignatius Loyola, a Spaniard, 
in connection with Francis Xavier 
and seven others, students at the uni- 
versitv of Paris. 



SCHOOLS AND SYSTEMS OF PHILOSOPHY. 



A SYSTEM, in science, morals, or 
religion, consists in a methodical clas- 
sification of the principles relating to 
the general idea which is the basis of 
the system. (Gr., <rw \syn~], together; 
and lo-r^ut [histemi~\, to place.) 

A School, in philosophy or re- 
ligion, embraces those who adopt the 
system of any particular teacher or 
leader. 

Note. — The use of the term school, in the 
foregoing sense, had its origin in the circum- 
stance that, among the ancient Greeks, when- 
ever an individual wished to promulgate a new 
system, he opened a school in v/hich be taught 
his principles, by oral lectures, to all who chose 
to attach themselves to him as discijples, or 
learners. 

ehhtepos [Exoteros], exterior. 
(Gr. ) Hence, 

Exoter'ic, public. 

Exoter'ic Doctrines, the doctrines 
which the founder of a school, or his 
successors, taught publicly. 

Exote.r'ics, lit., outsiders. Hence, 
those who listened to, and adopted 
the public doctrines of a philosoph- 



ical teacher, but were not permitted 
to listen to his private instructions. 

E2nTEP02 [Esoteros}, interior. 
(Gr.) Hence, 

Esoter'ic, private. 

Esoteric Doctrines, the private doc- 
trines of a teacher of philosophy 
among the ancient Greeks. 

Note. — Only a favored few were instructed by 
the ancient philosophers in the esoteric doctrines 
of their respective schools. 

Esoter'ics, lit, insiders. Hence, in 
the ancient schools of philosophy, 
those who enjoyed the privilege of 
listening to the private instructions 
of their master. 

The Ionic Philosophers were the 
earliest among the Greek schools of 
philosophy. The fathers of the Ionic 
school were Thales and his disciple, 
Anaximenes. Thales held that the 
first principle of natural bodies, or 
the first simple substance from which 
all things are formed, is water. 
Anaximenes taught that the first 
principle of all things is air. He 



SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY. 



239 



held the air to be God. He taught 
that all minds arc air ; and that fire, 
water, and earth, proceed from it by 
rarefaction or condensation. Her- 
acli'tus, another philosopher of the 
same school, held that "Jire is the 
ground and principle of all things. 
By this term Heraclitus understood, 
not elemental fire or flame, but a 
warm, dry vapor, which, therefore, as 
air, is not distinct from the soul or vi- 
tal energy, and which, as guiding and 
directing the mundane develojmient, 
is endowed with wisdom and intelli- 
gence." — Anthon. 

The Pythagoreans were the fol- 
lowers of Pythagoras, who was born 
atSamos, B. C, 570. 

Pythagoras conceived God to be a 
soul pervading all nature, of which 
every human soul is a portion. He 
taught the doctrine of metempsychosis, 
or the transmigration of souls ; and, 
for this reason, his followers ab- 
stained from animal food, and from 
animal sacrifices. He symbolized the 
laws of the universe by numbers. 
" The Monad (or the number One), 
denoted the active principle in na- 
ture, or God ; the Duad (or the num- 
ber Two), the passive principle, or 
matter; the Triad (or the number 
Three), the world formed by the 
union of the two former; and the 
Tetraciys (or the number Fow), the 

perfection of nature." Anthon. 

Pythagoras also taught the doctrine 
of " the music of the spheres." " He 
conceived that the celestial spheres in 
which the planets move, striking upon 
the ether through which they pass, 
must produce a sound, and that this 
sound must vary according to the di- 
versity of their magnitude, velocity, 
and relative distance. Taking it for 
granted that everything respecting 
the heavenly bodies is adjusted with 
perfect regularity, he further im- 
agined that all the circumstances 
necessary to render their sounds har- 
monious were fixed in such exact pro- 
portions, that perfect harmony was 
produced by their revolutions." — 
Anthon. 



Note.— The authority of Pythagoras among 
his disciples was such, that in every dispute 
«uto; spa, ipse dixit, ("he himself," i. e., the 
master " said so,") was a decisive and unanswer- 
able argument. Hence, the common expression, 
" the ipse dixit" of this or that individual, imply- 
ing an assertion without proof . 

The Bleatic Philosophy was a 
.system owing its origin to Xeno- 
phanes, a native of Elea, who lived 
about the year, B. C, 530. Xeno- 
phanes and his disciples confined 
their thoughts to what they conceived 
to be the only objects of real knowl- 
edge, the ideas of God, or Being, as 
it is in itself. The world of succes- 
sion and change they held to be 
utterly vain and illusory. Time, 
space, and motion they regarded as 
mere phantasms, generated by the 
deceiving senses, and incapable of 
scientific explanation. They were, 
consequently, led to distinguish be- 
tween the pure reason, the correla- 
tive of being, and, in one sense, 
identical with it, and opinion, or 
common understanding, the faculty 
which judges according to the im- 
pressions of sense. — Branch. 

Sophist, a Greek word, originally 
signifying a person of talents and 
accomplishments, (from, aoqoc wise). 
It was afterward restricted to a bad 
sense, and applied to a class of per- 
sons who arose in Greece, in the fifth 
century, B. G, and taught in the prin- 
cipal cities various arts and acquire- 
ments for hire. The leading feature 
of the sophistic doctrine was a dislike 
to everything fixed and necessary, 
in ethics as well as in philosophy. 
Prescription was represented as the 
sole source of moral distinctions, 
which must, consequently, vary with 
the character and institutions of the 
people. The useful was held to be 
the only mark by which one opinion 
could be distinguished from another. 
An absolute standard of truth is as 
absurd a notion in speculation as an 
absolute standard of morals in prac- 
tice ; that only is true which seems 
so to the individual, and just as long 
as it so seems. — Brande. 

Note 1.— From the name and character of the 



240 



SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY. 



ancient sophists have been derived the English 
terms : 

Sophistry, fallacious reasoning. 
Sophism, a fallacious argument. 
Sophisticate, 1. To pervert. 

Strong passions sophisticate the understand- 
ing. — Hooker. 

2. To corrupt with something spu- 
rious. 

They purchase but sophisticated wares. — Dryden. 
Note 2. — The first Greek who assumed the 
name of sophist was Protagoras, a native of 
Abdera, who flourished about the year 440 B. C. 
Brande. 

The Sockatic Philosophy. The 
Ionian and other earlier philosophers 
of Greece confined themselves chiefly 
to speculations on the origin and na- 
ture of things, and paid but little 
attention to the subject of man's 
moral nature. The sophists, who 
afterward sprang up, labored directly 
to confound the distinctions between 
right and wrong. Archelaus, one of 
their number, declared reason to be 
simply a power of nature, and right 
to have no other foundation than 
might. It was a desire to counter- 
act the pernicious influence of the 
teachings of the sophists that induced 
Socrates to assume the character of 
a moral philosopher. 

Note. — Socrates was born near Athens, B. C. 

4G9. 

Cynics, a sect of philosophers 
among the Greeks, so called from 
their snarling humor, and their dis- 
regard for the conventional usages 
of society; the name being derived 
from xvm \cyon~\, a dog. — Brande. 

Note 1. — This sect is not so much to bo re- 
garded as a school of philosophers, as an institu- 
tion of manners. It was formed rather for tho 
purpose of providing a remedy for the moral 
disorders of luxury, ambition, and avarice, than 
with a view to establish any new theory of 
speculative opinions. — Anthon. 

Note 2. — The sect of the cynics was founded 
by Antisthenes, a disciple of Socrates. The 
most famous individual of this sect was Diogenes, 
a cotemporary of Alexander. 

Cynic, or Cynical, morosely austere, 
like the ancient cynics. 

Platonism was the doctrines of 
Plato and his followers. Plato be- 
lieved God to be an infinitely wise, 
just, and powerful spirit, and that 
he formed the visible universe out 



of preexistent amorphous matter, 
according to perfect patterns, or 
ideas, preexistent in his own mind. 
Philosophy he considered as being a 
knowledge of the true nature of 
things, as discoverable in those eter- 
nal ideas after which all things were 
fashioned. In other words, it is in 
the knowledge of what is eternal, ex- 
ists necessarily, and is unchangeable ; 
and, of course, it is not obtained 
through the senses; neither is it the 
product of the understanding, which 
concerns itself only with the vari- 
able and transitory; nor is it the re- 
sult of experience and observation. 
But it is the product of our reason, 
which, as partaking of the Divine 
nature, has innate ideas resembling 
the eternal ideas of God. By con- 
templating these innate ideas, reason- 
ing about them, and comparing them 
with their copies in the visible uni- 
verse, reason can attain that true 
knowledge of things which is called 
philosophy. — Murdoch. 

Academics, a name given to a series 
of philosophers who taught in the 
Athenian Academy, the scene of Pla- 
to's discourses. They are commonly 
divided into three sects, which go 
under the names of the Old, the Mid- 
dle, and the New Academy. — Brande. 

The Stoics were a celebrated sect 
of antiquity, so called from the stoa, 
or porch, in Athens, which was the 
scene of the discourses of their 
founder, Zeno of Citium. (B. C, 
360.) — Brande. 

According to the Stoics, the uni- 
verse, though one whole, contains 
two principles, distinct from ele- 
ments, one passive and the other ac- 
tive. The passive principle is pure 
matter without qualities; the active 
principle is reason, or God. All hu- 
man souls have originally proceeded 
from, and will at last turn into, the 
Divine nature. To live according to 
nature is virtue, and virtue is, in it- 
self, happiness. Wisdom consists in 
distinguishing good from evil. Good 
is that which produces happiness ac- 
cording:, to the nature of a rational 



THE MIND. 



241 



being. "Since those things only are 
truly good which are becoming and 
virtuous; and virtue, which is seated 
in the mind, is alone sufficient for 
happiness; external things contribute 
nothing toward happiness, and, there- 
fore, are not in themselves good. 
Pain, which does not belong to the 
mind, is no evil. The wise man will 
be happy in the midst of torture. 
All external things are indifferent, 
since they can not affect the happi- 
ness of man. Every virtue is a con- 
formity to nature, and every vice is 
a deviation from it. — Anthon. 

Stoic, or Stoical, manifesting indif- 
ference to pleasure or pain. 

The Epicureans were the follow- 
ers of the tenets of Epicurus, who 
lived from B. C, 337, to B. C, 270, 
and taught during the latter half of 
his life at Athens. The name of 
Epicurean has become the general 
designation of all those who, either 
theoretically, make pleasure the chief 
end of life or the standard of all 
virtue. Truth is, with him, not an 
object worth pursuing for its own 
sake, but only so far as it contrib- 
utes to the peace of mind of its pos- 



sessor. Sensation, according to Epi- 
curus, consists in the influx of ex 
tremely fine films, which are perpet- 
ually, as it were, sloughed off from 
external objects, and find their way 
through the organs of sense to the 
soul. The gods of the Epicureans 
are beings sprung, like men, from the 
concourse of atoms, and differing from 
them only in their superior blessed- 
ness and tranquillity, shown in their 
entire aloofness from the care and 
government of the world. — Brande. 

Epicure, a lover of good eating. 

The Pekipatetics were that school 
of ancient philosophers which de- 
rived its origin from Aristotle. The 
name was given from the Greek per- 
ipatoi, or walks in the Lyceum, the 
scene of Aristotle's instruction. 

Aristotle divides the whole circle 
of human knowledge into three great 
provinces: Metaphysics, or the Phi- 
losophia Prima, (First Philosophy,) 
including as its instrument, logic ; 
physics, or the second philosophy; 
and, thirdly, ethics or the science 
which treats of the conduct and du- 
ties of man, regarded both as an in- 
dividual and a citizen. — Brande. 



THE M I J^T D . 



1. General Terms. 

MENS [men iis], the mind. (L.) 
Hence, 

Mental, pertaining to the mind. 

Dement, to deprive of mind, (de, 
privative. ) 

<£PHN [Phren], the mind. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Phrenology, the science of the 
human mind, as connected with the 
organs of the brain, on which the 
different mental faculties are sup- 
posed to depend. (Gr., ^oyog [logos], 
a discourse.) 

Phrensy, violent madness. 

Phrenitis, an inflammation of the 
brain, the disease deriving its name 
from the circumstance of its being 
16 



accompanied with a disordered state 
of the mental faculties. 

2. Of Ideas. 

An IDEA is an impression re- 
maining on the mind after the cause 
which produced the impression has 
ceased to act. (Gr., «<T«* [eidea~], a 
visible form ; from uSm [eideo~], to 
see.) 

Note. — In popnlar use, the term idea signifies 
notion, conception, thought, opinion, and pur- 
pose. 

Ideal, 1. Existing in idea; as, ideal 
excellence. 2. Existing only in idea ; 
as, ideal good. 

Idealism is a philosophical theory 
that makes everything to consist in 



242 



THE MIND. 



ideas, and denies the existence of 
material bodies. 

To Perceive is to take into the 
mind through the medium of the 
senses. (L., per, through ; and capio, 
to take.) 

Perception is the act of taking 
into the mind through the medium 
of the senses. 

3. Imagination. 

To IMAGINE is to form ideas or 
representations in the mind by modi- 
fying conceptions. — Stewart. (From 
image. ) 

Imagination is the will working 
on the materials of memory; not 
satisfied with following the order 
prescribed by nature, or suggested 
by accident, it selects the parts of dif- 
ferent conceptions, or objects of mem- 
ory, to form a whole more pleasing, 
more terrible, or more awful, than 
has ever been presented in the ordi- 
nary course of nature. — Ed. Ency. 

Imaginary, existing only in imag- 
ination. X Real. 

Imaginative, full of imagination. 
Witches are imaginative, and believe 
oft-times they do that which they do 

not 4. Fancy. 

FANCY is the faculty by which 
the mind forms images or representa- 
tions of things at pleasure. It is 
often used synonymously with imag- 
ination ; but imagination is rather 
the power of modifying and combin- 
ing our conceptions. — Stewart. 

A Fancy is, 1. An opinion or no- 
tion. I have always had a fancy that 
learning might be made a play and 
recreation to children. — Locke. 2. 
Taste or conception. The little chapel 
called the Salutation is very neat, 
and built with a pretty fancy. — Addi- 
son. 3. Inclination or liking ; as, this 
suits his fancy. 4. Caprice or whim ; 
as, a strange fancy. (Gr., maw 
\_phaino~], to appear.) 

Fanciful, 1. Guided by the imag- 
ination rather than by reason and 
experience. A fanciful man forms 
visionary projects. 2. Dictated by 



the imagination ; hence, wild or 
visionary ; as, a fanciful scheme. 

Phantasy, and Fantasy, are ancient 
forms of the word fancy. 

Fantastic, 1, Existing only in im- 
agination. 2. Whimsical ; as, fan- 
tastic minds. 

The Chimera, in fabulous history, 
was a monster vomiting flames, with 
the head of a lion, the body of a goat, 
and the tail of a dragon. Hence, 

A Chimera is a vain or idle fancy. 

Chimerical, 1. Merely imaginary ; 
as, chimerical existences. 2. Wildly 
extravagant ; as, a chimerical scheme. 

5. To Understand. 

< To UNDERSTAND is, 1. To have 
just and adequate ideas of; as, to 
understand a problem. 2. To re- 
ceive the ideas intended to be con- 
veyed by a speaker or writer, or by 
signs. 

Intelligo \intellectum~], to under- 
stand. (L. ) Hence, 

Intelligent, 1. Endowed with un- 
derstanding. Man is an intelligent 
being. 2. Well-informed; as, he is 
an intelligent man. 

Intelligence, 1. Understanding. 2. 
Information communicated in regard 
to things distant or unknown. 3. An 
intelligent being. Spirits and the 
rational creatures that inhabit the 
various worlds are intelligences. 

Intellect, the faculty of thinking. 

Intellectual, pertaining to the mind. 

To Apprehend is to take hold of 
with the understanding. (L., ad, upon ; 
and prehendo \jprehensum~], to seize.) 

To Comprehend is to grasp with 
the understanding. (L., con, fully ; 
and prehendo, to seize.) 

Plain, easy to be understood. (L., 
planus, level.) 

To Explain is, lit, To free a sur- 
face from inequalities. Hence, To 
remove the difficulties that are in 
the way of the ready understanding 
of a subject. 

Clear, transparent to the eye of 
the understanding. 

Obscure, too much in the shade to 
be plainly discerned by the mental 



THE MIND. 



243 



eye. (L., obscurns, imperfectly illu- 
minated.) 

Intricate, lit, entangled by many 
convolutions. (L., in, and trices, the 
small hairs that are used to ensnare 
birds.) Hence, Jig., Difficult to be 
unraveled by the understanding. 

Intricacy is the condition of being 
entangled, either in the lit or fig. 
sense. 

To Perplex is, lit, to cause a 
thread to pass irregularly through its 
own convolutions. (L., per, through; 
and plecto, to knit.) Hence, to dis- 
tress the mind with a sense of its 
inability to disentangle a difficult 
subject. 

To Puzzle is to cause to make 
unsuccessful attempts to comprehend 
a difficult subject. 

A Puzzle is something that is hard 
to be understood. 

A Mystery is, 1. A profound 
secret. 2. Something unintelligible. 

A Riddle is a puzzling question 
proposed for solution by conjecture. 
Example : What creature is that 
which is four-footed in the morning, 
two-footed at noon, and three-footed 
in the evening ? Answer : The crea- 
ture is man, because in infancy he 
creeps, in middle age he walks up- 
right, and in old age he uses a cane. 

An Exigma is, 1. A riddle. 2. A 
saying in which some hidden mean- 
ing is designedly concealed under ob- 
scure language. (Gr., cuvitto/uoh [ain- 
ittomai], to hint.) 

6. To Render Intelligible. 

To EXPOUND is to set forth the 
meaning; as, to expound the Scrip- 
tures. (L., ex, forth; and pono [posi- 
tum], to set.) 

An Expositor is one who sets forth 
the meaning of an author. 

An Exposition is a setting forth of 
the meaning of an author. 

To Interpret is, 1. To explain the 
meaning of words to a person who 
does not understand them; as, to in- 
terpret French to an Englishman. 
2 To unfold the meaning of prophe- 
cies, dreams, etc. 3. To explain 



something that is not understood ; as, 
to interpret signs, looks, etc. 

To Elucidate is to bring forth into 
the light, in nfig. sense. We shall, 
in order to elucidate this matter, sub- 
join the following experiment. — 
Boyle. (L., e, forth; and lux, the 
light.) 

To Illustrate is to cast light upon 
in a jig. sense; as, to illustrate a prin- 
ciple by an example, (in, upon ; and 
lustro, to cast light.) 

A Note is an explanatory remark 
written in the margin of a book. 

To Comment is to write notes on an 
author for the purpose of explaining 
or illustrating particular passages. 

A Commentary is a book of com- 
ments. 

Exege'sis is the science of inter- 
pretation, especially of the scriptures. 

An Exegesis is an exposition. (Gr., 
egvy&puu [exegeomai], to explain.) 

7. To Think. 

To THINK is to revolve ideas in 
the mind. 

Thought is the act of thinking. 

A Thought is any particular idea 
existing in the mind. 

Cogito [cogiiatum], to agitate in 
the mind. (L., from con, together; 
and agito, to shake.) Hence, 

Cogitation, 1. The act of thinking. 
2. Thought directed to an object. 

Excogitate, to find out by thinking. 
(ex, out.) 

To Coxtemplate is to fix the atten- 
tion on some object that is present 
either to the bodily or to the mental 
eye. (L., contemplor [contemplation], 
to gaze upon.) 

To Meditate is, 1. To dwell on 
anything in thought. The ways of 
Providence are fit subjects for medi- 
tation. 2. To plan by revolving in 
the mind ; as, to meditate mischief. 

To Muse is to think in silence on 
any occurrence or circumstance that 
excites an interest in our minds. 

To Coxsdder is to think on with 
care. (L., consideo, to sit by.) 

To Poxder is, lit, to weigh. Hence, 
to weigh, as it were, in the mind; 



244 



THE MIND. 



that is, to consider. Mary kept all 
these things and pondered them in 
her mind. — Luke it Ponder the 
paths of thy feet. — Prov. iv. 

To Deliberate is to balance in the 
mind the reasons for and against the 
doing of a proposed act. (L., libra, 
a balance.) 

To Reflect is, 1. To turn the 
thoughts back upon the past opera- 
tions of the mind, or upon past 
events. We reflect on our past follies. 
2. To consider attentively ; as, to re- 
flect on a subject. (L., re, back; 
andflecto, to bend.) 

A Reverie, or Revert, is a loose 
or irregular train of thought. (Fr., 
river, to dream.) 

To Conceive is, 1. To form in the 
mind. They conceive mischief and 
bring forth vanity. — Job. xv. 2. To 
comprehend. We cannot conceive 
the manner in which spirit operates 
upon matter. 3. To think, or form 
ideas. Conceive of things clearly 
and distinctly. — Watts. (L., con, to- 
gether ; and capio [captum], to take 
or put.) 

Conception is, 1. The act of form- 
ing in the mind; as, the conception of 
a design. 2. The idea formed by the 
mind of an absent object. 3. A gen- 
eral idea representing a class of ob- 
jects; as, the conception of a house. 

A Notion is an ill-defined, and, fre- 
quently, an ill-founded conception or 
idea. 

An Opinion is the judgment which 
the mind forms of any proposition, 
statement, theory, or event, the truth 
or falsehood of which is supported by 
a degree of evidence that renders it 
probable, but does not produce ab- 
solute knowledge or certainty. — 
Webster. (L., opinor, to regard as 
probable or true.) 

Sentio, [sensum], 1. To feel. 2. To 
feel with the mind ; that is, to think. 
(L.) Hence, 

Sentiment, 1. A quiet feeling which 
has its seat in the soul. Gratitude, 
esteem, veneration, etc., are senti- 
ments. 2. A decision of the mind 
formed by deliberation or reasoning ; 



as to entertain sentiments ; to express 
one's sentiments. 

Sense, 1. The power of perceiving 
by means of the bodily organs. 

2. The power of perceiving intellectu- 
ally ; as, common sense ; sound sense. 

3. Meaning; as, the sense of a word 
or phrase. 

Sentence, an assemblage of words 
forming complete sense. 

For other derivatives from sentio, 
see Art. Sensation. 

To Speculate is, lit, to view. 
Hence, to view mentally in different 
aspects and relations; as, to speculate 
on political events ; to speculate on 
the cause of a phenomenon. (L., 
"or, to view.) 



8. Of Comparison. 
m To COMPARE is to bring things 
side by side, either locally or men- 
tally, and to examine them in order 
to ascertain their agreement or disa- 
greement. 

To Distinguish is, 1. To perceive 
a difference between two or more 
things. 2. To indicate a difference 
by some mark. (L., dis, separately; 
and stinguo, \stinctum~], to mark by 
pricking.) 

To Discriminate is, 1. To observe 
the difference between. 2. To make 
a difference between. (L., discrimen, 
a difference.) 

9. To Judge. 

To JUDGE is to compare facts or 
ideas, and perceive their agreement 
or disagreement. 

THE Judgment is the faculty of the 
mind by which man is enabled to 
compare ideas. 

A Judgment is an act of judging. 

Note. — Judge is, primarily, a legal term de- 
rived from the Latin judico, which is com- 
pounded of jus, the law, and dico, to pronounce. 

10. Beason. 

REASON is a faculty whose office 
is to distinguish the true from the 
false, right from wrong, and to com- 
bine means for the attainment of par- 
ticular ends. — D. Stewart. 

THE Reason. In the human mind 






THE MIND. 



245 



there are certain necessary and uni- 
versal principles, which, shining with 
the intrinsic light of evidence, are 
themselves above proof, but the au- 
thority for all mediate and contingent 
principles. That which is thus above 
reasoning is THE Reason. — Brande. 

THE Reason- is the faculty by 
which the mind comprehends its own 
operations. — Hickok. 

A Reason is, 1. That which is 
thought or alleged, as the ground or 
cause of opinion, conclusion, or de- 
termination. 2. A cause. 

Ratio, reason. (L.) Hence. 

Rational, 1. Endowed with reason; 
as, man is a rational being. 2. Agree- 
able to reason ; as, a rational con- 
clusion ; rational conduct. 

Rationality, 1. The power of rea- 
soning. 2. Reasonableness. 

Rationalism, a system of opinions 
deduced from reason, as distinct from 
inspiration, or opposed to it. 

Absurd, opposed to manifest truth. 
That a part is equal to the whole, 
is an absurd proposition. 

11. Of Propositions. 

A PROPOSITION is a sentence in 
which something is affirmed or de- 
nied. (L., propono \_propositum~], to 
lay down, or state.) 

To Predicate is to affirm one thing 
of another. (L., prce, concerning, 
and dico, to say.) 

The Subject of a proposition, is 
that of which something is affirmed 
or denied. 

The Predicate of a proposition is 
that which is affirmed or denied of 
the subject. 

The Attribute is the property 
which is declared to belong, or not to 
belong to the subject. 

The Copula is some form of the 
verb to be, used to connect the attri- 
bute with the subject. 

Note 1. — In the sentences, snow is white; gold 
is a metal ; snow and gold are the subjects ; is 
mriUe, and is a metal, are the predicates; white 
A id metal are the attributes ; and is is the copula. 

Note 2. — In the sentence, birds fly, the predi- 
cate fly, may be resolved into are flying, where 
flying is the attribute, a.nd are is tha copula. 



12. To Reason. 

To REASON is to pursue a train 
of thought, by which, commencing 
with obvious and acknowledged 
truths, and advancing by successive 
steps, we become assured ourselves, 
or are able to convince others of 
truths which are less obvious. 

Logic is the science and the art of 
reasoning. 

To Argue is to express a train of 
reasoning in words for the conviction 
of others. 

To Prove is to establish the truth 
of a proposition. 

Proof is, 1. The establishment of 
the truth of a proposition. 2. The 
means by which the truth of a pro- 
position is established. 

A Syllogism is an argument stated 
in due form. (Gr., <rvi \syn\, to- 
gether, and xoyoc [logos], a discourse.) 

Note. — Every syllogism consists of three pro- 
positions ; the first and second of which are 
called the premises, and the third, the conclusion. 

The Premises are the propositions 
on which the argument is based. 
(L., prce, beforehand, and mitto [nris- 
suni], to lay down.) 

The Conclusion is the proposition 
or truth established by the argument, 
thus called because it closes the ar- 
gument. (L., concludo, to close.) 

Examples of Syllogisms. 

1. Whatever discovers marks of design must 
have had an intelligent author: the world dis- 
covers marks of design ; therefore the world 
must have had an intelligent author. 

2. All tyrants deserve death ; Cassar was a ty- 
rant, therefore he deserved death. 

Note. — In the second example, "he deserved 
death," is the conclusion : "All tyrants deserve 
death," is the major premise ; and " Ca?sar was a 
tyrant," is the minor premise. 

An Enthymeme is a syllogism, in 
which one of the premises is sup- 
pressed, and is to be supplied in the 
mind. Example: "The world dis- 
covers marks of design, and it must, 
therefore, have had an intelligent au- 
thor." Here the major premises: 
"Whatever discovers marks of de- 
sign must have had an intelligent au- 
thor," is suppressed. (Gr., ev [en], 
in, and fr/pos [thymos], the mind.) 



246 



THE MIND. 



A Fallacy is a deceptive argument. 
(It., f alio, to deceive.) 

A. Sophism is a specious but falla- 
cious argument. (From Sophist. See 
Art. Schools of Philosophy.) 

To Quibble is to evade the point 
in question by artifice. 

To Cavil is to advance futile objec- 
tions, or to frame sophisms for the 
sake of victory in an argument. — 
Webster. 

To Confute is to prove to be falla- 
cious; as, to confute an argument. 
(L., con, against; and futo, to argue.) 

To Refute is to prove to be erro- 
neous or false; as, to refute a doc- 
trine ; to refute a charge. 

To Rebut is to oppose by argu- 
ment or countervailing proof. 

Ref'ragable, that maybe refuted. 
(L., re, again; and frango, to break.) 

Irrefragable, that cannot be re- 
futed; as, an irrefragable argument. 

To Dispute is to contend in argu- 
ment. (L., dis, differently ; and puto, 
to think.) 

To Debate is to maintain a cause 
by argument in opposition to others. 
(Fr., de, concerning; and battre, to 
beat or fight ) 

To Controvert is to deny and at- 
tempt to disprove by argument (L., 
contra, against; and verto, to turn.) 

A Controversy is an agitation of 
contrary opinions. 

To Oppugn is to attack by argu- 
ment ; as, to oppugn a false doctrine. 
(L., ob, against; and pugno, to fight) 

To Convince is to cause to perceive 
the truth or the falsehood of a doc- 
trine or proposition. (L.,convinco [con- 
viction'], to overcome in argument.) 

Conviction is, 1. The act of con- 
vincing. 2. The state of being con- 
vinced; and, hence, a strong belief on 
the ground of satisfactory evidence. 

To Moot is to argue or plead on a 
supposed case, as law students some- 
times do by way of exercise. 

Polemic, or Polemical, contro- 
versial ; as, a polemic discourse ; po- 
lemic divinity. (Gr., 7ro\i/uis [pole- 
mos~], war.) 

A Polem ic Society is a debating club. 



Polemics is a designation given to 
controversial theology. 

13. To Know. 

To KNOW is to have a clear and 
certain perception of a truth or fact. 

Knowledge is a clear and certain 
perception of a truth or fact 

Wise, properly, having knowledge. 
Hence, 1. Having the power of 
discerning and judging correctly. 
2. Discreet and judicious in the use 
or application of knowledge. (Ger., 
wissen, to know.) 

Wisdom is, 1. Learning, or a 
knowledge of the arts and sciences. 
Moses was learned in all the wisdom 
of the Egyptians. — Acts viz. 2. The 
right use or exercise of knowledge. — 
Webster. 

Scio, to know. (L.) Hence, 

Science, knowledge reduced to sys- 
tem. 

Scientific, pertaining, to systematic 
knowledge. 

Sciolist, one who knows many 
things superficially. 

Sciolism, superficial knowledge. 

Omniscient, knowing all things. 
God is omniscient. (L., omnis, all.) 

Omniscience, a knowledge of all 
things. 

Prescient, foreknowing. (pro3, be- 
forehand.) 

Prescience, foreknowledge. 

Conscious, 1. Endowed with the 
power of knowing one's own thoughts 
and actions. Matter is not conscious. 
2. Knowing by consciousness; as, to 
be conscious of one's own innocence 
{con, within one's-self.) 

Conscience, the faculty by which a 
person becomes conscious to himself 
of right and wrong. 

Conscientious, influenced by con- 
science. 

Nosco [iioiuni], to know. (L.) 
Hence, 

JSTota, a mark by which something 
may be known. (L.) Hence, 

Note, 1. A short remark in the 
margin of a book. 2. A short writ- 
ing to assist the memory. 

To Note, lit., to mark as worthy of 



THE MIND. 



247 



particular attention. Hence, to ob- 
serve with particular care. 

Notation, the act of signifying any- 
thing by marks or characters. 

Denote, to indicate by marks. 

Annotation, a note explanatory of 
the sense of an author. 

Notable, 1. Worthy of being noted. 
2. Well known; as, a notable pris- 
oner. — Matt, xxvii. 

A Notable, a person of note or dis- 
tinction. 

Notary, one who publicly attests 
(or notes) documents or writings, 
chiefly in mercantile matters, to make 
them authentic in a foreign country ; 
protests foreign bills of exchange, and 
the like. — Brande. 

Notify, 1. To make known; as, to 
notify a fact to a person. 2. To give 
notice to. (L.,facio, to make.) 

Notification, the act of giving no- 
tice. 

Notion, a mental apprehension of 
whatever may be known. 

Notorious, publicly known; as, a 
notorious villain; a notorious fact. 

Notoriety, the state of being pub- 
licly or generally known. 

Notice, 1. Observation by the eye, 
or other senses, for the gaining of 
knowledge. 2. Knowledge given or 
received in relation to any event, fact, 
or circumstance. 

Cogxizaxt, having knowledge of; 
as, to be cognizant of a fact, [con 
and nosco.) 

Cognizance, judicial notice or 
knowledge; that is, the hearing, try- 
ing, and determining of a cause or 
action in court. 

Cognition, knowledge from per- 
sonal observation or experience. 

Recognize, lit., to know again. 
Hence, To recollect that we have 
known a person before, {re, again.) 

Recognition, the act of recogniz- 
ing. 

Coxxoitre, to know. (Fr.) Hence, 

Reconnoiter, lit, to know again. 
Hence, to inspect or survey carefully; 
as, to reconnoiter an enemy's camp. 

Reconnoissance, lit,, a knowing 
a^ain. Hence, a careful survey. 



Gnosis, knowledge. (Gr., from 
yiyvaxrx.06 [gignosco'], to know.) Hence, 

Diagnosis, the art of distinguish- 
ing (or knowing) one disease from 
another. (Sia \_dia], apart.) 

Diagnostic, the sign or symptom 
by which one disease is distinguished 
from another. 

Prognosis, the art of foretelling 
the course and event of a disease. 
{pro, beforehand.) 

Prognostic, a sign by which a future 
event may be foreknown. 

Prognosticate, 1. To foreshow (to 
give previous knowledge of) by signs. 
A clear sky at sunset prognosticates 
fair weather. 2. To foretell. 

Savoir, to know. (Fr.) Hence, 

Savant (savang'), a man of exten- 
sive and profound knowledge. 

To Smatter is to have superficial 
knowledge. 

A Smatterer is a superficial pre- 
tender to knowledge. 

Igxoro, not to know. (L., ig., for 
in. not; and noro, to know.) Hence, 

Ignorance, a want of knowledge. 

Ignoramus, 1. In law, the indorse- 
ment of a grand jury on a bill of 
indictment when there is not evi- 
dence to support the charges. 2. An 
ignorant pretender to knowledge 
(Lit., we do not knoiv.) 

To Ignore is, lit, not to know. In 
law, the grand jury are said to ignore 
a bill when they do not find the evi- 
dence such as to induce them to make 
a presentment. 

14. To Communicate Knowledge. 

To INFORM is to communicate a 
knowledge of facts. 

An Informant is one who informs 
for the benefit of others. 

An Informer is one who informs 
to the molestation of others. 

Information is the thing of which 
one is informed. 

To Teach is to communicate a 
knowledge of principles. 

Doceo, [docium], to teach. (L.) 
Hence, 

Docile, easy to be taught, from 
having both the capacity and the 



248 



THE MIND. 



disposition to learn; as, a docile 
ch'ld. The dog is a very docile 
animal. 

Doctor, a teacher. See Art. Liter- 
ary Schools. 

Doctrine, a philosophical or reli- 
gious principle taught by an instruc- 
tor or master. 

Document, a paper embodying in- 
formation. 

To Instruct is to communicate 
knowledge or skill. 

To Acquaint is, 1. To impart a 
knowledge of a person or thing. 
2. To communicate a notice to. 

Acquaintance is, 1. Knowledge of 
a person or thing. 2. A person or 
persons well known. 

To Apprize is to inform a person 
of a fact in which he has a special 
interest. 

To Publish is to cause to be pub- 
licly known. 

Publication is the act of making 
publicly known. 

A Publication is a literary work 
that has been published. 

Publicity is the state of being 
known to the community. 

To Promulgate, or To Promulge, 
is to make known by an open de- 
claration ; as, to promulgate a law ; 
to promulgate the gospel. 

15. To Acquire Knowledge. 

To LEARN is to acquire knowl- 
edge or skill. 

Disco, to learn. (L.) Hence, 

Disciple, a learner. 

Discipline, a course of instruction 
and training by which a person 'is 
enabled to learn. 

Apprendre, to learn. (Fr.) Hence, 

Apprentice, the learner* of a me- 
chanic art. 

16. To Interrogate. 

A QUESTION consists of a single 
sentence by which we express to 
another a desire for information 
which we supposed the person ad- 
dressed to be able to communicate. 



To Question is to examine by ques- 
tions. Masters question their servants, 
or parents their children, when they 
wish to ascertain the real state of any 
case. 

To Ask is to address by question. 

To Inquire is to seek for informa- 
tion by asking questions. 

To Interrogate is to examine by 
asking questions in an authoritative 
manner ; as, to interrogate a witness. 

Interrogation is the act of question- 
ing. 

An Interrogation is a question. 

An Interrogatory, a formal ques- 
tion. 

To Demand is to ask imperatively ; 
as, to demand of any one why he has 
done thus and thus. 

A Query is a question in relation 
to some point of doubtful speculation. 

To Catechise is, 1. To instruct by 
asking questions, receiving answers, 
and offering explanations and cor- 
rections. 2. To question closely. 

A Catechism is a form of instruc- 
tion by questions and answers. 

Catechetical, pertaining to instruc- 
tion by questions and answers. See 
Art. Religion. 

17. To Answer. 

An ANSWER is a return to a 
question. 

To Respond is to answer. 

A Response is an answer. 

To Reply is to answer. 

A Replication, in law, is the reply 
of the defendant to the plaintiff's 
plea. 

18. To Seek. 

To SEEK is to look for. 

Qu^ro \_qucesitum~], to seek. (L.) 
Hence, 

a seeking after. 
, a seeking after by inter- 
rogation. 

Request, a seeking after by peti- 
tion. 

Inquire, 1. To seek for information 
by asking questions. 2. To seek after 
truth by investigation, (in, into.) 

Inquiry, 1. The act of seeking for 



THE MIND. 



249 



information by asking questions. 2. 
A seeking - after truth. 

Inquisitive, inclined to seek for in- 
formation by asking questions. 

Inquisition, 1. Judicial inquiry. 
2. In some Catholic countries a court 
or tribunal established for the exami- 
nation and punishment of heretics. 

Inquest, an official examination or 
inquiry. 

Acquire, to gain by seeking after. 
{ad, after.) 

Acquisition, 1. The act of gaining 
by seeking after. 2. The thing gained 
by seeking after. 

Acquirements, knowledge or skill 
sought after and gained. 

Require, lit, to seek for. Hence, 

1. To exact of, as a duty, service, etc. 

2. To need, {re, again.) 
Requisite, needed. 
Requisition, 1. The act of exacting. 

2. The thing exacted. 

Exquisite, lit., sought out. Hence, 
1. Very excellent; as, an article of 
exquisite workmanship. 2. Being in 
the highest degree; as, exquisite 
pleasure or pain, {ex, out.) 

Disquisition, a formal or systematic 
inquiry into any subject. 

Conquer, originally to seek after 
and gain foreign territory. But in 
gaining foreign territory the resist- 
ance of the inhabitants had to be 
overcome. Hence, To subdue by 
force. 

19. To Search 

To SEARCH is to look over or 
through for the purpose of finding 
«omething. 

To Rummage is to search among 
many things by turning them over; 
as, to rummage a drawer. 

To Ransack is, primarily, To pil- 
lage completely. Soldiers sometimes 
ransack a captured city. Hence, To 
examine every part thoroughly in 
search of things; as, to ransack a 
house. 

To Examine is, lit, to try the weight 
of anything with a balance. Hence, 
To inspect or try carefully. (L., ex- 
amen, the tongue of balance.) 



To Investigate is, lit, to trace the 
footprints of an animal. Hence, To 
search carefully into. Magistrates 
investigate doubtful and mysterious 
affairs. Physicians investigate the 
causes of disease. (L., in, after; and 
vestigia, the footprints.) 

Scrutor, to search among lumber 
and rubbish. (L., from scruium, rub- 
bish.) Hence, 

Scrutiny, a critical searching into. 

Scrutinize, to search critically into. 

20. To Try. 

To TRY is to employ means to 
find out the quality of a thing. 

A Trial is the act of tr}'ing. 

To Assay is to try the purity of 
the precious metals. 

Testa, an earthen pot in which 
metals are melted for trial and re- 
finement. Hence, 

Test, a critical trial. 

To Test, to try critically. 

The Ordeal, in the middle ages, 
consisted in testing the guilt or in- 
nocence of an accused person, by 
means of fire or water. If the party 
could walk barefoot over nine red 
hot plowshares without being burned, 
he was adjudged to be innocent: or, 
if, when thrown into the water, he 
floated, he was regarded as guilty. 
Hence, in a secondary sense, an or- 
deal is a severe trial, or an accurate 
scrutiny. 

Probo [probation], 1. To regard 
as good. 2. To determine the degree 
of goodness by a trial. (L., from pro- 
bus, good.) Hence, 

To Probe, to try by a thorough ex- 
amination and scrutiny. A surgeon 
probes a wound. 

A Probe, an instrument with which 
a surgeon examines wounds and 
ulcers. 

Probation, a temporary trial of the 
qualifications of a person who is a 
candidate for some responsible post, 
or for admission to membership in a 
society. 

Probationary, pertaining to a trial 
of qualifications. The present life is 
a probationary state. 



250 



THE MIND. 



Probationer, one who is undergoing 
a trial of qualifications. 

To Prove is, 1. To try the quality. 
I have bought five yoke of oxen and 
I must needs go and prove them. 
Luke, xiv. 2. To establish a fact in 
experimental philosophy by repeated 
trials. Hence, 3. To establish any 
fact or truth by appropriate evidence. 

Proof, 1. A trial. 2. The estab- 
lishment of a fact by trials. Hence, 
3. The establishment of a fact or 
truth by appropriate evidence. 

Probable, lit, regarded as capable 
of being proved. Hence, likely. 

Approbo [approbatum], to subject 
to trial, {ad, and probo.) Hence, 

Approve, to feel satisfied with that 
which we have tried either physically 
or in the crucible of the judgment, 
and have found to be good. 

Approbate, to express satisfaction 
with that which has been tried by 
the judgment and has been found to 
be good. 

Reprobo \reprobatum~], to try again. 
(re, and probo.) Hence, 

Reprove, to censure that which, 
after a careful examination, we find 
amiss in the conduct of any one. 

Reprobate, tried again, (or care- 
fully,) and rejected as not coming up 
to the required standard, as gold or 
silver which, having been tested, is 
found not to possess the proper degree 
of fineness. Hence, 

A Reprobate, one who has been 
tried in the crucible by which moral 
qualities are tested, and has been re- 
jected on account of his utter worth- 
lessness. Hence, 

To Reprobate, 1. To condemn in 
severe terms. 2. To doom to destruc- 
tion. 

Experior [expertum], to try. (L.,) 
Hence, 

Experiment, a trial, or operation, 
designed to ascertain the properties 
of a thing. 

Experience, knowledge gained by 
trials. 

Expertness, skill gained by repeated 
trials in the practice of an art. 



20. Memory. 

MEMORY is the capacity of hav- 
ing, what was once present to the 
senses or the understanding, again 
suggested to the mind, accompanied 
by a distinct consciousness of past 
existence. — Brande. 

A Memorial is, 1. That which pre- 
serves the memory of something. 2. 
A written address reminding of facts, 
ajnd soliciting attention to them. 

To Memorialize is to address by 
memorial ; as, to memorialize a legis- 
lature. 

A Memorandum is a note to help 
the memory. (L., memorandum, that 
should be remembered.) 

Memorable, worthy of being held 
in remembrance; as, a memorable 
day or event. 

A Memoir is a written account, de- 
signed to preserve the memory of per- 
sons or transactions. 

A Memento is a hint to awaken the 
memory. (L., memento, remember 
thou.) 

Memoriter, by memory ; as, to re- 
peat memoriter. (L.) 

To Remember is to retain in the 
memory. 

Remembrance is the having in the 
mind an idea which had been present 
before. 

A Remembrancer is one that re- 
vives the remembrance of anything. 

To Recollect is to collect again, by 
an effort of the will, the ideas that 
have once been present to the mind. 
(L., re, again, and colligo, to gather 
up.) 

A Reminiscence is the recollection 
of some particular event or transac- 
tion of a period long past. (L., rem- 
iniscor, to recall to mind.) 

Immemorial, that had its origin be- 
yond the memory of man ; as, an im- 
memorial custom. 

A Monument is a structure erected 
to preserve the memory of some per- 
son or event. (L., moneo, to remind.) 

A Record is a writing designed 
to preserve the memory of a transac- 
tion. (L., recordor, to remember.) * 

To Remind, or to Put in Mind, is 



THE MIND. 



251 



to bring to the remembrance of; as, 
to remind a person of his promise. 

Eote is, properly, a round of words. 

To Repeat by Rote is to repeat, as 
words, in their proper order, from 
memory. (L., rota, a wheel.) 

Mnemonic (pron. nemonic), assist- 
ing the memory. (Gr., pvaopai [rnna- 
omai], to remember.) 

Mnemonics, or Mnemotechny, is the 
art of memory. (Gr., t%w»] techne~], 
art.) 

Mnemosyne is the goddess of mem- 
ory. 

21. To Forget. 

To FORGET is to permit to escape 
from the memory. 

Oblivion is, 1. A cessation of re- 
membrance. The memory of events 
may be lost in oblivion. 2. A general 
pardon of political offenses in a state. 
See Amnesty. (L., obliviscor, to for- 
get.) 

Oblivious, 1. Causing forgetfulness. 
An oblivious antidote. — Shakspeare. 

2. Forgetful; as, to be oblivious. 

An Amnesty is an act by which a 
government formally announces its 
purpose not to remember political of- 
fenses. (Gr., dL [a], not, and /u.vsuc/mcti 
[mnaomai], to remember.) 

Le'the was one of the rivers of the 
infernal regions, whose waters were 
said to cause a forgetfulness of all 
$ast events. Hence, 

Lethe'an, inducing forgetfulness ; 
as, a lethean draught. 

22. To Believe. 

To BELIEVE is to regard as true 
from some other reason than our own 
personal knowledge. 

Ceedo \creditum], to believe. (L.) 
Hence, 

Creed, a system of religious belief. 

Credit, to believe. 

Credible, worthy of belief; as, a 
credible witness. 

Incredible, not to be believed; as, 
an incredible story. 

Credence, belief accorded to the 
testimony or statements of others. 

Credential or Credentials, a letter 



entitling the bearer to credit or confi- 
dence. 

Discredit, to disbelieve. 

23. Evidence. 

EVIDENCE is that which estab- 
lishes truth. 

A Witness is, 1. One who has a per- 
sonal knowledge of a fact; as, an 
eje-witness. 2. One who is called 
upon to make a formal statement 
of his knowledge of facts. 

Testis, a witness. (L.) Hence, 

Testify, to bear witness. 

Testimony, the statements of a 
witness. 

Testimonial, a writing testifying to 
a person's good character. 

Attest, to bear witness to. (ad, to.) 

Testament, a will, thus called from 
its having been formally attested. 

24. Proof. 

To PROVE is, 1. To establish a 
fact by testimony or other evidence. 
2. To establish a truth by argument. 

To Demonstrate is to prove by ar- 
gument. (L., demonstro, to show.) 

25. Doubt. 

To DOUBT is to hesitate to be- 
lieve. (See Two.) 

Dubious, doubtful. 

Indubitable, not to be doubted; 
as, an indubitable truth. 

26. Assurance. 

CERTAIN, entertaining no doubt 
of a truth or fact. 

Certainty is freedom from doubt. 

A Certainty is a truth or fact of 
which we are or may be certain. 

Sure, 1. Knowing with certainty. 
2. That may be relied on with cer- 
tainty ; as, a sure remedy. 

To Assure is, 1. To make certain 
by a declaration; as, to assure a per- 
son of a fact. 2. To embolden. 
And hereby we shall assure our 
hearts before him. 1 John, Hi. 

Assurance is, 1. The state of being 
sure. 2. Confidence; as, the assur- 
ance of faith. 3. Excess of boldness, 



252 



THE MIND. 



or impudence; as, his assurance is 
intolerable. 

Positive, entertaining a firm per- 
suasion of the truth of what one 
asserts. 

27. Probability. 

PROBABLE, having evidence that 
inclines the mind to believe, but 
leaves room to doubt. 

Probability, is the state of being 
probable. 

A Probability is something that is 
probable. 

Likely, that may reasonably be 
thought to be true. 

Verisimilitude is, lit, the appear- 
ance of truth. Hence, probability. 
(L., verus, true; and similitudo a re- 
semblance.) 

28. Truth 

TRUTH is, 1. The real state of 
things. 2. A statement that is con- 
formable to facts. 

Verus, true. (L.) Hence, 

Verity, truth. It is a proposition 
of eternal verity that none can govern 
while he is despised. — South. 

Veritable, true. 

Indeed! Is 't true? 
Most veritable, therefore look to 't well. — Shahs. 

Verily, in truth. 

Verisimilitude, lit, a resemblance 
of truth. Hence, Probability. 

Verify, to prove to be true or cor- 
rect; as, to verify a calculation. 

Veracious, habitually disposed to 
speak truth. 

Veracity, habitual observance of 
truth. 

29. Falsehood. 

FALSE, not conformable to fact; 
as a false statement. 

Falsehood is an inconformity to 
fact or truth. 

A Lie is a false statement made 
with a design to deceive. 

A Fib is a little lie. 

Mend ax, lying, (L.) Hence, 

Mendacious, 1. Given to lying. 2. 
False. 

Mendacity, 1. A disposition to lie. 
2. Falsehood. 



30. To Deceive. 

To DECEIVE is, 1. To cause to 
believe in something that exists only 
in appearance. 2. To create expec- 
tations which we do not design to 
fulfill. (L., decipio, to take by sur- 
prise.) 

Deception is the act of deceiving. 

Deceptive, adapted to deceive. 

Deceit is the concealment of selfish 
purposes under the mask of friendly 
professions. 

Duplicity consists in making a 
profession of sentiments or purposes 
contrary to those which the party 
secretly entertains, with a view to the 
attainment of some private end. 

Double-dealing consists in profess- 
edly favoring some interest while we 
secretly act in opposition to the same 
interest. 

An Artifice is an artful contriv- 
ance to gain some advantage by de- 
ceiving another. (L., ars, art; and 
facio, to practice.) 

A Stratagem is, primarily, a mili- 
tary artifice. See Art. Warfare. 
Secondarily, any artifice. 

A Ruse is a crafty stratagem. (Fr.) 

To Impose is, lit, to put upon. (L., 
in, upon; and pono \_positum~\, to 
put.) Hence, To put something upon 
a person as true, real, or genuine, 
which is not so. 

An Impostor is one who imposes 
upon others with false professions. 

Imposition is the act of imposing 
upon. 

Imposture is deception practiced 
under a false or assumed char- 
acter. 

To Delude is to deceive in regard 
to matters of opinion. (L., de, upon; 
and ludo \lusum~], to play.) 

A Delusion is a false opinion in 
regard to matters of a moral nature. 

To Illude is to deceive by some 
artifice. (L., in, upon; and ludo \_lu- 
suni], to play.) 

An Illusion is a false appearance 
by which a person is or may be de- 
ceived, or his expectations disap- 
pointed. 



THE MIND. 



253 



Illusory, deceiving by false appear- 
ances. 

To Mock is to deceive by exciting 
expectations which we design to dis- 
appoint. 

To Hoax is to deceive in sport by 
some groundless story. 

To Gull is to deceive by taking- 
advantage of the excessive credulity 
of any one. 

To Dupe is to deceive by taking 
advantage of the credulity of others 
to promote one's own private ends. 

To Cheat is, 1. To deceive for the 
purpose of gain. 2. To impose upon 
by some artifice. 

To Cozen is to cheat in business 
transactions. 

To Defraud is to deprive of right 
by deception or artifice. 

A Humbug is, 1. An imposition 
under fair pretenses. 2. A person 
who imposes on others under fair 
pretenses. 

To Bamboozle is, 1. To play tricks 
upon. They are a set of fellows they 
call banterers and bamboozlers. — 
Arbuthnot. 2. To cheat. (A low 
word. ) 

To Swindle is to cheat and defraud 
grossly ; as, to swindle a man out of 
his property. 

To Pretend is to hold forth to 
others certain things as being our 
sentiments or feelings, when in reality 
we think or feel otherwise. (L.,prce, 
before ; and tendo, to hold. ) 

To Feign is to pretend, in order to 
gain some end. A person feigns sick- 
ness in order to be excused from fry- 
ing a disagreeable visit. 

Sham, pretended; as, a sham fight. 
X Real. 

A Sham is a mere pretense that is 
designed to deceive. 

Counterfeit, made in imitation of 
something else, with a view to defraud 
by imposing the imitation on others 
as the original or real article ; as, 
counterfeit coin. (Fr., contre, in imi- 
tation of; and faire, to make. }£ 
Genuine. 

A Hypocrite is one who attempts 
to deceive others by a counterfeit 



piety. (Gr., v7ratptrns [hypocrites'], a 
dramatic actor.) 

Hypocrisy is a counterfeit piety. 

To Simulate is to feign to be that 
which one is not. (L., similis, re- 
sembling.) 

To Dissimulate, or Dissemble, is to 
conceal one's real, character, or senti- 
ments, (dis, different from the re- 
ality.) 

False, lit, adapted to deceive. (L., 
fallo [falsum], to deceive.) Hence, 
1. Not true; as, 



statement. 

2. Not reliable; as, a false friend. 

3. Not real; as, a false appearance. 

31. Charlatanry. 

A CHARLATAN is one who 
prates much in his own favor, and 
makes unwarrantable pretensions, to 
skill. (Span., charlar, to prate.) 

A Mountebank is a doctor who 
mounts a bench in a market-place, 
and boasts his infallible remedies and 
cures. (It, montare, to mount; and 
banco, a bench.) 

A Quack is a boastful pretender to 
medical skill which he does not pos- 
sess. (From quack, the cry of a 
duck.) 

32. Sleight-of-Hand. 

SLEIGHT-OF-HAND consists in 
tricks so skillfully performed that the 
eye of the spectator is deceived. 
(Sleight for light.) 

Legerdemain is synonymous with 
sleight-of-hand. (Fr., leger, light; 
de, of; and main, the hand.) 

To Juggle is to play tricks by 
sleight-of-hand, under the pretense of 
possessing extraordinary or super- 
natural powers. 

Hocus-Pocus is the art or practice 
of jugglery. 

33. Derangement of the Mental 
Faculties. 

INSANE, not sound in mind. (L., 
in, not, and sanus, sound or healthy.) 

Crazy, disordered in intellect. 

Mad, crazy. 

To Rave is, 1. To talk irrationally 
after the manner of a madman. 2. 
To be furious or raging. 



254 



THE MIND. 



Mania, madness. (L.) Hence, 

Maniac, a madman. 

Monomania, derangement of the 
mind with regard to one particular 
subject, the mind being sane in re- 
gard to other subjects. (Gr., y.ovos 
\monos~], one.) 

Lunacy is madness, from the idea 
formerly entertained that certain 
varieties of madness were influenced 
by the moon. (L., lima, the moon.) 

A Lunatic is a madman. 

A Bedlam is a madhouse, or recep- 
tacle for the insane. 

Delirium is a wandering of the 
mind in fever. 

34. Intellectual Superiority. 

TALENT is eminent ability; as, 
a man of talent. 

A Talent is any natural gift or 
endowment. 

Note. — The foregoing use of the term talent 
is derived from the parable of the talents in 
Matthew's gospel. 

Genius is uncommon vigor of 
mind. 

A Genius is a man of superior in- 
tellectual faculties. 

Penetration is the power of pierc- 
ing obscure subjects with the intel- 
lectual vision, or of detecting plans, 
etc., which are designedly concealed 
by others. 

Acuteness is the faculty of dis- 
cerning nice distinctions. (L., acutus, 
sharp-pointed.) 

Acumen is the faculty of nice dis- 
crimination. (L., acu, a needle.) 

Sage, possessing wisdom acquired 
by experience and reflection. 

Kemote from cities lived a swain, 
Unvexed with all the cares of gain ; 
His head was silvered o'er with age, 
And long experience mado him sage. — Gay. 

(L., sagus, intelligent.) 

A Sage is a man of gravity and 
wisdom. 



Sagacious, having a quick discern- 
ment. (L., sagax, quick-scented.) 

Sagacity is quickness of discern- 
ment. 

Shrewd, of nice discernment; as, 
a shrewd observer of men. 

Sapient, wise. There the sapient 
king held dalliance. — Milton. (L., 
sapio, to be wise.) 

Note. — Sapient is, at present, used chiefly in 
burlesque. 

35. Natural Deficiency of Intellect. 

SIMPLE, deficient in natura* 
shrewdness. See Art. To Fold. 

A Simpleton is a person of weak 
intellect. 

Silly, 1. Weak in intellect. 2. Pro- 
ceeding from want of common judg- 
ment ; as, a silly act. 

An Idiot is one who has been des- 
titute of intellect from his birth. 

A Fool is one somewhat deficient 
in intellect, but not idiotic. 

Fatuous, idiotic. (L.,fatuus, silly.) 

Fatuity, idiocy. 

To Infatuate, lit., to render idiotic. 
Hence, to inspire with an extrava- 
gant or foolish passion too obstinate 
to be controlled by reason. 

A Ninny, or Ninnyhammer, is a 
simpleton. 

Dull, deficient in quickness of ap- 
prehension. 

A Dullard is a dull person. 

Stupid, very dull. 

A Dolt is a heavy, stupid fellow. 

A Blockhead is one who is inca- 
pable of learning or comprehending. 
(block and head.) 

A Dunce is, 1. One who is inca- 
pable of acquiring school learning. 
2. A stupid person. 

A Dunderhead, or Dunderpate, is 
a stupid fellow. 

A Numbskull is one who is dull of 
apprehension, (numb and skull.) 

Stolid, exceedingly stupid. 



THE WILL. 



255 



OF THE WILL. 



1. General Ideas. 

The WILL is the faculty by which 
vre determine either to do or to for- 
bear. 

Volo, to will. (L.) Hence 

Volition, the power of willing or 
determining. 

A Volition, an act of willing. 

Voluntas, the will. (L.) Hence, 

Voluntary, 1. Endowed with a ca- 
pacity of willing ; as, man is a volun- 
tary agent. 2. Proceeding from the 
free exercise of the will ; as, a volun- 
tary action. 3. Subject to the will; 
as, voluntary motion. 

Spontaneous, 1. Proceeding from 
natural feeling without compulsion or 
constraint; as, a spontaneous gift; 
the spontaneous effusions of the heart. 
2. Produced without human labor; 
as, the spontaneous productions of 
the earth. 3. Acting of itself without 
external force ; as, spontaneous mo- 
tion; spontaneous growth. (L.,sponte, 
of one's own accord.) 

To Prefer is to esteem above an- 
other. (L., prai, before; and/ero, to 
bear.) 

Preference, is the estimation of one 
thing above another. 

To Choose is to take by preference 
from two or more things offered. 

Choice is the power of choosing. 

A Choice is, 1. An act of choosing. 
2. The thing chosen. 

Choice {adj.), 1. Worthy of being 
preferred; as, choice fruit. 2. Par- 
ticular in choosing; as, to be choice 
of one's company. 

To Pick is to choose from among a 
number. 

To Cull is to pick out the best. 

Lego \lectum], to choose. (L.) 
Hence, 

Elect, chosen; as, the president 
elect. 

To Elect, to pick out or choose from 
among two or more that which is to 
be preferred, (e, out.) 

Select, 1. Taken from a number by 



preference. Hence, 2. More valuable 
or excellent than others, (se, apart.) 

To Select, to take, by preference, 
from among others. 

Option is, 1. The power of choos- 
ing. 2. A choice or act of choosing. 
(L., opto, to wish.) 

Optional, left to one's wish or 
choice. 

To Adopt is, 1. To choose or take 
as one's own that which is not natu- 
rally so ; as, to adopt the opinions of 
others. 2. To take a stranger into 
one's family as a son and heir. 

A Motive is that which moves 
the will and incites to action. (L., 
moveo [niotuni], to move.) 

A Reason is a consideration tend- 
ing to influence the will. 

To Deliberate is to weigh opposing 
reasons previous to making a choice. 
(L., libra, a pair of scales.) 

To Decide is to put an end to delib- 
eration, or to cut it short, by an act 
of choosing. (L., de, off; and cozdo 
[ccesurn], to cut.) 

Decision is unwavering firmness in 
persisting in what we have decided 
upon. 

A Decision is an act of deciding. 

To Determine is, lit., to limit. 
Hence, to limit or end the process of 
deliberation by fixing on the course 
to be pursued. (L., terminus, a limit.) 

To Resolve is, properly, to untie or 
disentangle the knots of doubt with 
which our minds are perplexed when 
considering what is best to be done. 
Hence, to form a firm purpose. (L., 
resolvo, [resolutuni], to untie.) 

Resolution is a firmness of pur- 
pose. 

An Object is that to which the 
mind is directed as something to be 
done or attained. 

An End is the final result which we 
have in view in our actions. 

A Purpose is that which a person 
sets before himself as an object to be 
reached or accomplished. (L., pro, 



256 



THE WILL. 



before ; and pono \_positum~], to 
place.) 

A Design is a plan sketched in the 
mind, according to which we purpose 
doing something. (L., designo, to 
mark out, as with a pencil.) 

To Intend is to stretch the mind 
toward something which we purpose 
accomplishing at a future time. (L., 
in, toward ; and tendo, to bend. ) 

2. Willingness. 

DISPOSED, having the faculties 
set in proper order for the doing of 
anything; as, he is disposed to com- 

ly. (L., dis, in order, and pono 

ositum], to set.) 

Inclined, having a leaning toward 
the doing of a thing. (L., in, to- 
ward, and clino, to lean.) 

Pliable, having a will that is easily 
folded to suit the purposes of the 
will of others. (L., plico, to fold.) 

To Comply is to adapt the folds of 
one's will to suit the purposes of an- 
other. (L., con, with, and plico, to 
fold.) 

Tractable, that may be easily led, 
taught, or managed ; as, a tractable 
child, a tractable horse. (L., tracto, 
to handle.) 

Supple, compliant. If punishment 
makes not the will supple, it hardens 
the offender. — Locke. 

3. Unwillingness. 

AVEESE, lit, turned from. Hence, 
Disinclined. (L., a, from and versus, 
turned.) 

Reluctant, lit, struggling against. 
Hence, 

Unwilling, (re, against, and luctor, 
to struggle.) 

Repugnance is, lit, a fighting 
against. Hence, Great unwilling- 
ness. (L., re, against, and pugno, to 
fight.) _ • 

Obstinate, disposed to persist m a 
purpose in opposition to the will of 
others. (L., ob, against, and stino, 
for, and sto, to stand.) 

Stubborn, having a will that is 
hard to bend. (Stub., stiff.) 

Mulish, characterized by the ob- 
stinacy of the mule. 



Pertinacious, adhering to an opin- 
ion or purpose with obstinancy. (L., 
per, continuously, and teneo, to hold.) 

Contrary, set in one's will in di- 
rect opposition to the will of others. 
(Contra., in opposition to.) 

Perverse, lit, entirely turned, 
[in the wrong direction]. Hence, 
Obstinate in the wrong. (L., per, 
thoroughly; and verto, to turn.) 

Refractory, lit, that will break 
sooner than it will bend. Hence, 
Very stubborn. (L., re, off; smdfran- 
go [_fractum~\, to break.) 

4. To Influence the Will. 
To ADVISE is to express our 
opinion to another as to the course of 
action or conduct which it would be 
best for him to pursue in any partic- 
ular case. 

Note. — Advice flows from superior professional 
knowledge, or an acquaintance with things in 
general. — Grabbe. 

To Counsel is to give advice, in 
grave and important matters. 

Note. — Counsel regards superior wisdom, or a 
superior acquaintance with moral principles and 
practice. — Grabbe. 

To Persuade is to incline the will 
to a determination, by presenting 
motives to the mind. 

To Dissuade is to advise against; 
as, he dissuaded him from his pur- 
pose. 

To Exhort is to endeavor to influ- 
ence, by an earnest and urgent pre- 
sentation of motives of duty. 

To Coax is to ply with urgent en- 
treaty and whining supplication. 
Children coax their parents in order 
to obtain their wishes. 

To Wheedle is to ply with smooth 
and winning entreaty. The greedy 
and covetous wheedle those of an 
easy temper. 

To Cajole is to endeavor to turn 
people to one's selfish purposes by 
trickery and stratagem, disguised un- 
der a soft address and insinuating 
manners. Knaves cajole the simple 
and unsuspecting. — Grabbe. 

To Induce is to lead to action by 
presenting motives. (L., in, toward, 
and duco, to lead.) 



RESTRAINT. 



257 






To Prevail upon is to influence 
to action by arguments or solicita- 
tions. (L., pro?, beyond; and valeo, 
to be strong.) 

To Incite is to move to action by 
the influence of the desires. (L 
citus, stirred up.) We are incited 
by the desire of distinction or the 
love of gain. 

To Goad is, lit, To prick with the 
pointed instrument called a goad 
which is used in driving oxen. 
Hence, in a Jig. sense, we speak of a 
person's being goaded by sarcastic 
remarks, by vehement desire, etc. 

To Stimulate is, lit., to prick, as 
with a goad or spur. (L., stimulus, 
a goad or spur.) Hence, in a Jig. 
sense, to stimulate is to excite to 
vigorous exertion by some pungent 
motive. 

To Instigate is, lit, To prick. 
(Gr., <rr/£a> [stizo~\, to prick.) Hence, 
in a Jig. sense, to instigate is to in- 
cite. ( Used only in an ill sense ; 
as, to instigate to a crime.) 

A Bait is any substance for food 
used to catch fish or other animals. 

A Luke is a bait. Hence, 

To Lure is, lit, To hold out a bait 
to catch animals. Fig., To present 
something to please the senses or the 
understanding. 

To Allure is to draw gently, by 
offering some good, either real or ap- 
parent, (ad, to.) 

To Tempt is to endeavor to influ- 
ence a person to do wrong by plau- 
sible arguments, or by the offer of 
some pleasure or apparent advantage. 

To Entjce is to influence to that 
which is wrong, by exciting hope or 
desire. 

To Seduce is to draw aside from 
the path of virtue. (L., se, aside, 
and duco, to lead.) 

5. Restraint. 
To RESTRAIN is to hold back 
by any force, either physical or 
moral. (L., re, back, and stringo 
[stricturn], to bind.) 

Restraint is the condition of being 
held back. 
17 



A Restraint is that which holds 
back. 

To Restrict is to confine within 
bounds. 

Restnction is confinement within 
bounds. 

A Restriction is a law or regula- 
tion that confines the freedom of ac- 
tion within certain bounds. 

To Check is to diminish motion or 
the intensity of action. 

To Curb, primarily, signified to 
check the speed of a horse by draw- 
ing the reins so as to curve, or bend 
his neck. Hence, To hold back any- 
thing that is inclined to rush impet- 
uously forward ; as, to curb a fiery 
steed ; to curb an impetuous temper. 
(Fr., courier, to bend, from the L., 
curvus, bent.) 

To Hinder is, lit, to cause to be 
behind others. Hence, 1. To retard 
or keep back in the prosecution of 
any business. 2. To keep entirely 
from acting or going forward in any 
process. (From hinder, comparative 
of hind.) 

To Prevent is to keep entirely 
from doing, being done, or happen- 
ing, by adopting precautionary meas- 
ures. (L., pro?, beforehand, and ve- 
nio [yentum], to come.) 

To Stop is to cause motion or ac- 
tion to cease. 

To Impede is to retard progress of 
any kind by putting things in the 
way. (L., in, in the way of; and pe- 
des, the feet.) 

An Impediment is that which im- 
pedes, or lies in the way. 

An Obstacle is something that 
stands in the way. (L., ob, against, 
and sto, to stand.) 

To Obstruct is to place obstacles 
in the way of; as, to obstruct the 
march of an army; to obstruct 
the progress of business. (L., ob, 
against, and struo \_structum~\, to pile 

A Bar is a piece of timber placed 
across a way to prevent animals from 
passing. Hence, Jig., something that 
effectually stops; as, a bar to a claim. 

To Debar is to bar, or hinder from ; 



258 



TO STRIVE — TO CONTEND. 



as, to debar from a privilege. (de, 
from.) 

6. Constraint. 

To CONSTRAIN is to urge by ir- 
resistible power. (L., con, together; 
and string o [strictum], to bind.) 

Constraint is force, either physical 
or moral, by which a person is com- 
pelled to act against his will. 

To Compel is to drive a voluntary 
agent to the doing of something 
against his will. (L., compello [com- 
pulsion], to drive.) 

To Oblige is to bind a moral 
agent to the doing of something. 
Hence, in a general sense, To compel. 
(L., ob, down; and ligo, to bind.) 
See Art. Debt. 

To Force is, property, to urge for- 
ward a mass of unconscious matter 
by mechanical agency. Hence, To 
compel. 

7. To Act in Opposition. 

To OPPOSE is 1. To set or place 
against; as, to oppose one argument 
or opinion to another; to oppose one 
force to another. 2. To act against; 
as, to oppose an adversary ; to oppose 
a measure. (L., o b, against; sm& pono 
[position], to place.) 

An Opponent is one who opposes 
another in a controversy. 

An Antagonist is one who opposes 
another in a trial of strength or 
skill. (Gr., avn [anti], against; and 
ch-}mi£g/xxi [agonizomai], to struggle.) 

To Antagonize is to act in oppo- 
sition; as, an antagonizing force. 

To Counteract is to prevent the 
natural effects of any agency by 
means of a contrary agency. An an- 
tidote counteracts the hurtful ten- 
dency of a poison. (L., contra, against; 
and ago [actum], to act.) 

To Countervail is to act against 
with equal force or power. (L., con- 
tra, against; and valeo, to have 
power.) 

To Counterbalance, or Counter- 
poise, is to act against with equal 
weight. See Art. Weight. 

To Withstand is, lit, to stand 



against. Hence, To maintain a fixed 
position in opposition to any force. 
{with, against.) 

To Resist is, lit, to stand against. 
Hence, To act in opposition to force. 
(L., re, against; and sisto, to stand). 

8. To Strive with or together. 

To STRIVE WITH is to endea- 
vor to overcome or outdo. 

Strife is a mutual endeavor of par- 
ties to overcome or outdo each other. 

To Contend is to strive together. 
Armies contend in battle. Parties 
contend in a lawsuit. Disputants 
contend in their arguments. See 
Art. To Stretch. 

A Contest is a struggle for supe 
rio.rity. Lit, a contending at law by 
means of witnesses. (L., con, together, 
and testis, a witness.) 

Certo, to contend. (L.) Hence, 

Con'cert, lit, and primarily, a 
strife in which opposing parties tried 
their strength or skill, as in the case 
of two rival musicians. But after 
people had become accustomed to the 
witnessing of these friendly contests, 
the term concert became associated 
in their minds by degrees with the 
idea of harmonious and united effort 
tending to the promotion of some 
object of common interest. Hence, 

To Concert' is to settle or adjust 
by conference or agreement; as, to 
concert a plan or scheme. 

9. To Contend by Physical Force. 
1. To Wrestle, etc. 

To WRESTLE is to contend by 
grasping and trying to throw down. 

To Scuffle is to struggle with an 
antagonist in close embrace. 

To Tussle is to pull and twitch 
each other hither and thither in sport. 

2. To Box. 

To Box is to contend by striking 
with the fist. 

A Pugilist is a professional boxer. 
(L., pugil, a boxer.) 

Pugilism is the art or practice of 
boxing. 



MENTAL STATES. 



259 



3. To Fight. 

To FIGHT is to employ physical 
violence in contending -with another. 

A Combat is a fight. (Fr., con, to- 
gether: and battre, to beat.) 

A Conflict is, lit., a violent striking 
together. Hence, jig., a fierce and 
sanguinary fight (L., con, together; 
and jligo [jlictuni], to strike.) 

An Affray, in laic, is the fighting 
of two or more persons in a public- 
place. (Fr., effroi, terror.) 

A Melee' {ma-la') is a mingled 
and confused fight. (Fr., meter, to 
mingle.) 

Pcgna, a fight. (L., from pugnus, 
the fist.) Hence, 

Pugnacious, inclined to fighting. 
X Peaceable. 

Pugnacity, a pugnacious temper. 
^ri Peaceableness. 

Impugn (impune), lit, to make a 
hostile attack. Hence, to attack by 
words or arguments ; as, to impugn 
the truth of a statement; to impugn 
the lawfulness of a practice, {in. 
against.) >£ Defend. 

Repugnant, lit., fighting against. 
Hence, contrary; as, sin is repugnant 
to the divine will. (re, against.)] 
K Agreeable. 

Repugnance, lit, a fighting against. \ 
Hence, 1. Contrariety. ^Agreeable- 
ness. 2. A strong feeling against the j 
doing of something. >£ Willing- 
ness. 

A Champion is one who undertakes 
a cause in single combat. 

10. Liberty. 
FREE, being neither under re- 
straint nor constraint in regard to the 
exercise of one's powers. 



Freedom is exemption from re- 
straint and constraint. 

Liber, free. (L.) Hence, 

Liberty, the condition of being free. 

Liberate, to set free. 

Libertine, one who has set himself 
free from the restraints of virtuous 
principles. 

11. Bondage. 

BOND, bound for life to submit to 
the will of a master, (from bind.) 

Bondage is the condition of being 
bound for life to submit to the will of 
a master. 

A ^lave is a person who is wholly 
subject to the will of another. 

Slavery is the obligation to labor 
for the benefit of a master without the 
consent of the servant. — Paley. 

Serves, a slave. (L.) Hence. 

Servitude, the condition of a slave. 

Servile, pertaining to a servant or 
slave; as, a servile condition; servile 
obedience. 

A Serf, in some countries of Eu- 
rope, is a slave attached to the soil 
and transferred with it. 

Serjdom is the state or condition of 
serfs. 

To Emancipate is to set free from 
servitude by the voluntary act of the 
proprietor. (L., e, privative; and 
mancipium, a slave : — from manus, the ■ 
hand; and capio, to take, slaves hav- 
ing been anciently prisoners taken in 
war.) 

To Manumit is to release from 
slavery by the act of the master. (L.. 
manu, from the hand; and mitto 
[inissuni], to send.) 

Manumission is the act, on the part 
of a master, of liberating a slave from 
bondage. 



31 E X T A L STATES. 



1. General Ideas. 

The DISPOSITION, or TEMPER, 
is the natural constitution of the 
mind. 

The Affections are the various 
ways in which the mind is affected', 



by certain objects. Love, fear, hope, 
etc., are affections of the mind. 

The Passions are those mental feel- 
ings which have a reference to good 
or evil. (L., passio, a suffering.) 

Note.— The principal passions are love, j< y. 



260 



MENTAL STATES. 



desire, hatred, sorrow, and fear. The subordi- 
nate passions are anger, envy, emulation, pride, 
jealousy, shame, despair, ambition, avarice, etc. 
Brande. 

An Emotion" is a transient excite- 
ment of any passion or feeling of the 
soul. 

Apathy is, 1. An exemption from 
passion. Hence, 2. Indifference in 
regard to any matter that should in- 
terest us. (Gr., a [a], privative* and 
ttu-Boc [pathos], suffering.) 

2. Pleasure. 

AGREEABLE, agreeing or har- 
monizing with our sentient nature. 
(Agreeing with, or suiting the feel- 
ings. ) 

To Please is to affect the mind or 
senses agreeably. 

Pleasant, that pleases ; as, pleasant 
society. 

Pleasing, adapted to please; as, a 
pleasing prospect. 

Pleasure, agreeable emotions or 
sensations. 

Gratus, pleasing. (L.) Hence, 

Grateful, pleasing; as, a grateful 
odor ; a grateful sensation. 

Gratify, to please in a high de- 
gree. 

Gratulate, or Congratulate, to pro- 
fess one's pleasure or joy to another 
on account of an event deemed fortu- 
nate. 

To Satisfy is to please to such a 
degree that nothing more is desired. 
(L., satis, enough ; and facio, to do.) 

Satisfaction, 1. The act of pleas- 
ing. 2. The state of being pleased. 

To Amuse is to occupy the atten- 
tion with agreeable objects. 

To Divert is, lit, to turn aside. 
Hence, to turn the mind from busi- 
ness or study. Hence, to please. 
(L., di, aside; arwi verto, to turn.) 

To Entertain is, 1. To receive in- 
to the house and treat with hospi- 
tality. Hence, 2. To please with con- 
versation, music, shows, etc. 

To Regale is to entertain with 
something that is highly pleasing ; as, 
to regale the eye, the taste, or the 
ear. 



To Delight is to affect with great 
pleasure. 

Delectable, delightful. (L., delecto, 
to delight.) 

To Charm is to give exquisite pleas- 
ure to the mind or senses. See Art. 
Magic. 

To Enchant is to delight in the 
highest degree. See Art. Magic. 

To Transport is to bear away with 
delight. (L., trans, away; and porto, 
to bear.) 

To Ravish is to transport. (L., ra- 
pio [raptum], to seize and carry off.) 

Rapture, a transport of delight. 

Rapt, transported with delight. 
See Art. To Seize. 

Ecstasy, primarily, the state of 
being out of one's-self, or out of one's 
mind. Hence, a transport of delight 
so excessive that the individual loses 
the use of his faculties. (Gr., s^to-raw 
[exislemi], to displace.) 

Ecstatic, rapturous ; as, ecstatic en- 
joyment. 

A Trance is a condition in which 
the soul has been imagined to have 
passed, temporarily, out of the body, 
and to be engaged in the contempla- 
tion of scenes in the spirit world. 
(L., transitus, a passing over.) 

Entranced, 1. Having the soul 
temporarily withdrawn and the body 
left in a state of insensibility. 2. Ren- 
dered incapable of exercising one's 
faculties through excess of delightful 
emotion. 

Joy is the emotion excited by the 
acquisition or expectation of good. 

To Enjoy is to take pleasure in the 
possession or experience of. 

To Rejoice is to be affected with a 
lively sense of pleasure on account of 
some good that has fallen to our lot. 

To Exult is to leap for joy. See 
Art. To Leap. 

Fruition is pleasure derived from 
use or possession. (L., fruor, to use 
or enjoy.) 

Happiness consists in the agreeable 
sensations which spring from the en- 
joyment of good. 

Felicity is a high degree of happi- 
ness. (L. , felix, happy. ) 



MENTAL STATES. 



261 



To Felicitate is to express to an- 
other the interest which we take in 
any piece of good fortune which has 
befallen him. 

Bliss is the highest degree of hap- 
piness. 

To Bless is, 1. To pronounce a wish 
of happiness. 2. To make happy. 

Beatitude is heavenly bliss. (L., 
beatus, blessed.) 

To Beatify, to bless with the joys 
of heaven. (L. , facio, to make. ) 

A Triumph, among the ancient 
Romans, was a pompous ceremony 
performed in honor of a victorious 
general. Hence, joy or exultation for 
success. 

Triumphant, rejoicing as for vic- 
tory. 

Jubilee, among the Jews, was every 
fiftieth year, at which time all the 
slaves were liberated, and the lands, 
which had been alienated, reverted to 
their former owners. Hence, a season 
of great rejoicing. 

Jubilant, uttering triumphant songs 

of joy. 

Gladness is a moderate degree of 

Hilarity is a pleasurable excite- 
ment of the animal spirits. (Gr., 
<\*gss [liilaros], joyful.) 

To Exhilarate is to enliven the 
spirits. 

Merry, exhilarated to laughter. 

Merriment is hilarity accompanied 
with laughter. 

Mirth is social merriment. 

Jolly, full of life and mirth. 

Jovial, full of mirth and good 
humor. 

Gay, full of life and animation. 

Lively, full of life. 

Sprightly, full of spirits. (From 
sprite for spirit.) 

Vivacious, lively. (L., vivax from 
vivo, to live.) 

Vivacity, liveliness ; as, vivacity of 
temper, deportment, etc. 

Jocund, merry. 

Kural sports and jocund strains. — Prior. 

To Cheer is, 1. To salute with 
shouts of joy. 2. To dispel gloom 



or sadness. 3. To gladden. (Gr, 
£*/ga> \chairo~], to rejoice.) 

Cheer, 1. Gayety. 2. Provisions 
served at a feast (because they cheer). 
3. Temper of mind; as, to be of good 
cheer. 

A Cheer is a shout of joy. 

To Comfort is, lit, to strengthen. 
Hence, 1 .To strengthen the mind under 
the pressure of calamity. 2. To cheer. 
(Low L, comforto, to strengthen.) 

Comfort is, 1. A strengthening of 
the mind under the pressure of ca- 
lamity or distress. Hence, 2. Ani- 
mation of the spirits. 3. That which 
gives strength or support in distress, 
etc. Pious children are the comfort 
of their aged parents. 

Solor [solatimi], to assuage grief. 
(L.) Hence, 

Solace, comfort in affliction. 

Console, to alleviate grief, and give 
refreshment to the mind or spirits. 

Consolation, comfort in distress. 

4. Pain. 

PAIX is, 1. Any uneasy sensation. 
2. Uneasiness of mind. 

An Ache is a continued pain, 
moderate in degree. 

A Stitch is a local sharp pain. 

A Twinge is a sudden, sharp local 
pain ot a momentary continuance. 

A Pang is a sudden paroxysm of 
extreme pain. 

A Smart is a quick, pungent, lively 
pain. 

Torment is severe and continued 
pain. 

Torture is extreme pain. See 
Art. To Twist. 

The Rack was an engine of torture, 
consisting of a frame, upon which 
the body of the sufferer was stretched 
till the joints were dislocated. Hence, 

To Rack, 1. To stretch upon the 
rack. 2. To affect with extreme 
pain. 

To Excruciate is to inflict the most 
severe pain, like that of crucifixion. 
(L., crux, a cross.) 

Agony is, properly, pain so extreme 
as to cause contortions of the body 



262 



MENTAL STATES. 



similar to tnose of persons engaged in 
wrestling. Hence, extreme pain either 
of body or mind. (Gr., ayav [agon], 
a contest, as of wrestlers.) 

Anguish is extreme mental pain, 
as that arising from sorrow, remorse, 
or despair. (L., ango, to choke.) 

Misery is great distress either of 
body or mind. 

Wretchedness is extreme misery. 

A Wretch is a person whose con- 
dition is extremely miserable. 

4. The Lessening of Pain. 

To EASE is to cause to be less se- 
vere; as, to ease pain. 

To Soothe is to soften; as, to 
soothe a bodily smart; to soothe men- 
tal distress. 

To Mitigate is to render mild ; as, 
to mitigate the severity of pain. (L., 
mitis, mild.) 

To Assuage is to render moderate; 
as, to assuage grief or affliction. 

To Allay is to lay to rest ; as, to 
allay pain, fever, appetite, thirst, etc. 
(al for ad, to or by; and lay.) 

To Alleviate is to lighten; as, to 
alleviate pain. See Art. Weight. 

To Relieve is to lighten of, either 
partially or entirely; as, to relieve a 
toothache; to relieve a want. See 
Art. Weight. 

5. Grief. 

GRIEF is 1. The pain of mind 
produced by loss or misfortune. 2. 
The pain of mind produced by our 
own misconduct. 

To Grieve is, 1. To feel pain of 
mind on account of loss, misfortune, 
or our own misconduct. (L., gravis, 
heavy. See Art. Weight.) 

Sorrow is a moderate grief. 

Sorry, affected with sorrow. 

Regret is sorrow for something 
that we have lost, have done, or have 
neglected to do. 

To Repine is to feel discontented 
and dejected on account of suffering 
or privation. 

To Mourn is to feel grief or sor- 
row. 

To Lament is to express grief or 
sorrow by cries or words. 



Weeping consists in the shedding 
of tears, and is generally an expres- 
sion of grief. 

To Wail is to grieve audibly. 

To Bewail is to express sorrow for ; 
as, to bewail the misfortunes of a 
friend. 

A Moan is an audible expression 
of sorrow or suffering. 

To Bemoan is to express sorrow 
for; as, to bemoan the loss of a son. 

To Deplore is to feel and express 
deep and poignant "grief for; as, to 
deplore the death of a friend. (L., 
de, concerning; and jploro, to weep.) 

6. To Complain. 

To COMPLAIN is to utter expres- 
sions of grief, uneasiness, or censure. 

A Murmur is a complaint half sup- 
pressed, or uttered in a low muttering 
tone. — Webster. 

Queror, to complain. (L.) Hence, 

Queremonious, disposed to com- 
plain; as, a queremonious temper. 

Querulous, 1. Habitually com- 
plaining; as, a querulous man. 2. 
Expressing complaint; as, a quer- 
ulous tone of voice. 

7. Care. 

CARE implies an apprehension of 
evil prompting an attention to the 
means of preventing or avoiding the 
evil. From 

Cura. (L.) Hence, 

Cure, to heal by the exercise of 
medipal care. 

Cure, a spiritual care or oversight; 
as, the cure of souls. 

Accurate, lit, executed with care. 
Hence, in exact conformity to a 
standard, rule, or model ; as, an accu- 
rate piece of workmanship ; an accu- 
rate expression. 

Accuracy, or Accurateness, the pre- 
cision which results from care. 

Concern is thoughtfulness in re- 
gard to things which affect our inter- 
ests. 

A Concern is anything that affects 
our interests, or which seriously en- 
gages our time and attention. 

Solicitude is uneasiness occasioned 



MENTAL STATES. 



263 



by the fear of evil and the desire of 
good. 

Anxiety is a state of painful un- 
easiness respecting things that are 
uncertain. (L., ango, to choke.) 

8. To Trouble, etc. 

To TROUBLE is to affect either 
unpleasantly or painfully. 

Inconvenience is a slight degree 
of trouble, arising from the want of a 
proper adjustment of things, or from 
the absence of something desirable, 
or from the presence of something 
that is in the way. See Convenient. 

To Incommode is to subject to in- 
convenience by the presence of things 
that are undesirable. See Commodi- 
ous. 

To Disturb is to ruffle, or throw out 
of a tranquil state. (L., turbo, to 
throw into disorder.) 

To Molest is to render uneasy. 
(L., molestus, oppressive, from moles, 
a heavy mass.) 

To Annoy is to affect disagreeably 
by continued or repeated acts. (L., 
ad, to, and noceo, to do hurt.) 

To Tease is to affect with petty an- 
noyances. We may be teased by the 
buzzing of a fly. 

To Yen is, lit, to toss to and fro. 
The sea is vexed by a tempest. Hence, 
To disquiet by a series of acts or oc- 
currences that are contrary to the 
wishes. (L., vexo [yexatuni], to toss 
to and fro.) 

To Plague is to annoy exceedingly. 

To Torment is to annoy beyond 
endurance. See Art. Pain. 

To Harass is, 1. To force to pain- 
ful exertions, coupled with painful 
circumstances. The soldier is har- 
assed who marches in perpetual fear 
of an attack from the enemy, 2. To 
weary with importunity, complaints, 
or other annoyances. 

To Afflict is to give either to the 
body or to the mind pain of some 
continuance. (L., ad, against, [the 
ground] ; and fligo \_flictuni\, to 
strike. 

To Distress is to afflict greatly. 
See To Bind Tight. 



9. Weariness. 

"WEARINESS is an uneasy sensa- 
tion arising from the exhaustion of 
the strength, by severe or continued 
labor. 

To Weary is, 1. To exhaust the 
strength of the body by severe or 
continued labor. 2. To harass by 
anything irksome. 3. To exhaust 
the patience by something continued 
or frequently repeated. 

To Tire is, 1. To render wean*. 
2. To become weary. 

Fatigue is weariness caused by la- 
bor or exertion. 

To Jade is to weary with forced ex- 
ertions. The horse is jaded which is 
forced on beyond his strength. 

To Fag is to labor to weariness. 

Lassitude is, 1. A general relaxa- 
tion of the animal frame which ren- 
ders a person susceptible of being 
wearied by slight exertions. 2. The 
uneasy sensation which is depend- 
ent upon a relaxation of the frame, 
either by excessive exertion, or by in- 
cipient disease. (L., lassus, for laxus 
relaxed.) 

To Irk is to weary the patience 
in the bearing, or in the doing of a. 
thing. 

Irksome, wearying to the patience ; 
as, an irksome task. 

Tedium is weariness caused by 
continuance. 

Tedious, wearisome by continu- 
ance. 

10. Misfortune. 

FORTUNE is whatever happens 
to us, whether it be advantageous or 
disadvantageous. (L.,fors, chance.) 

Misfortune is ill fortune, (mis, ill.) 

A Misfortune is any untoward 
event which affects our happiness or 
prosperity. 

A Calamity is a great misfortune. 
(L., calamus, a stalk of corn, because 
hail, or whatever injured the stalks 
of corn, was termed a calamity.) 

A Disaster is a sudden occurrence 
seriously affecting the persons or 
property of individuals, (dis, un- 
lucky ; and aa-r^ev \_astron~\, a star, 



264 



MENTAL STATES. 



misfortunes having formerly been 
supposed to be produced by the in- 
fluence of unlucky stars. 

Mischances and Mishaps are mis- 
fortunes of a trivial nature. 

11. Injury. 

INJURY is, 1. What happens con- 
trary to right. 2. Whatever ill be- 
falls an object by the external action 
of other objects. (L., in, privative, 
and jus, right. ) 

Damage is injury which takes 
away from the value of a thing. 
(L., damnum, loss.) 

Hurt is injury which destroys 
the soundness of a thing. 

Harm is injury which is attended 
with trouble and inconvenience. 

Mischief is evil which interrupts 
the harmony and consistency of 
things. (Fr., mis, amiss, and chever, 
to perform.) 

Detriment is injury that affects 
the value of a thing, or the pecuni- 
ary interests of a person. (L., de, 
away, and tero [trituni], to wear by 
rubbing. ) 

Prejudice is a species of injury 
which lowers a thing in the estima- 
tion of others. (L.,prce, beforehand, 
and judico, to judge.) 

12. Love. 

LOVE is a complex state of mind 
embracing, 1st. A pleasant emotion 
in view of the object; and, 2d. A 
desire to do good to that object, — 
Upham. 

Attachment is a feeling that binds 
a person to an object. (Attach, to 
join or fasten to.) 

To Like is to be pleased with in a 
moderate degree. 

Tender, sensitively alive to what- 
ever affects the happiness or comfort 
of the object beloved; as, a tender re- 
gard. 

Affection is a tender love. 

Fond, 1. Foolishly tender; as, a 
fond mother. 2. Delighted with. A 
child is fond of play. 

To Fondle is to treat with fondness. 
A nurse fondles her child. 



Dear, tenderly beloved. 

To Endear is "to render dear. 

Endearment is, 1. That which ex- 
cites or increases affection. 2. The 
state of being beloved. 

A Darling is a dearly-beloved ob- 
ject. (Dim. of dear.) 

Carus, or Charus, dear. (L.) 
Hence, 

Caress, to treat with fondness. 

Cherisli, 1. To treat with affection. 
2. To hold as dear. 

Charity, lit., love or endearment. 
Hence, 1. Supreme love to God and 
universal good-will to men. — 1 Cor. 
xiii. 2. A disposition to judge fa- 
vorably of the words and actions of 
men. 3. Liberality to the poor. 

4. Tenderness springing from natural 
relations. 

By thee, 
Founded in reason, loyal, just, and pure, 
Relations clear, and all the charities 
Of father, son, and brother, first were known. — 

Milton. 

5. The charities of life include all the 
ties of love and friendship, the attach- 
ments resulting from kindredship and 
neighborhood, together with the inter- 
change of kind offices. 

A Charity is, 1. An act of kindness 
to the poor. 2. A charitable institu- 
tion. 

To Dote on, or upon, is to love ex- 
cessively. 

Friendship is an attachment pro- 
ceeding from intimacy and an inter- 
change of kind offices. 

Amicus, a friend. (L., from amo, 
to love.) Hence, 

Amity, friendship. 

Amicable, friendly. 

To Estrange is to cause those who 
have been friends to feel toward each 
other as strangers. 

To Alienate is to estrange ; as, to 
alienate the heart or affections. (L., 
alienus, strange.) 

To Reconcile is to restore good 
feeling between parties who have 
been estranged from each other. 

13. Kindness. 
KIND, 1. Disposed to do good to 
others. 2. Proceeding from a desire 



MENTAL STATES. 



265 



to promote the happiness, comfort, 
or convenience of others; as, a kind 
act. 

Humanus, pertaining to, or suitable 
to man. (L., from homo, a man.) 
Hence, 

Humane, disposed to treat others 
with kindness.- 

Humanity, 1. Kindness of feeling. 
2. The exercise of kindness. See 
Art. Man. 

Bene, kindly. (L.) Hence, 

Benevolent, entertaining kind 
•wishes. (L., volens, wishing.) 

Beneficent, performing kind acts. 
(L.,facio, to perform.) 

Benefaction, a favor conferred. (L., 
facio. ) 

Benefit, 1. An act of kindness. 
2. Advantage or profit, 

Benignus, kindly disposed. (L.) 
Hence, 

Benign, of a kind disposition. 

Benignity is kindness of disposi- 
tion. 

Favor is kindness manifested by 
acts. (h.,faveo, to befriend or coun- 
tenance.) 

Grace is free and unmerited favor 
shown by a superior to an inferior or 
dependent. (L., gratia, favor.) 

Gracious, condescendingly kind to 
inferiors or dependents; as, a gra- 
cious sovereign. 

Pity is an emotion excited by the 
distress of another. 

Compassion is, lit., a suffering with 
another. (L., con, together; and pa- 
tior, to suffer.) Hence, a sensation 
of sorrow excited by the distress or 
misfortunes of another. 

Sympathy is a sharing in the feel- 
ings of another. (Gi\, a-w [syn], to- 
gether ; and mbo; [pathos~], an affec- 
tion or feeling.) 

Note. — We may sympathize with another, 
either in his joys or his sorrows ; jet, the terms 
sympathy and sympathize are more commonly 
\ised in reference to a sharing of the sorrows of 
others. 

Mercy is the exercise of forbear- 
ance by a superior toward an inferior 
who has offended him. (L., miseri- 
cors, pitiful.) 



Ruth, tenderness. (Obsolete.) 

Ruthless, insensible to the miseries 
of others. 

To Commiserate is to pity. (L., 
con, together; and wiser, wretched.) 

Mild, not severe toward offenders. 

Clemens, mild. (L.) Hence, 

Clemency, mildness in the treat- 
ment of offenders. 

Charity, kindness to the poor. See 
Art. Love. 

Alms consist in anything gratui- 
tously given to relieve the poor. (Gr., 
ikm/uuo-vm [elcemosyne~], pity ; from t\nco 
{eleeo\ to pity.) 

Almoner, a distributor of alms. 

Eleemosynary, 1. Given in alms; 
as eleemosynary taxes. 2. Relating 
to alms ; as, an eleemosynary institu- 
tion. 

14. Gratitude. 

GRATITUDE is a sentiment of 
good-will toward a benefactor. 

Grateful, having a due sense of 
benefits received. 

To Thank is to express gratitude 
for favors. 

Thankfulness is an inclination to 
give expression to one's feelings of 
gratitude. 

Ingrate, unthankful. 

An Ingrate is an unthankful 
wretch. 

An Acknowledgment is an ex- 
pression of thanks. 

15. Cruelty. 

CRUEL, disposed to give pain to 
others. 

Ferocious, characterized by the 
cruelty of the beasts of prey; as, a 
ferocious lion, ferocious savages. 
(L., fera, a wild beast.) 

Savage, characterized by the cru- 
elty of wild men ; as, a savage dispo- 
sition. (Savage, a wild man, from 
Fr., sauvage, wild.) 

Barbarous, characterized by the 
cruelty of uncivilized nations. (Bar 
barous, uncivilized.) 

16. Self Esteem. 
PRIDE is the valuing of one's 
self on account of one's talents, 






266 



MENTAL STATES. 



wealth, rank, power, acquirements, 
etc. 

Proud, valuing one's-self on ac- 
count of one's superiority. 

Vanity is an empty or frivolous 
pride. 

Vain, elated with an empty or 
frivolous pride. 

Conceited, entertaining too high 
an opinion of one's-self. 

Self-conceit is an over-estimate of 
one's own abilities. 

Haughtiness includes a high opin- 
ion of one's-self, with a mixture of 
contempt for others. (Fr., haut, 
high.) 

17. To Boast. 

To BOAST is to speak ostenta- 
tiously of what belongs to, or has 
been performed by, one's-self. 

To Vaunt is to boast loudly of 
one's own worth or achievements. 

To Glory is to hold as being 
highly to one's credit. 

To Brag is to tell boastful stories ; 
as, to brag of an exploit. 

A Braggart or Braggadocio is a 
boastful fellow. 

To Swagger is to boast or brag 
noisily. 

A Rodomont is a vain boaster. 

Rodomontade is vain boasting. 

18. Anger. 

ANGER is a sudden discomposure 
of mind produced by some injury re- 
ceived, and usually accompanied with 
a desire to take revenge, or to obtain 
satisfaction . 

Resentment is a continued anger. 
(Fr., ressentir, from L., re, again, and 
sentio, to feel.) 

Wrath is a hightened sentiment 
of anger entertained by a superior 
toward an inferior. 

Ire is wrath. (A word used chiefly 
by the poets. L., ira, anger.) 

Indignation is a strong feeling -of 
anger, excited by the unworthy or 
atrocious conduct of others. (L., in- 
dignus, unworthy.) 

Choler is a high grade of angry 
excitement, accompanied with a de- 



rangement of the functions of the 
animal economy. The visage be- 
comes suddenly pale, the milk of a 
nurse is .rendered poisonous, and an 
excessive secretion of bile takes place, 
from which last circumstance the af- 
fection derives its name. (Gr., %gk» 
[clioW], bile.) 

Rage is violent anger. 

To Rage is to speak and act from 
the impulse of violent and ungovern- 
able anger. In a Jig. sense, a storm 
rages. We speak, also, of a raging 
fever, a raging thirst, etc. 

To Enrage is to excite to violent 
anger. 

Fury is an excess of rage. 

Infuriate, excited to fury. 

To Infuriate, to excite to fury. 

Furious, transported with fury. 

A Passion is a fit of violent anger. 

A Pet is a slight fit of anger. 

A Miff is a slight degree of re- 
sentment. 

Sullenness is anger characterized 
by gloom and silence. 

Sulkiness is anger characterized 
by silence, and an indisposition to be 
pleased with anybody or anything. 

To Pout is, 1. To push out the lips. 
2. To look sullen. 

19. To Quarrel. 

To QUARREL is to dispute with 
loud and angry words. 

To Wrangle is to dispute angrily. 

A Wrangler is, 1. An angry dis- 
putant. 2. At the University of Cam- 
bridge, in England, wranglers are 
those who attain the highest honors 
in the public mathematical examina- 
tions for the degree of bachelor of 
arts. — Brande. 

To Jangle is to dispute ill-humor- 
edly. 

To Altercate is to dispute with 
warmth. (L., altercor, to debate.) 

To Bicker is to engage in petty 
altercation. 

To Brawl is to quarrel noisily. 

To Pique is, lit., to prick. Hence, 
To excite a degree of anger by a per- 
sonal offense. 

To Chafe is, lit, to irritate the 



MENTAL STATES. 



26; 



skin by rubbing. Hence, To excite to 
anger by repeated acts of a disagree- 
able character. 

A Broil is a noisy quarrel. 

A Squabble is a petty quarrel. 

A Fray, or An Affray is a sudden 
and violent quarrel. See To Fight. 

A Feud is an inveterate and deadly 
quarrel between two families, or be- 
tween parties in a state. 

To Scold is to quarrel clamor- 
ously and rudely. 

A Scold is a clamorous, rude, foul- 
mouthed woman. 

Soolds answer foul-mouthed scolds. — Swift. 

A Termagant is a brawling, scold- 
ing woman. 

A Shrew is a peevish, brawling 
woman. 

A Vixen is a turbulent, passionate 



20. To Make Angry. 

To Displease is, lit., to affect un- 
pleasantly. Hence, To make slightly 
angry. 

Displeasure is a slight degree of 
anger. 

To Irritate is to excite to anger 
by slight but repeated acts of a dis- 
pleasing character. 

To Xettle is, lit., to sting with 
nettles. Hence, To excite a slight 
and temporary feeling of anger by a 
pungent remark. 

To Offend is, lit., to strike against. 
Hence, To make angry (L., ob, 
against; and fendo, to strike.) 

Offense is moderate anger. 

To Provoke is to rouse the angry 
feelings of any one by offensive words 
or actions. (L., provoco, to challenge.) 

Provocation, 1. Anything that ex- 
cites anger. 2. The act of exciting 
anger. 

To Exasperate is to make exceed- 
ingly angry. (L., ex, intensive; and 
aspero, to roughen.) 

To Affront is to offend grossly, 
as if by flinging something into the 
person's face. (L., ad, against; and 
frons [frontis~\. the forehead.) 

To Incense is to inflame with an- 



ger. (L., incendo, [incensum], to set 
on fire.) 

To Insult is to offend by treating 
with indignity. (L., in, upon; and 
salio \_sultum~], to leap.) 

21. To Express Anger. 

To Fume is lit., to give vent to 
smoke. Hence, To manifest anger 
by noisy and violent language. 

To Storm is to send forth a tem- 
pest of angry words. 

22. Susceptibility of being made 
Angry. 

IRRITABLE, easily excited to 
anger. 

Techy, or Touchy, very irritable. 
(Susceptible of being made angry by 
a touch.) 

Irascible, very susceptible of anger. 
(L., ira, anger.) 

Testy, easily irritated. 

Hasty, properly, acting with too 
great haste. Hence, Prone to be sud- 
denly excited to anger before reflec- 
tion or reason has time to operate. 

Passionate, prone to sudden sallies 
of anger. 

Snappish, properly, given to snap- 
ping; as, a snappish cur. Hence, 
Readily provoked to tart or angry re- 
plies. 

\Yaspish, susceptible of being ex- 
cited to anger by the slightest trifles. 
( Wasp.) 

23. Ill Will 

IXBIICUS, unfriendly. (L., in, 
not; and amicus, friendly) Hence, 

Enmity, a fixed or rooted hatred. 

Enemy, one who hates another, and 
wishes him harm, or attempts to do 
him harm. 

Inimical, having the temper or dis- 
position of an enemy. 

Hostis, an enemy. (L.) Hence, 

Hostile, 1. Pertaining to a public 
enemy; as, a hostile band. 2. Enter- 
taining or manifesting a strong feel- 
ing of opposition to persons, measures, 
or interests. 

Hostility, 1. Thestateof war between 



268 



MENTAL STATES. 



nations.. 2. Bitter opposition to per- 
sons, measures, or interests. 

Malevolens, wishing ill. (L., male, 
ill; and volens, wishing.) Hence, 

Malevolent, delighting in the suf- 
ferings or misfortunes of others. 

Malignus, ill-disposed toward oth- 
ers. {Malus, evil. L.) Hence, 

Malign, 1. Ill-disposed ; as, malign 
spirits. 2. In astrology, Unfavorable; 
as, planets of malign aspect. 

Malignant, 1. Characterized by ex- 
treme malevolence ; as, a malignant 
feeling; a malignant design. 2. Vir- 
ulent; as, a malignant fever. 

Malignity, 1. Extreme malevolence. 
2. Virulence; as, the malignity of a 
disease. 

Malitia, badness, from malus, bad. 
(L.) Hence, 

Malice, a disposition to injure oth- 
ers, whether Avith or without cause. 

Ranceo, to grow stale. (L.) Hence, 

Rancor, inveterate (old) and bitter 
hatred. 

Spite is a petty kind of malice, 
characterized by a disposition to of- 
fend another in trifling matters. 

A Pique is a spiteful feeling of 
recent date occasioned by a personal 
offense. 

A Grudge is a spiteful or rancorous 
feeling of long standing, which has 
had its origin in a personal offense. 

Spleen is ill humor. 

Animosity is violent hatred leading 
to active opposition. 

Gall is, lit, a bitter liquid secreted 
by the liver. Fig., Malignity. 

Venom is, lit, a poisonous liquid 
discharged from the fangs of a ser- 
pent in biting. Fig., Malice. 

An Adversary is one who is ad- 
verse to us in feeling or action. (L., 
ad, against; and versus, turned.) 

A Foe is a malignant enemy. 

24. Revenge. 

REVENGE is the infliction of in- 
jury for injury received. 

To Avenge is to punish in behalf 
of another. 

To Revenge is to punish in behalf 
of one's-self 



Vengeance is pain inflicted for an 
injury received or a wrong committed. 

To Retaliate is to return evil for 
evil, (or like for like.) (L., re, back; 
and talis, like.) 

Tit-for-tai is retaliation, or return- 
ing like for like, in an evil sense. 

Vindictive, revengeful; as, a vin- 
dictive spirit. 

25. Dislike. 

To HATE is to have a strong feel- 
ing of dislike toward. 

Hate, or Hatred, is a strong feeling 
of dislike. 

Odium, hatred. (L.) Hence, 

Odium, the hatred incurred by 
some unpopular act. 

Odious, hateful. 

To Abhor is to start back with hor- 
ror from the contemplation of some- 
thing that is repugnant to our moral 
feelings. (L., ab, from ; and horreo, 
to shudder.) 

To Detest is to feel a strong dislike 
toward evil-doing and evil-doers. (L., 
detestor, to call to witness against.) 

To Abominate is to hold in religious 
abhorrence. Swine's flesh is an 
abomination to a Jew. (L. , ab, against ; 
and ominor, to wish ill luck.) 

To Loathe is to regard with a strong 
feeling of disgust, either physical or 
moral. The stomach loathes offensive 
food. 

They with their filthiness 
Polluted this same gentle soil long time, 
That their own mother loathed their beastli- 
ness. — Sjpense?\ 

Aversion is, lit, a turning away. 
Hence, A strong dislike; as, an aver- 
sion to subjection. (L., a, away; and 
versus, turned.) 

An Antipathy is, lit, a feeling 
against. Hence, A natural aversion. 
The mouse has an antipathy to the 
cat. (Gi\, avn \_anti~], against; and 
7rx8itA \_patheia~], a feeling.) 

MI2EO [Miseo], to hate. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Misanthropy, a hatred of mankind. 
(Gr., a.vQpa>7rs( [anthropos~\, a man.) 

Misogamy, a hatred of marriage. 
(Gr., >^wcf \_gamos~], a marriage.) 



MENTAL STATES. 



269 



26. Contempt. 

To CONTEMN" is to have a mean 
opinion of any one. 

Contempt is a mean opinion of any- 
one. 

To Despise is to look down upon 
as mean, or as not worthy of regard. 
(L., de, down; and spccio, to look.) 

To Scorn is to hold in extreme 
contempt. 

To Disdain is to consider as un- 
worthy of our notice or regard. (L., 
dis, not; and dignus, worthy.) 

To Scoff at is to treat with inso- 
lent ridicule and contumelious lan- 
guage. (Gr., o-KC67rra> \_scopto~\, to 
ridicule.] 

To Gibe is to use expressions of 
mockery and contempt. 

To Sneer is to express contempt 
by turning up the nose. 

27. Emulation. 

To EMULATE is to strive to equal 
or excel others. 

To Vie is to strive for superiority. 

To Outvie is to surpass. 

To Rival is to be equal to another 
in any excellence. 

Rivals are persons who strive for 
the attainment of an object which can 
be possessed only by one. (L., ripa, 
the bank of a river.) 

Note. — The term rival derived its origin and 
signification from the circumstance, that the in- 
habitants of the opposite banks of rivers fre- 
quently entertained hostile feelings toward each 
other. 

To Compete is to strive together 
for the same object. (L., con, to- 
gether; saidpeto, to seek. 

Competitors are persons striving 
for an object which can be obtained 
only by one. 

Jealousy is that passion or peculiar 
uneasiness which arises from the fear 
that a rival may rob us of the affec- 
tion of one whom we love, or the sus- 
picion that he has already done it ; or 
it is the uneasiness which arises 
from the fear that another does or 
will enjoy some advantage which we 
desire for ourselves. — Webster. 

Envy is pain, uneasiness, mortifica- 



tion, or discontent, excited by the 
sight of another's superiority or suc- 
cess. — Webster. 

28. To Laugh. 

To LAUGH is to make the noise 
that sudden merriment excites. 

To Titter is to laugh with re- 
straint. 

To Giggle is to laugh with short 
catches of breath. 

To Snicker, or Snigger, is to laugh 
with small and audible catches of 
voice. 

Rideo [ristim], to laugh. (L.) 
Hence, 

To Ridicule, to laugh at that which 
impresses us as being absurd or irra- 
tional. 

To Deride, to laugh at with con- 
tempt. 

Derision, contemptuous laughter. 

To Mock is, 1. To make contemp- 
tuous sport. 2. To imitate in de- 
rision. (Fr., moquer, to laugh at.) 

29. To Smile. 

To SMILE is to contract the fea- 
tures of the face in such a manner as 
to express pleasure, kindness, love, or 
a slight degree of contempt. 

To Smirk is to smile affectedly. 

To Simper is to smile in a silly 
manner. 

To Grin is to set the teeth together, 
and to withdraw the lips as in mirth, 
anger, or anguish. 

30. The Causation of Laughter or 
Mirth. 

LUDICROUS, adapted to excite 
laughter without contempt. (L., In- 
dus, sport.) 

Comic, fitted to excite mirth; as, a 
comic song. 

Comical, causing laughter; as, a 
comical incident. 

Droll, adapted by its oddness to di- 
vert. 

Burlesque' consists in an assem- 
blage of ideas adapted, by their ex- 
travagant discordance, to excite laugh- 
ter. 

To Burlesque is to turn into ridi- 
cule, as by treating a low or trifling 



270 



MENTAL STATES. 



subject with gravity; or, conversely, 
by treating a grave subject in a lu- 
dicrous manner. 

To Travesty is to translate into 
such language as to render ridiculous 
or ludicrous. (Fr., tra, over; and 
vestir, to clothe.) 

A Buffoon is a man whose profes 
sion is to make sport by low jests and 
antic gestures. 

A Merry-Andrew is one whose 
business is to make sport for others. 

A Clown is, properly, an awkward 
countryman. Hence, one who, by 
feigned awkwardness and rusticity, 
makes sport for others. 

A Jest is something ludicrous ut- 
tered and meant only to excite laugh- 
ter. 

A Joke is, 1. Something said for 
the sake of exciting a laugh. 2. A 
trick played on a person. 

A Pleasantry is a good-natured 
remark designed to excite a smile at 
the expense of another person. 

Raillery is good-humored pleas- 
antry or slight satire. 

To Rally is to attack with raillery. 

To Banter is to joke or jest with 
another person for the purpose of 
raising a laugh at his expense. 

31. Fear. 

FEAR is a painful emotion excited 
by the presence of danger, or the ex- 
pectation of evil. 

Fearful, 1. Influenced by fear; as, 
fearful to offend. 2. Entertaining 
fear ; as, to be fearful of the conse- 
quences of an act. 3. Easily affected 
with fear. Them that are of a fear- 
ful heart. — Isaiah. 4. Adapted to 
inspire fear; as, a fearful punish- 
ment. 

To Apprehend is to feel uneasiness 
at the thought of possible evil that 
may befall us. See Art. To Take 
Hold of 

Apprehension is uneasiness at the 
thought of possible evil. 

Apprehensive, uneasy at the thought 
of possible evil. 

Afraid, 1. Apprehensive of evil. 
2. Lacking courage to meet danger. 



Dread is great fear. 

To Dread, to be in great fear. 

Bread, (adj.,) 1. Terrible. 

"To stand against the deep, dread, bolted 
thunder. ' ' —Shahspeare. 

2. Awful; as. Jehovah's dread tribu- 
nal; the dread moment of death ; a 
dread sovereign; the king's dread 
majesty. 

To Scare is to affect with sudden 
fear. 

Fright is sudden and violent fear. 

To Fright, Frighten, or Affright, 
is to affect with sudden and violent 
fear. 

A Panic is a sudden fright without 
cause. 

An Alarm is a cry, or other signal, 
giving notice of danger. Lit, a cry 
to arms. (Fr., al, for, ad, to, and 
armes. ) 

Alarm is the sensation excited by 
any sudden signal announcing the 
approach of danger. 

To Daunt is to repress the courage 
by danger. 

To Dismay is to prostrate the cour- 
age by sudden and great danger. 

Terreo, to frighten. (L.) Hence, 

Terror, extreme fear, excited by 
the apprehension of some impend- 
ing catastrophe. 

To Terrify, to affect with terror. 

To Appall is to unnerve the mind 
with extreme terror. Properly, to 
make pale with fear. (L.., ad, inten- 
sive, and palleo, to be pale.) 

Consternation is a mixed emotion 
of terror and amazement, that con- 
founds the faculties, and incapaci- 
tates a person for deliberation or ac- 
tion. (L., consierno, to strike down.) 

Timeo, to fear. (L. ) Hence, 

Timid, naturally destitute of cour- 
age to meet danger. 

Timorous, destitute of courage. 

Intimidate, to make afraid. 

Tremo, to tremble. (L.) Hence, 

Tremendous, that excites trembling. 
Thunder and lightning may be tre- 
mendous. 

Redoubtable, terrible to foes; as 
a redoubtable hero, (Fr., re, again, 
and douter, to fear.) 



MENTAL STATES. 



271 



Trepido to tremble. (L.) Hence, 

Trepidation, a trembling from fear. 

Intrepid, fearless. 

Intrejridiiy, fearlessness. 

To Cow is. 1, To sink the cour- 
age. 2. To oppress with habitual 
timidity. 

To Cower is to bend down through 
fear. 

A Coward is a person who wants 
courage to meet danger. 

Cowardice is a want of courage to 
meet danger. 

A Poltroon is an arrant coward. 

A Dastard is one who meanly 
sh rinks from danger. 

A Craven was formerly one who 
craved or begged for his life, when 
vanquished in battle. Hence, A cow- 
ardly wretch. 

Faint, timorous. u Faint heart 
never Avon fair lady." 

Fainthearted, yielding easily to 
fear. 

Chickenhearted, cowardly. 

Pusillanimous, lacking the strength 
and firmness of mind which consti- 
tute courage. (L., pusillus, small or 
weak; and animus, the mind.) 

Pusillanimity is a want of the 
strength and firmness of mind which 
constitute courage. 

Awe is fear mingled with rever- 
ence. 

Horror is a mingled emotion of 
fear and detestation, sometimes so 
violent as to cause a shuddering. 
(L., horreo, to shudder.) 

To Quake is to tremble, as with vio- 
lent fear. 

To Shudder is to be affected with 
a trembling, combined with a sense 
of shrinking, caused by dread or 
horror. 

To Quail is to be affected with a 
sudden sinking of the courage in the 
presence of danger. 

Shy, fearful of near approach ; as, 
a shy bird. 

Skittish, easily frightened; as, a 
skittish horse. 



32. Exemption from Fear. 

BOLDNESS is a freedom from 
fear, arising from a confidence in 
our own ability to pass safely through 
the dangers which lie in our way. 

Courage duly appreciates danger, 
but confronts it, nevertheless. 

Bravery encounters danger with- 
out waiting to calculate the probable 
consequences. 

Valor combines the fire of bravery 
with determination and firmness of 
courage. — Crabbe. (L., valeo, to be 
strong.) 

Gallantry is extraordinary brave- 
ry, or bravery on extraordinary occa- 
sions. — Crabbe. 

To Dare is to have sufficient cour- 
age for any purpose. 

"I dare do all that may become a man." 
Shalspeare. 

Audacity is great boldness in doing 
that which is wrong; (L., audeo, to 
dare.) 

Hardihood consists in a firm reso- 
lution to meet consequences. 

Temerity is an unreasonable con- 
tempt of danger. 

33. Shame. 

SHAME is, 1. A painful sensation 
excited by a consciousness of having 
done something which lowers us in 
the estimation of others. 2. Dis- 
grace. 

A Shame is a cause of shame. 

To Blush is to give indications of 
a feeling of shame by a reddening 
of the face. 

To Abash is to confuse or confound 
by exciting suddenly a consciousness 
of guilt, error, or inferiority. 

Bashful, easily abashed. 

Impudent, shameless. (L., in r not, 
and pudeo, to be ashamed.) 

Brazen-faced, incapable of blush- 
ing, or of being affected by emotions 
of shame. 

34. Modesty. 
_ MODESTY is, 1. The temper which 
disposes us to make a fair and medium 
estimate of our own ability or impor- 
tance. 2. Unobtrusive deportment 



272 



MENTAL STATES. 



as opposed to forwardness or impu- 
dence. 3. Purity of manners result- 
ing from purity of thought. 

Diffidence is a want of confidence 
in one's own ability or competency. 
(L., dis, privative, and jido, to trust.) 

Bashfulness is excessive back- 
wardness in speaking or acting in the 
presence of others. 

Sheepishness is extreme bashful- 



ness. 



35. Desire. 



DESIRE is an inclination of the 
mind toward anything that is adapted 
to gratify. 

A Wish is, 1. A desire. 2. A de- 
sire expressed. 3. The thing desired. 

A Longing is an impatient and 
continued desire. We long for the 
return of an absent friend. 

A Hankering is an habitual desire 
for that which is out of one's reach, 
or for a gratification in which the in- 
dividual does not dare to indulge ; as, 
to hanker after fruit or the wine cup. 

To Crave is to desire with vehe- 
mence. 

An Itching is an impatient or rest- 
less desire to do, to say, or to hear. 

To Covet is, 1. To desire beyond 
due bounds. 

If it be a sin to covet honor, I am the most of- 
fending man alive. — Shales. 

2. To have a strong and commend- 
able desire. But covet earnestly the 
best gifts. — 1 Cor. xii : 31. 

Covetous, inordinately desirous of 
acquiring money. 

Sordid, meanly covetous. (L., sor- 
didns, filthy.) 

Hunger is the desire of food. 

Thirst is the desire of drink. 

Appetite is, 1. The natural desire 
of pleasure or good; as, an appetite 
for fame, glory, or riches. 2. A de- 
sire of food or drink. (L., ad, after; 
andpeto, to seek.) 

Appetence, or Appetency, is, 1. De- 
sire. 2. The disposition of organized 
bodies to select and imbibe such por- 
tions of matter as serve to support and 
nourish them. — Webster. 



36. To Ash 

To ASK is to express to another 
person our desire that he would favor 
us with something which we suppose 
to be in the power of the person ad- 
dressed to grant. 

To Request is simply to ask for 
something. 

To Pray, or To Petition, is to ad- 
dress a formal request to a superior. 

An Orison is a devotional prayer. 

Slowly they bowed adoring, and began 
Their orisons, each morning duly paid. — 
Milton. 

To Solicit is to ask with some de- 
gree of earnestness. 

To Beg is to ask with importunity. 

To Beseech is to make an urgent 
request 

To Entreat is to request by the 
force of reasoning and strong repre- 
sentation. 

To Supplicate is to ask humbly 
and submissively. See Art. To Fold. 

To Implore is to supplicate with 
tears and other indications of dis- 
tress. (L., ploro, to weep.) 

To Crave is to ask under the deep- 
est sense of need, and with the great- 
est vehemence of desire. 

To Importune is to weary by con- 
tinued or frequent asking. 

Precor [precatum], to pray. (L.) 
Hence, 

Precarious, lit., obtained by prayer 
or solicitation. Hence, 1. Depend- 
ing on the will of another; as, a pre- 
carious tenure. 2. Depending for 
continuance on unforeseen events. 
Life and health are precarious. 

Deprecate, to pray that an evil 
may be removed or averted, (de, 
away.) 

Imprecate, to pray that a curse or 
calamity may fall on any one. (in, 
upon.) 

37. Hope. 

HOPE is the desire of good, accom- 
panied with, at least, a slight expecta- 
tion of obtaining it. 

Spero [speraturri], to hope. (L.) 
Hence, 

Prosper, to succeed in business, 



LANGUAGE. 



273 



etc., according to one's liopes. {pro, 
according to.) 

Despair, the privation of hope. 
(de, noting privation.) 

Desperate, 1. Hopeless. 2. Prompt- 
ed by a state of feeling bordering on 
despair ; as, a desperate effort. 

Desperado, one who, from the 
hopeless state of his fortune, is re- 
gardless of his safety or danger. 

Desperation, 1. The condition of 
being utterly without hope. 2. Dis- 
regard of safety or danger, caused by 
hopelessness of condition. Soldiers 
sometimes fight with desperation. 

Despondency is a privation of hope, 
accompanied with a sinking of the 
spirits, (de, privative; and spondeo, 
to promise. Despondeo, the Latin 
word from which despond comes, sig- 
nifies, therefore, to cut off all hope 
by formally saying to a person that 
he can not have the thing which he 
desires.) 

Note. — Desperation impels to greater exer- 
tions ; Despondency unnerves. 

38. The Love of Property. 
ACQUISITIVENESS is a propen- 
sity to acquire. The bee and the ant 



are examples of the acquisitive pro- 
pensity. 

Covetousness is the desire of pos- 
session indulged to an inordinate or 
sinful degree. 

Avarice is a soul-absorbing love of 
money. (L., aveo, to crave.) 

Note. — Avarice disposes us not only for acqui- 
sition, but also for hoarding and preserving 
what we have. 

No more thus brooding o'er yon heap, 
With avarice painful vigils keep. 

Cupidity is an eager desire of pos- 
session directed toward a special ob- 
ject. (L., cupio, to desire.) 

A Miser is one who, for the love of 
money, denies himself the common 
enjoyments of life. (L., miser, miser- 
able. ) 

A Niggard is one who, from an in- 
ordinate love of money, is meanly 
close in his dealings and saving in 
his expenditures. 

A Store is a quantity of something 
laid up for future use. 

A Hoard is a quantity of some- 
thing laid up for the mere pleasure of 
accumulating. 

Note. — Prudence stoyes. Avarice hoards. 



OF LANGUAGE. 



1. To Utter. 



vocal 



To Utter is to give forth 
sounds. (For outer, to let out.) 

To Articulate is, lit, to connect 
by joints. Hence, To joint together 
two or more elementary sounds of 
the human voice, as when we com- 
bine the sounds represented by the 
letters b and a, so as to form the syl- 
lable ba. (L,, articulus, a joint.) 

To Mutter is to utter with imper- 
fect articulations, or with a low mur- 
muring voice. 

To Sputter is to utter words has- 
tily and indistinctly. 

To Mumble is to utter with a low, 
inarticulate voice. 

To Lisp is to articulate certain ele- 
mentary sounds imperfectly, especi- 
18 



ally to give to s the sound of th, as 
when a person says yeth for yes. 

Nuntio \_nuntialum~], to utter. (L.) 
Hence, 

Pronounce, 1. To utter articulate 
sounds. 2. To utter officially; as, 
to pronounce sentence of death. 3. 
To utter rhetorically; as, to pronounce 
an oration. 4. To declare or affirm; 
as, he pronounced the bill to be a 
counterfeit. 

Enunciate y 1. To utter as articulate 
sounds. 2. To utter in due form; as, 
to enunciate a proposition or truth. 
(e, forth.) 

Enunciation, I. The act of uttering. 
2. The manner of uttering articulate 
sounds. 

Annunciate, to bring tidings, (ad, 
to.) 



274 



LANGUAGE. 



Announce, to give notice of. 

Denounce, 1. To proclaim in a 
threatening manner ; as, to denounce 
war, or wrath. 2. To inform against; 
as, to denounce a person for neglect 
of duty. 

Denunciation, the proclamation of 
a threat. 

2. Of Words. 

A WORD is either a simple vocal 
sound, as a or O ! ; a single articula- 
tion, as an ; or a combination of ar- 
ticulations, as animal, used as a sign 
of an idea. 

A Syllable is as much of a word 
as can be uttered by a single impulse 
of the voice. (Gr., nv \_syn], together; 
and Axfiiiv [labeiii], to take.) 

A Monosyllable is a word of one 
syllable. (Gr., povos [inonos~\, one.) 

A Dissyllable is a word of two 
syllables, (di, two.) 

A Trissy liable is a word of three 
syllables, (tri, three.) 

A Polysyllable is a word of many 
syllables, (poly, many.) 

Verbum, a word. (L.) Hence, 

Verbal, 1. Pertaining to words ; as, 
a verbal criticism. 2. Spoken (not 
written) ; as, a verbal message. 

Verbose, using more words than 
necessary; as, a verbose speaker. 

Verboseness or Verbosity, the em- 
ployment of a superabundance of 
words. 

Verbiage, the use of many words 
without necessity. 

3. To Speak. 

To SPEAK is to utter words. 

Speech consists in the utterance 
of articulate sounds for the convey- 
ance of ideas, (from speak.) 

A Language is a system of signifi- 
cant vocal sounds used by some par- 
ticular people. (L., lingua, the tongue, 
because the tongue is a prominent 
organ of speech.) 

A Tongue is a language. 

A Dialect is a provincial variety 
of a language; as, the Scottish dia- 
lect of the English language. 

An Idiom is, 1. A form of expres- 



sion peculiar to a language. 2. A 
dialect. (Gr., iSm [idios'], peculiar.) 

A Jargon is a confused, unintelli- 
gible language. 

To Gibber is to speak rapidly and 
inarticulately. Hence, 

Gibberish, unmeaning words. 

To Talk is to speak familiarly. 

To Converse is to talk together. 

To Chat is to converse familiarly 
on some unimportant subject. 

To Chatter is to talk rapidly with- 
out saying anything of importance 
or interest. 

A Chatterbox is an incessant talker. 

To Jabber is to talk rapidly and 
indistinctly. 

To Babble is, 1. To talk senselessly 
and much. Hence, 2. To tell secrets. 
3. By the figure of personification the 
poet speaks of babbling brooks. 

To Gabble is to talk rapidly and 
without meaning. 

To Prate is to talk to little pur- 
pose. 

To Prattle is to talk much and 
idly, after the manner of children. 
(Freq. of prate.) 

Garrio, to prate. (L.) Hence, 

Garrulous, talking much of what 
one has done, seen, or experienced. 

Old age looks out, 
And garrulous recounts the feats of youth. — 
Thomson. 

Garrulity, a talking much of what 
we have ourselves done, or of what 
has fallen under our own observation. 

Pleased with that social, sweet garrulity 
The poor, disbanded vet'ran's sole delight. — 
Somerville. 

To Discourse is to communicate 
thoughts and ideas in a formal man- 
ner. (L., dis, abroad; and curro, to 
run, implying that discourse takes in 
a wide range of thought.) 

To Address is to speak to. 

Address, 1. Manner of addressing; 
as, a man of a pleasing address; a 
man of an awkward address. 2. Skill. 

An Address consists in words for- 
mally addressed to a company of 
hearers. 

A Speech is a formal discourse ut- 
tered in public. 



LANGUAGE. 



275 



A Harangue is an animated or 
noisy speech addressed to a popular 
audience. 

A Lecture is a discourse read or 
pronounced on any subject, for the 
purpose of communicating informa- 
tion. (L., lego [lectuni], to read.) 

A Sermon is a discourse explana- 
tory of a text or passage of Scripture. 

An Orator is a public speaker. 

An Oration is a speech pronounced 
on some special occasion. (L., oro, 
to utter with the mouth.) 

Oratory is the art of speaking well 
in addressing a public audience. 

e PEn [Kheo], to speak. (Gr.) Hence. 

Rhetoric, the science of oratory. 

Loquor \locutum], to speak. (L.) 
Hence, 

. Loquacious, indulging in an im- 
moderate propensity to talk. XTaci- 
turn. 

In council she gave license to her tongue, 
Loquacious, brawling, ever in the wrong. — 
Dry den. 

Loquacity, immoderate indulgence 
in a propensity to talk. 

Too great loquacity, and too great taciturnity 
by fits.— Arbuthnot. 

Eloquent, speaking, fluently, ele- 
gantly, and impressively, (e, forth.) 

Colloquy, a conversation, (con, to- 
gether.) 

Soliloquy, a talking to one's-self. 
(L., solus, alone.) 

Grandiloquent, characterized by a 
pompous, or bombastic style; as, a 
grandiloquent discourse. (L., grandis, 
lofty.) 

Elocution, the utterance or delivery 
of words in public discourses. 

Interlocutor, one who speaks in a 
dialogue, {inter, between.) 

Circumlocution, a round about 
form of expression, (circum, around.) 

For [/ate], to speak. (L.) 
Hence, 

Ineffable, that can not be spoken 
or uttered; as, ineffable joys, (in, 
not; and ex, out.) 

Infant, one who is too young to be 
able to speak, (in, not; and fans, 
speaking.) 

Affable, lit, easy to be spoken to. 
Hence, condescending to free and 



familiar conversation with inferiors ; 
as, an affable prince. 

Logos, a discourse. (Gr., from htya 
[lego'], to speak.) Hence, logue, a 
final syllable signifying a speech; as 
in 

Prologue, a piece spoken before the 
commencement of a play, (pro, be- 
fore. ) 

Epilogue, a piece spoken after the 
conclusion of a play, (epi, after.) 

Dialogue, 1. A conversation be- 
tween two or more persons. 2. A 
written composition in which two or 
more persons are represented as 
speaking together, (dia, between.) 

Monologue, 1. A soliloquy. 2. A 
scene in which a dramatic performer 
speaks by himself. (Gr., ^woc [mo r 
nos~], alone.) 

Apologue, a fable. 

Decalogue, the Ten Command- 
ments. (Gr., ten* \_deca~], ten.) 

Catalogue, a list. 

Hence, also, logy, a termination 
which may be rendered a discourse 
about, a treatise on, the doctrine of, 
the science of, etc. ; as in 

Zoology, the science of living 
creatures. (Gr., |o>ov [zoon], a living 
creature. 

Ornithology, a discourse about 
birds, a treatise on birds, or the sci- 
ence of birds. (Gr., cgvi; [ornis, orni- 
thos~], a bird.) 

Ichthyolog, the science of fishes. 
(Gr., i%b-j S [ichthys~\, a fish.) 

Entomology, the science of insects. 
(Gr., ivrcpov [entomon~\, an insect.) 

Herpetology, the natural history of 
reptiles. (Gr., i^?rnoc [herpetos~], a 
reptile.) 

Geology, the science which treats 
of the structure of the earth, and of 
the changes which its surface has un- 
dergone. (Gr., yn \_ge~\, the earth.) 

Paleontology, the science of the 
fossil remains of animals and plants 
now extinct, (Gr., 7r*\aio? \_palaios~], 
ancient; and w [on, ontos~], a being.). 

Astrology, the pretended science of 
foretelling events from the aspects or 
relative positions of the planets. 
(Gr., ow-Tgov [astron], a star.) 



276 



LANGUAGE. 



Theology, the science of divine 
things. (Gr., e?ac [Theos], God.) 

Demonology, a treatise on evil spir- 
its. {Demon, an evil spirit.) 

Martyrology, a history of the mar- 
tyrs. 

Horology, the scientific principles 
on which the construction of instru- 
ments for measuring time depends. 
(Gr., £/>* {Jiora], time.) ' 

Archaeology, a discourse on an- 
tiquity. (Gr., ap%Aios [archaios], 
ancient.) 

Osteology, a description of bones. 
(Gr., otrnov [osteon], a bone.) 

AEEI2 [Lexis], a word. From xty® 
[lego], to speak. Hence, 

Lexicon, a word-book, or diction- 
ary. 

4. To Say. 

To SAY is to utter in words. 

To State is to represent in a 
formal manner, the facts and circum- 
stances connected with any matter. 
(L., status, a fixed position.) 

To Declare is, 1. To communicate 
plainly to others by words. Whom 
ye ignorantly worship, him declare I 
unto you. — Acts, 2. To say posi- 
tively ; as, he declares the story to be 
false. (L., clarus, clear.) 

To Affirm is, lit., to make firm. 
Hence, to make a strong and positive 
declaration of something that we 
know. 2. To say that a thing is, in 
contradistinction to saying that it is 
not. K Deny. (L., firmus, strong.) 

To Assert is to express confidently 
what we believe. 

To Asseverate is to make a strong 
and solemn affirmation. 

To Aver is to affirm positively 
from a knowledge that what we state 
is true. (Fr., averer, to bear witness 
to the truth; from L., verus, true.) 

To Protest is, 1. To affirm with so- 
lemnity; as, to protest one's inno- 
cence. (L., protestor. I call the 
gods as witnesses to the truth of what 
I say. Pro, for; and testis, a wit- 
ness. ) 2. To make a solemn declara- 
tion expressive of opposition; as, to 
protest against a measure. 



Dico, [dictum], to say. (L.) Hence, 

Diction, style, either of speaking or 
writing. 

Predict, to say or tell beforehand. 
(pro?, beforehand.) 

Contradict, to affirm or assert the 
contrary of what has been affirmed 
or asserted by another. {contra, 
against.) 

Addict, among the ancients, to de- 
vote one's-self, by a verbal engage- 
ment, to the friendship or service of 
another. Hence, to devote one's-self 
to a habit or practice, (ad, to.) 

$PAZn [Phrazo], to speak. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Phrase, a combination of two or 
more words. 

Phraseology, manner of expression. 

To Paraphrase, to express the ideas 
of an author in different words for 
the purpose of rendering sense more 
clear. 

Periphrase, or Periphrasis, a cir- 
cumlocution, (peri, around.) 

Periphrastic, circumlocutory; as, a 
periphrastic expression. 

5. To Tell. 

To TELL is to communicate events 
and circumstances. 

To Kelate is to give the particu- 
lars of an event. 

To Detail is to relate minutely. 

To Narrate is to give the particu- 
lars of a connected series of events. 
(L., narro [narratmn], to tell.) 

To Recount is to relate in detail. 
(Fr., raconter, to tell over.) 

To Rehearse is 1. To recount 
events and transactions. 2. To re- 
peat, by way of practice, a piece that 
one has committed to memory. 

To Recite is to tell over; as, to 
recite the particulars of a journey. 

An Account is a statement of ex- 
isting facts, or a recital of transac- 
tions and events. 

A Story is an account, either ver- 
bal or written, of a series of facts 
and events. (Abbreviation of his- 
tory. ) 

A Tale is a feigned story. (From 
tell.) 



LANGUAGE. 



277 



An Anecdote is a short story em 
bodying some biographical incident. 

A Fable is a feigned story designed 
to instruct or amuse. 

Fabulous, feigned ; as, a fabulous 
story. 

A Legend is, 1. A chronicle of the 
lives of saints. 2. An incredible or 
unauthentic narrative. (L., legenda, 
to be read.) 

Xtjntio [nuntiatum], to tell. (L.) 
Hence, 

Denounce, 1. To inform against; 
as, to denounce for neglect of duty. 
2. To threaten ; as, to denounce war. 

Announce, to give first notice. The 
birth of the Savior was announced by 
angels. 

A Nuncio is 1. One who brings in- 
telligence. 2. An embassador from 
the Pope to an emperor. 

6. Of Naming. 

A NAME is a term applied to an 
individual object, or class of objects, 
to distinguish the individual, or class 
from other individuals or classes. 

Nomen [nominis], a name. (L.) 
Hence, 

Nominal, existing in name only. 
A nominal difference is a difference 
in name, but not in reality. A nomi- 
nal Christian is one who is a Christ- 
ian only in name. 

Nominate, to propose by name for 
election. 

Nominee, a person named for elec- 
tion. 

Nominative, the naming case in 
grammar. 

Nomenclature, a system of names 
appropriated to any art or science. 

Denominate, to designate by a 
name. 

Denomination, 1. The act of nam- 
ing. 2. A distinguishing name. 3. 
A society of individuals called by the 
same name. 

A Misnomer, in law, is the mistak- 
ing of the true name of a person. 
Hence, generally, a misnaming. 

Ontma [Onyma], a name. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Anonymous, not having the name, 



or signature attached; as, an anony- 
mous publication, (a, privative.) 

Synonym, a word having the same 
signification with another. {syn, 
with. ) 

Patronymic, a name of a person 
derived from the name of a parent or 
other ancestor. Thus, Achilles was 
called Pelides from Peleus, the name 
of his father. (Gr., ct*t»/i [paler'], a 
father.) 

To Call is to apply a name to. 

An Appellation is a name by 
which anything is called. (L., ap- 
pello, to call.) 

7. Of Classification. 

A KIND embraces many individ- 
ual objects possessing certain com- 
mon characteristics; as, the human 
kind, the deer kind. 

A Sort is a collection of individual 
persons, or things, characterized by 
the same or like qualities ; as, a sort 
of men; a sort of trees. 

A Species includes all the animals 
that have sprung from a single pair, 
as the horse ; or all the plants that 
may be supposed to have sprung from 
the same original germ; or all the 
mineral bodies that consist of the 
same elements, and have the same 
crystalline forms, etc. (L., species, 
an appearance.) 

Specific. 1. Distinguishing one spe- 
cies from another; as, specific char- 
acteristics. X Generic. 2. Definite 
or particular; as, a specific statement. 
X General. 

Varieties, in animals and plants, are 
accidental differences between indi- 
viduals of the same species, trans- 
mitted through successive genera- 
tions. The Caucasians and Mongo- 
lians are varieties of the human spe- 
cies. 

A Genus usually consists of two or 
more species possessing certain char- 
acters in common, by which they are 
distinguished from all others. The 
dog, the wolf, the fox, and the jack- 
all, belong to a single genus, (plural, 
genera. ) 

Generic, or Generical, pertaining 



278 



LANGUAGE. 



to a genus or kind; as, a generic 
name. X Specific. 

General, pertaining to, or affecting 
all the individuals of a kind, or all 
the parts of a whole. X Special. 

An Order includes two or more 
genera possessing certain characters 
in common. 

A Class includes several orders. 
Quadrupeds, birds, fishes, etc., are 
classes of animals. 

A Kingdom is a grand division of 
natural objects, including several 
classes. There are three kingdoms 
of nature: the animal, the vegetable, 
and the mineral kingdoms. 

8. To Call 

To CALL is to utter in a loud tone 
the name of some one at a distance, 
requesting him to come to you. 

A Calling is the pursuit or busi- 
ness to which a person is called by 
the allotment of Providence. 

Voco [vocatum], to call. (L.) Hence, 

Vocation, a calling. 

Vocative, used in 
vocative case in grammar, 

Invoke, to call upon in the way of 
prayer, (in, upon.) 

Invocation, 1. The act of address- 
ing in prayer. 2. The form of words 
used in invoking. 

Convoke, to call together, (con, 
together.) 

Revoke, to recall, as something 
granted or uttered; as, to revoke a 
sentence, a decree, a charter, (re, 
back.) 

Evoke, to call forth; as, to evoke 
spirits. 

Provoke, lit., to call forward. Pro- 
voco, the Latin form- of provoke, pri- 
marily signified to call forward, or 
challenge the bravest of an adverse 
army to a single contest. Hence, 
1. To make angry. 2. To excite ; as, 
to provoke a smile. 

Advocate, among the ancient Ro- 
mans, one who countenanced, by his 
presence, a party to a suit in court. 
Hence, one who pleaded the cause of 
another in court. Hence, in modern 



usage, One who pleads the cause of 
any person or thing, (ad, to; and vo- 
catus, called.) 

Pello \_pellatum\, to call. (L.) 
Hence, 

Appeal, lit, to call to. Hence, 1. 
To call upon another for the decision 
of a controverted question. 2. To 
call upon a superior court to decide 
a cause which has been tried in an 
inferior court, and decided against 
the party appealing. 

Appellant, one who appeals. 

Appellate, pertaining to appeals; 
as, appellate jurisdiction. 

Appellation, the name by which 
anything is called. 

Repeal, to recall; as, to repeal a 
law. 

To Challenge is, 1. To call or 
summon to answer for an offense by 
single combat. 2. To call to a con- 
test of any kind. 3. To claim as 
due ; as, to challenge respect. 

9. To Cry. 

To Cry is to utter a loud voice. 

Clamo \_clamatum\, to cry. (L.) 
Hence, 

Clamor, 1. A loud and continued 
noise made by human voices. Hence, 
2. Complaint and urgent demand. 

To Claim, lit, to cry out, "That's 
mine." Hence, 1. To affirm one's 
right or title to a thing; as, he claims 
the property- 2. To ask for; as, to 
claim a debt. 

To Exclaim, to cry out. (ex, out.) 

To Reclaim, I. To claim back; as, 
to reclaim property that has passed 
into the hands of others. 2. To call 
back from error or vice, (re, back.) 

To Proclaim, to make anything 
known by public outcry. (pro, 
abroad. ) 

Proclamation, originally, a notice 
given by public outcry. Hence, an 
official notice given to the public, 
whether by outcry or otherwise. 

Acclamation, a shout of applause. 
(ad, to.) 

To Declaim, 1. To speak a set ora- 
tion in public. 2. To harangue. 



LANGUAGE. 



279 



10. Of Letters. 

A LETTER is, 1. A character re- 
presenting an elementary sound of 
the human voice. 2. An epistle, be- 
cause it consists of written char- 
acters. 

Letters, in the plural, Learning, 
because the alphabetic characters are 
the elements of all learning. We say 
a man of letters; the republic of 
letters, etc. 

Lettered, acquainted with letters, 
that is, learned. 

Unlettered, unlearned. 

Litera, a letter. (L.) Hence, 

Literal, 1. According to the letter; 
as, the literal meaning of a word. 
Example. According to usage, the 
word metropolis signifies the chief 
city of a country; but literally, a 
metropolis is a mother city. (Gr., 
/uhtx/j [meter], a mother; and 7ro\t<; \_po- 
lis], a city. X Figurative. 2. Closely 
following the words, (or, as it were, 
the letters) ; as, a literal translation. 
X Free. 3. Consisting of letters ; 
as, a literal equation. 

Literature, all kinds of composi- 
tions, except those on the positive 
sciences. 

Literary, 1. Pertaining to litera- 
ture; as, literary labors. 2. Versed 
in literature; as, a literary man. 

Literate, versed in letters. (Not 
used.) 

Illiterate, ignorant of letters or 
books, (in, not.) X Learned. 

Literati, the learned men. 

Alliteration, the near collocation 
of words commencing with the same 
letter, as in the following lines : 

O'er the fteath the heifer strays 
.Free, the/urrowed task is done, 
Now the village windows Maze, 
.Burnished by the setting sun. 

Obliterate, primarily, to efface let- 
ters. Hence, To efface any kind of 
marks, impressions, or traces. 

11. The Alphabet. 
An ALPHABET consists of the 
letters of a language arranged in or- 
der. (From alpha and beta, the 
names of the first and second letters 
of the Greek alphabet.) 



Alpha, the first letter of the Greek 
alphabet. Hence, the first. 

Omega, the last letter of the Greek 
alphabet. Hence, the last. 

Delta, a Greek letter of a triangu- 
lar form, thus a. Hence, a tract of 
land included between the outlets of 
a river; as, the delta of the Nile. 

Iota, the smallest letter of the 
Greek alphabet. Hence, a very small 
quantity or degree. 

Jot, a modification of the word 
iota, and having essentially the same 
meaning. See Art. Quantity. 

Abecedarian, pertaining to the al- 
phabet; as, an abecedarian school. 

12. To Write. 

To WRITE is to trace characters 
representing vocal sounds. 

A Hand is any particular style of 
writing; as, to write a fair hand; a 
round hand. 

A Scrawl consists of one or more 
words written in a wretchedly poor 
hand. 

Scribo [scriptum], to write. (L.) 
Hence, 

Scribble, 1. To write without care 
or elegance. 2. To fill with artless or 
worthless writing. 

Scripture, the Sacred Writings. 

Describe, lit., to write about. Hence, 
to give a representation of anything, 
either in writing or orally, (de, con- 
cerning.) 

Ascribe, lit, to write as belonging 
to. Hence, 1. To consider or allege 
to belong ; as, to ascribe perfection to 
God. 2. To attribute ; as, to ascribe 
an effect to a cause, (ad, to.) 

Ascription, the act of ascribing. 

Prescribe, lit., to write before. 
Hence, To direct formally by writing 
or otherwise. 

Prescription, 1. The act of pre- 
scribing. 2. That which is pre- 
scribed ; as, a medical prescription. 

Proscribe, originally, to write and 
paste up in public the names of per- 
sons doomed to death. Hence, 1. To 
doom to destruction. 2. To put out 
of the protection of the law. 3. To 



280 



LANGUAGE. 



forbid, utterly; as, to 'proscribe the 
use of ardent spirits. 

Proscription, the art of proscribing. 
Conscription, lit., a writing togeth- 
er. Hence, A compulsory enrollment 
of individuals for military service. 
(con, together.) 

Conscript, one taken by lot from 
the conscription list. (A word used 
in France.) 

Transcribe, to write over in the 
same words, (trans, over.) 

Transcript, a copy. 

Subscribe, lit., to write beneath. 
Hence, to give consent to something 
written, by writing one's name be- 
low. 2. To promise to give by writ- 
ing one's name, as to subscribe a 
sum of money. 3. To assent; as, to 
subscribe to an opinion. 

Nondescript, not hitherto de- 
scribed; as, a nondescript animal or 
plant, (non, not.) 

TPA<I'0 [GltAPHo], ysypct/ujuAi [ge- 
grammai], to write. Also, to draw 
or paint. (Gr.) Hence, 

Graphic, well delineated; as, a 
graphic description. 

Calligraphy, elegant penmanship. 
(Gr., xa\oc [cellos'], beautiful.) 

Stenography, a short hand. (Gr., 
a-r&cs [stenos], contracted.) 

Biography, a written account of 
the life and character of any person. 
(Gr., fiios [bios], life.) 

A Monograph is a description of a 
single thing, or class of things. (Gr., 
/xevee [memos], one.) 

An Autograph is a person's own 
handwriting. (Gr., auras [autos], self.) 

An Anagram is a transposition of 
the letters of a name, by which a 
new word is formed. Thus Galenus 
may be changed into angelus. (Gr., 
*vx. [ana], denoting transposition.) 

A Programme is a plan written out 
beforehand. (Gr., 57710 [_pr&], before- 
hand. ) 

A Diagram is a mathematical fig- 
ure drawn for illustration. 

A Telegraph is an apparatus by 
which written signals are transmitted 
to a great distance. (Gr., ruAt [tele], 
afar.) 



A Telegram is a dispatch received 
by telegraph. 

Grammar is, according to the ety- 
mology of the word, the science of 
written language. 

13. Designation of Letters from their 

Form. 

1. The Roman is the common, up- 
right character used by the English, 
and most other European nations. 
It has its name from having been 
used by the ancient Romans. 

2. The Italic character differs 
from the Roman, in being inclined, 

instead of upright. 

3. The ©ItJ 2Enslfs&, or Gothic 
black-letter, is the character in which 
English books were first printed. 

4. <^kfM is the common manu- 
script character used in printing. 

14. Designation of Letters According 

to their Size. 
In the following examples No. 1 is 
Diamond; No. 2 is Pearl; No. 3 is 
Agate ; No. 4 is Nonpareil ; No. 5 is 
Minion; No. 6 is Brevier; No. 7 is 
Bourgeois; No. 8 is Long Primer; 
No. 9 is Small Pica; No. 10 is Pica; 
No. 11 is English; No. 12 is Great 
Primer. 

No. 1. Diligence, industry, and proper improvement of time, are 
material duties of the young. 

No. 2. The acquisition of knowledge is one of the most 
honorable occupations of youth. 

No. 3. Virtuous youth gradually brings forward 
accomplished and flourishing manhood. 

No. 4. Sincerity and truth form the basis of 
every virtue. 

No. 5. Whatever purifies, fortifies also 
the heart. 

No. 6. Time once past never returns. 

No. 7. The moment which is lost, 
is lost forever. 

No. 8. He that can not live 
well to-day, will be less qualified 
to live well to-morrow. 

No. 9. Charity, like the sun, 
brightens every object on 
which it shines. 



LANGUAGE. 



281 



]S T o. 10. Reveal none of 
the secrets of thy friend. 

No. 11. He that hath 
pity on the poor, lendeth 
to the Lord. 

No. 12. If thine 
enemy be hungry, 
give him bread to 
eat. 

15. Classification of Letters accord- 
ing to the nature of the Sounds 

which they represent. 

The letters of the alphabet consist 
of two general classes, to wit: voivels 
and consonants. 

A Vowel is a letter representing a 
simple inarticulate sound, as, a, e, i, 
o, u. (L., vox, the voice, the vowels 
being voice sounds.) 

A Consonant is a letter which can 
be perfectly sounded only in connec- 
tion with a vowel, as b, c, d. (L., 
con, together; and sonans, sounding.) 

Another division of letters is the 
division into vocals, subvocals, and 
aspirates. 

The Vocals are the same with the 
vowels. (L., vox, the voice.) 

The Subvocals are those conso- 
nants which have an imperfect vo- 
cality. They are b, d, g, j, '1, m, n, 
ng, r, v, z, zh and th. as heard in 
then. 

The Aspirates are those conso- 
nants whose enunciation is charac- 
terized by a breathing, which is 
entirely unaccompanied by vocality. 
The aspirates are f, k, p, s, t, h, ch, 
sh, wh and th, as heard in thin. 
(L., ad, at; and spiro, to breathe.) 

The consonants have also been di- 
vided into mutes and semivowels. 

The Mutes can not be heard at all, 
except in combination with the vow- 
els. They are k, p, and t. {Mute, 
dumb.) 



The Semivowels are capable of 
being sounded imperfectly without 
the aid of the vowels. All the con- 
sonants except k, p, and t, are semi- 
vowels. 

The Liquids are the letters 1, m, n, 
ng, and r. They are called liquids, 
on account of the smoothness of their 
sound. 

The Labials are consonants, which 
require the aid of the lips in their 
articulation, as b, p, m, w, wh, f, and 
v. (L., labium, a lip.) 

The Dentals are consonants, which 
require the aid of the teeth in their 
articulation, as f and v. (L., dens, a 
tooth.) 

TheLiNGUALS are consonants,which 
require the aid of the tongue in their 
articulation, as d, t, th, 1, n, r, s, and 
z. (L., lingua, the tongue.) 

The Palatals are consonants,which 
require the aid of the palate in their 
articulation, as t, d, and 1. 

The Sibilants are hissing conso- 
nants, as s, sh, and th sharp. (L., 
sibilo, to hiss.) 

16. Of Figures of Speech. 

A FIGURE OF SPEECH is a 
mode of expression in which the 
words are to be understood otherwise 
than in their natural and proper 
sense. 

A Trope is a figure in which a 
single word is turned from its natural 
sense. (Gr., tfwrtt [trope], a turning.) 

Tropical, turned from its natural 
and proper sense ; as, the tropical 
use of a word. 

Literal, according to the letter. 
(L., liter a, a letter.) 

Note 1. — A sense that coincides with the nat" 
nral and proper import of the words is said to ba 
literal. 

Note 2. — According to Lord, there are nine 
kinds of figures — the Comparison, the Metaphor, 
the Metonymy, the Synecdoche, the Hyperbole, 
the Hypocalastusis, the Apostrophe, the Proso- 
popoeia, or Personification, and the Allegory, or 
Parable. 

"A Comparison, or Simile, is an 
affirmation of the likeness of one 
thing to another, and is expressed 
by as, like, so, or some other term of 
resemblance.'' 



282 



LANGUAGE. 



Examples. — His eyes were as a flame of fire, 
and his voice as the sound of many waters.— 
Bev. i: 14. 

She walks in beauty like the night 
Of cloudless climes and starry skies ; 

And all that 's best of dark and light, 
Meets in the aspect of her eyes. — Byron. 

11 A Metaphor is an affirmation or 
representation, by words, that an 
agent, object, quality or act is that 
which it merely resembles." 

Examples. — God is a sun and a shield. — Ps. 
bcxxiv: 11. The fields smile. The skies frown. 

All flowers will droop in absence of the sun 

That waked their sweets. — Dnjden.. 
And this our life, exempt from public haunts, 
Finds tongues in trees, books in the running 

brooks, 
Sermons in stones, and good in everything. — 
Shakspeare. 

(Gr., /■«-!-» [mela], over, and vsp-M [j>7tero], to 
carry.) 

"The Metonymy is a change of 
name, by the denomination of a thing 
by a noun that is not its proper nor 
its metaphorical denominative, but is 
the proper name of something with 
which, as a scene, place, cause, effect, 
or source, it is intimately connected." 

Examples. — A clear head, for a clear mind. 
A good table, for good food. 

In these green days 
Reviving sickness lifts her languid head, 
Life flows afresh, and young-eyed liealth exalts 
The whole creation round. — Thomson. 

Here sickness and health are put for the persons 
who are the subjects of them. 

(Gr., fAiTA [meta], denoting change; 
and ow/ua [onyma], a name.) 

" The Synec'doche is the use of a 
term that properly denotes only a 
part of a thing, or one of a kind, in 
place of one that denotes the whole ; 
or of one that denotes the whole, in- 
stead of One that signifies only a part ; 
as, a species for a genus, or a genus 
for a species; a day for time; the 
hand for the whole person." (Gr., 
o-uv [syn], together; and mJi^ojuM [_ec- 
dechomai], to take.) 

" The Hypef/bole is an exhibition 
of things as greater or less in dimen- 
sions, more or less in number, or bet- 
ter or worse in kind, than they really 
are ; as when we say of a large man, 
he is a giant; or of a small one, he is 
a pigmy." (Gr., imp [hyper'], be- 
yond; and fixxAce [hallo], to cast.) 



"A Hypocatas'tasis is a substitu- 
tion, without a formal notice, of an 
act of one kind, with its object or con- 
ditions, for another, in order, by a re- 
semblance to, to exemplify that for 
which the substitute is used. Thus, 
a person attempting to accomplish 
something which, either from its na- 
ture or his condition, is impossible, or 
extremely difficult, is said to ' under- 
take to force his bark against wind 
and tide,' a work of one kind which 
is known to be hopeless, being em- 
ployed to exemplify the impraetica- 
bleness of the other." 

Ho, every one that thirsteth, come ye to the 
waters, and he that hath no money, come ye 
buy and eat; yea, come buy wine and milk, 
without money and without price. — Is. Iv : 1, 2. 

"Here hunger and thirst, necessities of the 
body, are substituted for the analogous wants of 
the soul ; and water, milk, honey, and bread, 
for the gifts of grace, by which those spiritual 
wants are supplied." (Gr., iTroxxTucrrxo-is 
\_hypocatastasis~], a substitution.) 

"An Apostrophe is a direct ad- 
dress, in a, speech, argument, narra- 
tive, or prediction, to a person or ob- 
ject that is the subject of the dis- 
course ; or to one who hears, and is to 
form a judgment respecting it; as 
when an advocate in a plea suspends 
his narrative or argument to the jury, 
and makes an appeal to the judge; or 
when an orator, in depicting the life 
of one who has departed, arrests the 
story, and addresses himself directly 
to the dead as though he were present 
and aware of what is taking place." 
" Immaterial things are often apostro- 
phized; r -and in these instances the 
objects addressed are also treated ac- 
cording to their proper nature." 

Examples. — 
Domestic happiness, thou only bliss 
Of Paradise that has survived the fall ! 
Though few now taste thee unimpaired and pure, 
Or, tasting, long enjoy thee. — Cowper. 
0, memory ! thou fond deceiver, 

Still importunate and vain ; 
To former joys recurring ever, 

And turning all the past to pain. — Goldsmith. 
Hail, holy light ! offspring of heaven, first-born. 

Milton. 

(Gr., atto [apo], aside; and a-vpsy* 
[strophe], a turning.) 

"The Prosopopoeia, or Personifi- 
cation, is an ascription of intelli- 



LANGUAGE. 



283 



gence to an impersonal thing, by ad- 
dressing it as though it had the 
organs of hearing, sight, or motion ; 
or ascribing to it the actions and pas- 
sions of men." 

Examples.— Give ear, ye heavens, and I will 
speak ! and hear, earth, the words of my 
mouth ! — Deuf.xxxii: 1, etc. Awake, awake, be 
clothed with thy strength, Zion ! clothe thy- 
self with thy glorious garments, Jerusalem, 
thou holy city!— Is. lit: I, etc. Wisdom hath 
builded her house, etc. — Prov. ix : 1, etc. 

But Jcnotcledge to their eyes her ample page, 
Eich with the spoils of time, did ne'er unroll. 

Gray. 
0, dire Ambition ! what infernal power 
Unchained thee from thy native depth of hell. — 

Brown. 
Death ! great proprietor of all ! 't is thine 
To tread out empires and to quench the stars. — 

Young. 

(Gr., 7r^Ta>-\, [prosops], a person ; and 
■xonce [poieo], to make.) 

" The Allegory is the use of intel- 
ligences acting in one sphere or rela- 
tion, to exemplif}^ and illustrate their 
own or the agencies of others in an- 
other; or the use of unintelligent 
agents in a natural or suppositious re- 
lation, to exemplify the conduct of 
men." (Gr., olkxos [alios], other; and 
ayopsvce [agoreuo], to speak.) 

Examples. — Thou hast brought a vine out of 
Egypt; thou hast cast out the heathen and 
planted it ; etc. — Ps. Ixxx. The parable of the 
sower is an allegory ; but the parable of the 
grain of mustard seed is a mere comparison. 

Note. — A Parableis a short narrative designed 
to exemplify some moral truth. (Gr., ttx^mUxk- 
Kiu [paraballo], to compare.) 

A Fable is a short allegorical story 
to which the moral or lesson which it 
teaches is commonly subjoined. (L., 
fabula, a story.) 

Acknowledgment. — Most of the foregoing def- 
initions have been borrowed from David N. 
Lord's excellent aud interesting work on "The 
Characteristics and Laws of Figurative Lan- 
guage." 

17. Sundry Grammatical Terms. 
GRAMMAR is the science of lan- 
guage. 

Note. — According to the etymology and orig- 
inal application of the term, grammar is the 
science of written language ; but the term is now 
used to signify the science of language in gen- 
eral, whether written or spoken. (Gr., yja^^a 
aramma], a letter; from ye^v M [grapho], to 
■write.) 

Orthography is the department of 



grammar which treats of the rules 
for writing words with their proper 
letters. It also treats of the nature 
and power of letters. (Gr., opQo; [or- 
tJios], correct; and ypxya) [grapho], to 
write or spell.) 

Etymology is the department of 
grammar which treats of the deriva- 
tion of words and their various modi- 
fications. It also divides words into 
different classes called parts of 
speech. (Gr., tr-j^v [etymon], the 
root of a word; and \oyog [logos'], a 
discourse.) 

Syntax treats of the proper ar- 
rangement of words in sentences. 
It also treats of the agreement and 
government of words. (Gr., o-uv [syn]. 
together; and t^c [taxis], an ar- 
rangement, from rraa-o-a [tasso], to ar- 
range.) 

Prosody treats of the laws of versi- 
fication. It also treats of quantity, 
accent and elocution. (Gr., 7rpn 
[pros], concerning; and ah [o-de], 
song or poetry. ) 

A Noun is a word used as the name 
of some person, place, or thing. (Fr., 
nom, from L. nomen, a name.) 

A Pronoun is a word used instead 
of a noun, (pro, instead of.) 

An Article is a word used to limit 
the meaning of a noun. (L., ar- 
ticulus, a little joint.) 

Note. — The articlo derives its name from the 
circumstance, that in the Greek language the 
same word which answers to our definite article 
is also (after being slightly modified) used as a 
relative pronoun, and thus serves as a joint to 
connect the subordinate with the principal 
clause. 

An Adjective is a word added to a 
noun to express its quality. (L., ad, 
to ; and jectus, thrown or put.) 

A Verb is a word expressing ac- 
tion, being, or state. (L., verbum, a 
word.) 

Note. — The name verb implies that the part 
of speech thus designated is the most important 
word of a sentence. 

The Adverb is thus called because 
it is added to a verb, etc., to modify 
the sense of the word to which it is 
added, (ad, added to.) 

A Preposition is a word which 



284 



LITERARY SCHOOLS. 



serves to connect words, and show the 
relation between them. 

Note. — The preposition derives its name from 
the circumstance, that in the formation of com- 
pound verbs in the Latin and Greek languages, 
the words called prepositions are placed before 
the simple verbs. In the English language these 
words may also be properly called prepositions, 
because they are placed before the nouns and 
pronouns which they govern in the objective 
case. (L., proe, before ; and pono, [positum], to 
place.) 

A Conjunction is a word which 
serves to connect words and sen- 
tences. (L., con, together ; an&jungo 
[junctum], to join.) 

An Interjection is a word thrown 
in between the parts of a sentence 
to express some emotion of the mind. 
(L., inter, between; and jicio \_jec- 
tmn\, to cast.) 

Indicative, pointing out. (L., in, 
at; and dico, to point.) 

Note. — The Indicative Hood has its designation 
from the circumstance, that it is used in defin- 
itely pointing out the fact which it asserts. 



Potential, possessing or express- 
ing power or ability. (L., potens, 
possessing power.) 

Note. — The Potential Mood has its designation 
from can, one of the signs of that mood. 

Subjunctive, subjoined. (L., sub, 
after, and jungo, to join.) 

Note. — The Subjunctive Mood has its designa- 
tion from the circumstance, that a verb in this 
mood can never be used independently, but is 
always subjoined to a verb in some other mood. 

Imperative, expressing a command. 

Note. — The Imperative Mood has its designa- 
tion from the circumstance, that the expression 
of a command is one of the uses of this mood. 

Infinitive, not limited. (L., in, 
not, &ndjinitus, limited.) 

Note 1. — The Infinitive Mood has its designa- 
tion from the circumstance, that the verb in this 
mood expresses the sense in a general manner, 
and is not limited in its form to agree, in num- 
ber and person, with a subject. 

Note 2. — The infinitive form is always used 
as the proper name of any particular verb ; as, 
To be, To love, To go. 



OF LITERARY SCHOOLS. 



A SCHOOL is, 1. A place or es- 
tablishment in which persons are in- 
structed in the arts and sciences. 2. 
The collective body of pupils in any 
place of instruction. 3. A sect in 
philosophy or religion. (Grr., <r%ox» 
[seho / -le~], leisure.) 

A Scholar is, 1. A member of a 
school. 2. Any one who learns of a 
teacher. 3. A person possessed of 
the knowledge communicated in 
schools. 

The Schoolmen were divines and 
philosophers of the middle ages, who 
adopted the principles of Aristotle, 
and spent much of their time on 
points of nice and abstract specula- 
tion. They were so called because 
they taught in the schools of divinity 
established by Charlemagne. 

Scholastic, 1. Pertaining to a 
scholar or to schools; as, scholastic 
learning. 2. Pertaining to the school- 
men; as, scholastic divinity. 

Academia, a place near Athens, 



where Plato taught philosophy. 
Hence, 

Academy, 1. A school holding a 
rank between a common school and 
a college. 2. A society of learned 
men, united for the advancement of 
the arts or sciences. 

Academician, a member of an 
academy, or society for the advance- 
ment of the arts and sciences. 

Academic, pertaining to schools of 
the highest grade ; as, academic 
honors. 

A College, in a general sense, is a 
body of men bound together by the 
same laws and customs. Hence, a 
society of. persons engaged in the 
pursuits of literature, including offi- 
cers and students. (L., collego, to 
gather together.) 

Universitas, in the middle ages, 
signified the whole body of students, 
or of teachers and students, assembled 
in a place of education, with corpo- 
rate privileges, and under laws of 



LITERARY SCHOOLS. 



285 



their own. ( Universus, including, 
the whole.) Hence, 

University, an establishment for 
the purposes of instruction in all or 
some of the most important divi- 
sions of science and literature, and 
having the power of conferring cer- 
tain honorary dignities termed de- 
grees. — Brande. 

A Seminary is, literally, a piece of 
ground where seedling plants are 
nurtured till they are fit for trans- 
plantation. Hence, metaphorically, 
a school. 

Note 1. — By this metaphor the pupils are 
represented as seedling plants, and the school 
as the nursery. 

Note 2. — The application of the term semina- 
ry is restricted, by custom, to schools of the 
middle and higher grades. (L., seminarium, a 
nursery of seedling plants ; from semen, a seed.) 

Gymnasium, in Germany, a school 
corresponding to a college in the 
United States. (G-r., yvjuvaa-tcv \_gym- 
nasion], in Ancient Greece, a place 
for athletic exercises. The literary 
gymnasium serves to exercise and dis- 
cipline the powers of the mind.) 

The Faculty of a college or univer- 
sity consists of the president, profes- 
sors, and tutors. (L., facio, to do; 
whence faculty, the power of doing ; 
whence faculty, a body of men in- 
vested with the power or right to do 
certain things.) 

The Faculties, in universities, are 
four : divinity, law, medicine, and the 
liberal arts. 

The Liberal Arts, in the schools 
of the middle ages, were seven : gram- 
mar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geom- 
etry, astronomy and music. [Lib- 
eral, becoming a free-born person, in 
contradistinction to the servile arts, 
or those practiced by slaves. (L., 
liber, free.) 

The Humanities, in the universi- 
ties, include grammar, rhetoric, the 
Latin and Greek languages, and poe- 
try. (Thus called on account of their 
humanizing influence. ) 

A Professor is one who professes, 
and publicly teaches any branch of 
learning;. 



A Tutor is, properly, a guardian 
or protector. (L., tueor, [tuitum] to 
protect.) Hence, 1. A private teach- 
er who is also charged with the gen- 
eral care of the young person whom 
he instructs. Hence, 2. An under 
teacher in a college. 

An Usher is an assistant teacher 
in a school. 

A Pupil was, primarily, a young 
person under the care of a guardian. 
Hence, A youth under the care of an 
instructor or tutor. 

A Student is, 1. Any one who is 
habitually engaged in study. Hence, 
2. A learner in an academy or col- 
lege. 

Of Academic Degrees. 

DEGREES are marks of distinc- 
tion conferred on students, as a testi- 
mony of their degree of proficiency 
in the arts and sciences. 

To Graduate is to receive a degree 
from a college or university. (L., 
gradus, a degree.) 

A Bachelor of Arts is a person 
who has taken the first degree in the 
liberal arts and sciences. 

A Baccalaureate is the degree of 
bachelor. 

A Master of Arts is one who has 
taken the second degree in a college 
or university. 

A Doctor is one who has passed 
all the degrees of a faculty, and is 
empowered to practice and teach it; 
as, a doctor of divinity, of law, or of 
medicine. 

A Doctorate is the degree of a 
doctor. 

An Undergraduate, in a university 
or college, is a student who has not 
taken his first degree. 

Note. — In the colleges of the United States, 
there are four classes of undergraduates— fresh- 
men, sophomores, juniors, and seniors. 

Freshmen are collegiate students in the first 
year of their course. 

Sophomores are collegiate students in their 
second year. 

Juniors are collegiate students in their third 
year. 

Seniors are collegiate students in their fourth 
and last year. 



286 



LITERARY PRODUCTIONS — BOOKS. 



OF LITEKARY PKODUCTIONS. 



A COMPOSITION consists of 
words put together in writing, expres- 
sive of ideas in relation to some 
specific subject. ( Compose, to put 
together; from. L., con, together, and 
pono [positurri], to put.) 

A Treatise is a composition of 
some length in which the principles 
involved in some subject are handled. 
(Eng., treat, from Fr., tr alter, from 
L., tracto, to handle.) 

A Tract is a short treatise. (L., 
tractatus, from tracto, to handle.) 

An Essay is an attempt made in 
writing to treat or discuss some sub- 
ject. Fr., essay er, to attempt.) 

A Work is a product of literary 
labor. 

Note.— The term work, in the singular, desig- 
nates a composition of some length. The works 
of an author are his collective writings. 



A Compilation consists of passages 
collected from different authors into 
a book or pamphlet. (L., con, to- 
gether ; and pilo, to pillage. 

A Summary is a brief statement, 
either written or oral, of the leading 
ideas or . facts connected with any 
subject. 

A Compendium is a treatise com- 
prehending the chief heads of a sub- 
ject in a small compass. (L., con, to- 
gether; and pendo, to hang.) 

An Abridgment consists of the sub- 
stance of a larger work embraced in a 
small compass. (Fr., dbrtger, to 
shorten. ) 

An E-pit'o-me is, 1. An abridgment. 
2. A treatise embracing the facts of a 
subject, or the principles of a science 
in a small compass. (Gr., vri [epi], off; 
and Topi) [to-me], a trimming or cutting. 



OF BOOKS. 



A BOOK consists of a composition 
or collection of compositions, written 
or printed on a number of separate 
sheets of paper or pieces of parch- 
ment, bound, stitched, or otherwise 
fastened together. (Ger., buch, the 
beech tree, because writing was pri- 
marily done on the bark of the beech, 
and of other trees and plants.) 

A Volume is as much of a work 
as is bound, stitched, or otherwise 
united in one parcel. (L., volumen, 
a roll, because^ anciently, a book con- 
sisted of pieces of parchment fastened 
together, end to end, and the whole 
being wrapped around a roller. A 
volume of this kind, when unfolded, 
was often a great many yards in 
length.) 

A Tome is a single volume of a 
work containing more volumes than 
one. (Or., rcpos \Jomos~], a section, 
from rtjuvu, TirofAA [temno, tetoma~], to 
divide by cutting.) 

A Pamphlet is a small stitched book. 

A Folio is a volume in which a 



sheet is folded so as to form two 
leaves. (L., folium, a leaf.) 

A Quarto, or 4to, is a book of the 
size of the fourth of a sheet. (L., 
quartus, fourth.) 

An OctavOj or 8vo., is a book con- 
sisting of sheets folded so as to form 
eight leaves each. (L., octavus, eighth.) 

A Duodecimo, or 12mo., has twelve 
leaves to the sheet. (L., duodecimus, 
twelfth.) 

Liber, a book. (L., from liber, 
bark, which was the material of 
which books were first made.) Hence, 

Library, a collection of books. 

BIBA02 [Biblos], a book. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Bible, the Book, by way of eminence. 

Bibliography, a history or descrip- 
tion of books. (Gr., graphe, a de- 
scription. 

Bibliop' olist, a bookseller. (Gr., 

7ra>\zm [poleo~], to sell.) 

Biblioma'nia, a rage for possessing 
rare and curious books. (Gr., /uuvnt 
[mania'], madness.) 



POETRY. 



287 



OF POETKY. 



POETRY consists of beautiful 
thoughts expressed in measured lan- 
guage. (Gr., mim [poieo], to make 
or invent.) 

Poesy, is a poetic form of the word 
poetry. 

A Poet is a writer of poetry. 

A Poem is a poetical composition. 

A Verse is a line in poetry. (L., 
verto [versuni], to turn.) 

Versify, to make verses, (fy, from 
h., facto, to make.) 

A Foot is a certain number of 
syllables constituting part of a verse. 

An Iambus is a foot consisting of 
two syllables, of which the first is 
short the second long, as alone. The 
following consists of three iambuses: 

The spa | cious fir j niament [ on high. 

The Trochee consists of two syl- 
lables, the first long and the second 
short; as, army. The following line 
consists of trochees: 

On a I mountain | stretched he | neath a | 
hoary | willow. 

A Dactyl is a foot, consisting of 
one long, followed by two short syl- 
lables, so that this foot resembles a 
finger, which is composed of one 
long and two short bones ; as amity. 
(Gi\, Juxruxos \_dactylos~\, a finger.) 

An Anapest consists of three sylla- 
bles, of which the first and second are 
short and the third long. (Gr., *va7r*tce 
[anapaio], to invert, because an ana- 
pest is an inverted dactyl. The fol- 
lowing line consists of anapests : 

I am mon | arch of all | I survey. 

A Spondee consists of two sylla- 
bles, both long. In the following 
line the second and fifth feet are 
spondees : 

Up the | high hill | he heaves | a huge | round stone. 

A Meter or Measure, in some vari- 
eties of Greek poetry, consists of a 
single foot, and in other varieties it 
consists of two feet. (Gr., /unrpia 
\jnetreo~], to measure.) 

A Dimeter is a verse of two 
measures, (di, two.) 



A Trimeter, is a verse of three 
measures, (tri. three.) 

A Tetrameter is a verse of four 
measure, (tetra, four.) 

A Pentameter is a verse consisting 
of five measures, (pente, five.) 

A Hexameter is a verse consisting 
of six measures, (hexa, six.) 

Meter, or Measure, in English vers- 
ification, includes the ideas of the 
kind of feet, the number of feet in a 
line, and the number of lines in a 
stanza. 

A Long Meter stanza consists of 
four lines, with four iambuses in each 
line. 

A Common Meter stanza consists 
of four lines of iambic feet, the first 
and third lines having four feet, and 
the second and fourth, three feet. 

The Short Meter stanza consists 
of four lines of iambic feet, the first, 
second, and fourth, having three feet, 
and the third having two feet. 

English Heroic "Measure consists 
of lines of five iambics each, diversi- 
fied occasionally by the intermixture 
of spondees and trochees. 

Long Meter. 

Before Jehovah's awful throne, 
Ye nations bow with sacred joy : 

Know that the Lord is God alone ; 
He can create and he destroy. 

Common Meter. 

When all thy mercies, 0, my God, 

My rising soul surveys, 
Transported with the view, I 'm lost 

In wonder, love, and praise ! 

Short Meter. 

Come sound his praise abroad, 
And hymns of glory sing ; 

Jehovah is the sovereign Lord, 
The universal King. 

Heroic Measure. 

Ye Nymphs of Solyma, begin the song, 

To heavenly themes sublimer strains belong. 

Note. — The terms long, common, and short, 
when applied to meters, are spoken only of 
hymns in relation to the tunes in which they 
may be sung, in which relation all other meters 
are included under the general title of proper or 
peculiar. 

An Alexandrine is a verse of sis 



288 



POETRY. 



iambic feet, and was thus named 
from its having been used in a poem 
written in French on the life of Alex- 
ander. The second of the following 
lines is an Alexandrine. 

A needless Alexandrine ends the song, 
That like a wounded snake drags its slow length 
along. 

A Hemistich is the half of a verse 
or line. (Gr., hemi, half; and 
stichos, a verse.) 

A Distich consists of two verses. 
{di, two.) 

A Couplet consists of two lines as- 
sociated together. 

A Triplet consists of three lines 
associated together. 

A Quatrain is a stanza of four 
lines rhyming alternately. 

A Stanza consists of a complete 
series of lines of poetry. 

Note. — Any two stanzas of the same piece al- 
ways consist of the same number of lines, the 
several lines of each stanza having the same 
number of feet, and same kind of feet, with the 
corresponding line3 of the other stanzas. 

Rhyme is a correspondence of 
sound in the last syllables of verses. 

Blank Verse is poetry in which 
there are no rhymes. 

An Epic is a poem of an elevated 
character, describing, generally, the 
exploits of heroes. 

Lyric Poetry was originally such 
as was designed to be sung with an 
accompaniment of the lyre. Hence, 
any metrical compositions designed to 
be sung. 

A Sonnet is a short poem. 

The Roundelay is an ancient kind 
of poem of thirteen lines, of which 
eight were in one kind of rhyme and 
five in another. 

An Elegy is a mournful or plain- 
tive poem. 

Elegiac, pertaining to elegy; as, 
elegiac verse. 

Doggerel is an epithet given to a 
loose, irregular measure in burlesque 
poetry. 

A Bard, among the ancient Celts, 
was one who composed and sung 
verses in honor of the achievements 
of princes and brave men. Hence, 
in modern usage, a poet. 



The Troubadours were a school of 
poets who flourished from the eleventh 
to the latter end of the thirteenth cen- 
tury, principally at Provence, in the 
south of France, and also in the north 
of Italy. 

The Drama. 

The DRAMA is a species of poem 
in which the action or narrative is 
not related, but represented. (Gr., 
Jjoaa [drao], to act.) — Brande. 

Tragedy (from Gr., rpayos [tragos], 
a goat; and axfn [o-de~], a song) is a 
drama in which the diction is eleva- 
ted, and the catastrophe melancholy. 

Note. — The name is usually derived from the 
ancient Greek custom of leading about a goat in 
procession at the festivals of Bacchus, in whose 
honor those choral odes were sung, which were 
the groundwork of the Attic tragedy. Some re- 
cent writers, however, have given a new expla- 
nation of the word Tgx^-o?, considering it an 
ancient Greek adjective, and translating it "mel- 
ancholy," or " lamentable." — Brande. 

Tragic, or Tragical, 1. Pertaining 
to tragedy ; as, a tragic poem. 
2. Marked by mournful circumstan- 
ces, such as the destruction of human 
life. 

Comedy is a species of drama, of 
which the characteristics, in modern 
usage, are, that its incidents and 
language approach nearly to those of 
ordinary life, and that the termina- 
tion of its intrigue is happy. (Gr., 
Kaoy.a \_co-me~], a village ; and ah 
\o'-de~\, a song; because the original 
rude dialogues, intermixed with sing- 
ing and dancing, out of which the 
early Greek comedy arose, were sung 
by rustic actors at village festivals.)— 
Brande. 

Comic, or Comical, 1. Pertaining 
to comedy as distinct from tragedy ; 
as, a comic actor. 2. Having the 
faculty or quality of exciting mirth ; 
as, a comical fellow ; a comical story. 

A Farce is a short piece of a low 
comic character. (L. , farcio, to stuff. ) 

A Play is a dramatic composition. 

An Act is a division of a play to 
be performed without interruption, 
after which the action is suspended 
to give respite to the performers. — , 
Webster. 



MUSIC. 



289 



A Scene was primarily the place 
where dramatic pieces were exhibited. 
(Gr., <rK»v» [sce'ne], an arbor, dramatic 
representations having, it is supposed, 
originally taken place on spots of 
ground shaded with boughs of trees.) 
Hence, 

A Scene is, 1. The curtain or hang- 
ings of a theater adapted to the play. 
2. The imaginary place in which the 
action of a play is supposed to occur. 
The scene was laid in the king's 
palace. 3. The whole assemblage of 
objects displayed at one view. 4. A 
division of an act. 

A Theater is a building appropri- 
ated to the representation of dramatic 
spectacles. (Gr., Qezcpu [theaomai], 
to behold.) — Brande. 

An Amphitheater is a double thea- 
ter, or one of an elliptical figure ; be- 
ing, as its name imports, two theaters 
joined at the line of the proscenium, 
by which contrivance, all the specta- 
tors being ranged round on seats rising 
the one above the other, saw equally 
well what was passing in the arena, 
or space inclosed by the lowest range 



of seats. — Brande. (Gr., uy.$u [am- 
pho], double.) 

A Stage is an elevated platform. 

The Stage is the floor on which 
theatrical performances are exhibited. 

The Proscenium is a part of a the- 
ater where the drop-scene separates 
the stage from the audience, and be- 
yond the orchestra. — Brande. (Gr., 
7rpo [pro], in front of, and a-nan [sce / - 
ne], the stage.) 

The Orchestra is that part of the 
interior of a theater, situated immedi- 
ately between the stage and the place 
assigned to the audience, and occu- 
pied by the musicians. (Gr., eg^s**- 
Qdii \orcheisthai], to dance, from its 
having been, anciently, appropriated 
to the chorus and its evolutions.) 
Brande. 

A Chorus was a band of singers 
and dancers who performed odes in 
honor of the gods. The chorus 
formed an important part of the 
Greek tragedies and early comedies, 
which were interspersed with odes. 
Brande. 



OF MUSIC 



1. General Ideas. 

MUSIC consists in any succession 
or combination of agreeable sounds. 

A Xote is a single musical sound. 

A Tone is, 1. A smooth sound pro- 
duced by vibrations performed in 
equal times ; as, the tone of a bell, or 
of a lute-string. 2. The interval be- 
tween two adjacent notes of the mu- 
sical scale. 

A Chord is a combination of two 
or more sounds heard cotemporane- 
ously, forming a concord or a dis- 
cord between them. — Brande. 

Concord, or Accord, is the relation 
of two sounds agreeable to the ear, 
either in succession or consonance. — 
Brande. 

A Discord is the relation of two 

sounds which the ear receives with 

19 



displeasure, whether used in succes- 
sion or consonance. — Brande. 
Consonance, concord. (See Sound.) 
Dissonance, discord. (See Sound.) 
Melody is the arrangement in suc- 
cession of different sounds for a sin- 
gle voice or instrument, — Brande. 

Harmony is an agreeable combi- 
nation of sounds heard at the same 
moment. — Brande. 

2. To Sing. 

To SIXG is to utter musical sounds 
with the voice. 

Song, 1. Singing. Xoise, other 
than the sound of dance and song. — 
Milton, 2. A short poem designed 
to be sung. 

A Songster is one that sings. 

A Ditty is a poem to be sung. 



290 



MUSIC. 



A Ballad is a popular song. 

A Lay is a song ; as, a soft lay ; a 
joyous lay; immortal lays. (A poet- 
ical term.) 

A Carol is a lively and joyous 
song. 

A Hymn is a religious song. The 
ancient pagans sang hymns in honor 
of their gods. Christians sing hymns 
in their religious services. 

A Psalm is a sacred song; as, the 
psalms of David. 

An Anthem was, originally, a hymn 
sung in alternate parts. In modern 
usage, a piece of music set to words 
taken from the Psalms, or other 
parts of the Scriptures. 

A Pean is a song of praise or 
triumph. 

To Warble is to modulate with 
turns and variations. Certain bird& 
warble their songs. 

Tune is the relation of notes to 
each other, and the distances be- 
tween them, wherefrom arises mel- 
ody. — Brande. 

A Tune is a series of notes in 
some particular measure. 

An Air is a short piece of music 
adapted to words. 

A Strain is, 1. A particular part 
of a tune. 2. A song. 

The Burden is that part of a song 
which is repeated at the end of every 
stanza. 

A Refrain is the burden of a song. 

A Solo is a movement, or part of 
a movement, in which only one voice 
or instrument is employed. — Brande. 

Duet, a piece of music composed 
for two performers, either vocal or 
instrumental. — Brande. 

A Trio is a musical composition 
consisting of three parts. 

A Quartette is a piece of music 
arranged for four singers, or four in- 
struments. 

A Choir is a band of singers in 
different parts. 

A Chorus is a company of persons 
singing in concert. 

A Concert is a musical entertain- 
ment. 



An Opera is a musical drama. 

An Orchestra is, 1. The part of 
a theater appropriated to the musi- 
cians. 2. The body of performers in 
the orchestra. 

A Band is a company of instru- 
mental performers. 

The Minstrels were an order of 
men in the middle ages, who sub- 
sisted by the arts of poetry and mu- 
sic, and sang to the harp verses 
composed by themselves or others. 
Brande. 

Minstrelsy is, 1. The art, or pro- 
fession of a minstrel. 2. Music. 

Canto \cantaium\, to sing. (L.) 
Hence, 

Cant, to speak in an affected or 
singing tone. 

Canticle, a song 

Canticles, the Song of Solomon, 
one of the books of the Old Testa- 
ment. 

Canto, a division of a poem cor- 
responding to what, in prose, is called 
a book. (From the idea that poems 
are designed to be sung.) 

Descant, 1. A song. 

The wakeful nightingale 
Who all night long her amorous descant sung. 

2. A discourse. 

Accent, the sounding of a particu- 
lar part, in a word, with a stronger 
tone of voice than the rest, {ad, at.) 

Precentor, a leader of singing. 
(prce, before.) 

Recant, to recall a former declar- 
ation, (re, back.) 

Note. — The literal idea implied in the term 
recant, is that of singing an ode in contradiction 
to a former one, as was sometimes practiced by 
the poets. See the Palinodia, of Horace. 

Incantation, a form of words said 
or sung in magical ceremonies. See 
Art., Magic. 

Chanter, to sing. (Fr.) Hence, 

Chant, a kind of church music in 
which prose is sung, with less vari- 
ety of intonation than in common 
airs. 

To Chant, 1. To sing. 2. To sing 
after the manner of a chant. 

Enchant, See Art., Magic. 



POWER. 



291 



OF POWER. 



MECHANICAL POWER is that 
which produces, or tends to produce 
motion. 

Mental Power is the capability 
of thinking. 

Voluntary Power is the capabil- 
ity of willing. 

Moral Power is the capability 
possessed by one moral agent of in- 
fluencing or controlling the actions 
of other moral agents. 

Political or Civil Power is the 
power of controlling the actions of 
men as members of civil communi- 
ties. 

Strength is, 1. The power that 
lies in the muscular parts of the 
body. 2. The quality of bodies 
which enables them to sustain the 
application of force without break- 
ing or yielding. 

Note. — The term strength is susceptible of 
various figurative applications ; as, strength of 
mind ; strength of style ; the strength of a liquor ; 
the strength of an obligation. 

Force is a power exerted or active. 

Energy is, 1. Internal or inherent 
power. 2. A vigorous exertion of 
power. (Gr. tn?yw [energeo~], to ope- 
rate inwardly.) 

Vigor is unimpaired power. (L., 
vigeo, to flourish.) 

Able, having the power to do. (L., 
habeo, to have, because possession and 
power are inseparable.) 

Ability is the power of doing. 

Capacity is the quality of being 
able to receive or hold; as, the ca- 
pacity of a vessel; mental capacity. 
(L., capio, to receive or contain.) 

Capable, having capacity, either 
physical or mental ; as, a room capa- 
ble of holding one hundred persons ; 
a mind capable of judging. 

Might is, 1. Bodily strength. 2. 
Power in general. 

Potens, powerful. (L.) Hence, 
Potent, 1. Physically strong or effica- 
cious ; as, a potent medicine. 2. 
Morally strong; as, a potent interest; 



a potent argument. 3. Politically 
strong; as, a potent prince. 

Potentate, a powerful prince or 
ruler. 

Potential, expressing power or 
ability ; as, the potential mood. 

Potency, power or energy, either 
physical or moral. 

Omnipotent, possessing almighty 
power. (L., omnis, all.) 

Omnipotence, or Omnipotency, al- 
mighty power. 

Plenipotentiary, a person invested 
with full power to transact any busi- 
ness. (L., plenus, full.) 

Impotent, powerless, {in., not.) 

Impotence, or Impotency, the want 
of power, either physical, intellectual 
or moral. 

STRONG,endowed with great strength. 

Valeo, to be strong. (L.) Hence, 

Valiant, strong and courageous in 
battle. 

Valor, strength of mind in regard 
to danger. 

Valid, having moral or legal force ; 
as, a valid argument; a valid claim 
or title. 

Validity, 1. Strength or force to 
convince ; as, the validity of an argu- 
ment. 2. Legal strength or force; 
as, the validity of a will. 

Value, worth, worth being the in- 
herent power of a thing to subserve a 
useful end. 

Avail, to possess the power of being 
serviceable to us in effecting our pur- 
poses. 

Prevail, lit, to be strong above 
others. Hence, 1. To gain the victo- 
ry or superiority. 2. To exert a gen- 
eral influence, as when we say that 
an opinion or custom 'prevails. 2. To 
prevail on, or upon, is to persuade or 
induce. (Pro?, over or beyond.) 

Prevalent, 1. Gaining advantage or 
superiority; as, prevalent arms. 2. 
Generally received; as, a prevalent 
opinion. 3. Extensively existing ; as, 
a prevalent disease. 



292 



POWER. 



Prevalence, or Prevalence, superior 
strength or influence. 2. General 
reception or practice ; as, the preva- 
lence of an opinion; the prevalence 
of vice. 3. General existence or ex- 
tension ; as, the prevalence of a disease. 

InvaVid, in law, having no force or 
efficacy ; as, an invalid contract or 
agreement, (in, not.) 

An In'valid, 1. A person who is 
weak or infirm. 2. A person who is 
disabled for the performance of mili- 
tary service. 

Invalidate, 1. To destroy the valid- 
ity of ; as, to invalidate an agreement 
or contract. 2. To prove to be of no 
force ; as, to invalidate an argument. 

Robur [roboris], strength. (L.) 
Hence, 

Robust, having strength from the 
size, texture, and sound health of the 
body. 

Corroborate, 1. To strengthen; as, 
to corroborate the nerves ; to corrob- 
orate the judgment, authority, or hab- 
its. 2. To confirm, or make more 
certain ; as, to corroborate a state- 
ment. 

Corroborative, 1. Having the power 
to give additional strength. 2. Tend- 
ing to confirm. 

A Corroborative, a medicine that 
strengthens. 

Corroborant, strengthening ; as, a 
corroborant medicine. 

A Corroborant, a medicine that 
strengthens. 

Stout, large and strong. 

Lusty, full of health and strength. 

Fortis, strong. (L.) Hence, 

Fortify, to strengthen. 

Fortitude, strength and firmness 
of mind, which enables a person to 
bear pain or adversity without de- 
pression or despondency. 

Forte, the strong point, or the art 
or department in which a person 
excels. 

ATNAMI2 [Dynamis], power. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Dynam'ics, lit, the doctrine of force 
or power; but as force or power is 



known to us in no other way than by 
its eifect, that is, by the motion which 
it produces in the body on which it 
acts, and is measured by that motion, 
dynamics may be defined to be the 
science which treats of the motion of 
bodies. — Brande. 

Dynamic, or Dynamical, pertaining 
to force or power. 

Dynamometer, an instrument for 
measuring power of any kind. (Gr, 
turpi® \metreo~], to measure.) 

Puissant, powerful; as, a puissant 
arm ; a puissant prince. 

Puissance is, 1, Muscular force. 
The chariots were drawn, not by the 
strength of horses, but by the puis- 
sance of men. — Destruction of Troy. 
2. Political power ; as the power and 
puissance of the king. — Shakspeare. 
(Fr., pouvoir, to be able.) 

Weak or Feeble, deficient in pow- 
er, strength, or force. 

Note. — Weak is the familiar and universal 
term ; feeble is suited to a more polished style. — 
Crabbe. 

A Foible is a moral weakness. 
Toward the failings and foibles of 
others we may be indulgent, but 
should be ambitious to correct them 
in ourselves. — Crabbe. (Fr., foible, 
weak. ) 

Infirmity is weakness, resulting 
from sickness or decay of the frame. 
(L., in, privative; and firmus, strong.) 

Debility is a deficiency in the mus- 
cular power of the body. (L., debilis, 
from de., privative, and habilis, from 
habeo, to have. Debility, therefore, 
literally signifies a deficiency, or not 
having. ) 

Imbecility is feebleness, either of 
body or mind. 

Note. — Bodily imbecilitylies in the whole frame, 
and renders it almost entirely powerless. Men- 
tal imbecility is such a degree of weakness of 
mind as disqualifies the individual for the dis- 
charge of the common duties of life. (L., imbe- 
cilis, unsupported by a staff, from in, privative ; 
and baculus, a staff.) 

To Enervate, is, lit, to unnerve. 
Hence, to enfeeble. (L., e, privative; 
and nervus, a nerve.) 



CAUSE AND EFFECT — CHANCE. 



293 



OF CAUSE AND EFFECT. 



A CAUSE is that from which any- 
thing proceeds, and without which it 
could not have existed. 

Causation is the act of causing. 

An Effect is that which neces- 
sarily flows from a cause. (L., effi- 
cio [effectum], to cause or bring 
about.) 

A Consequence is that which fol- 
lows from some act, practice, habit, 
or event, but not directly and neces- 
sarily. Diseases are frequently the 



mere effects of intemperance, and 
poverty is not unfrequently a conse- 
quence of the same vice. The de- 
struction of the fruits of the earth 
may be the immediate effect of a 
severe and untimely frost ; and a 
famine may be a consequence of this 
occurrence. (L., conseqne?is, follow- 
ing.) 

Results are effects which proceed 
from particular efforts. (L., resilid 
[resultuni], to rebound.) 



OF CHANCE 



HAP, that which comes suddenly 
and unexpectedly. 

To Happen is to come suddenly 
and unexpectedly. 

Happy, receiving good from some- 
thing that comes to one unexpectedly. 

To Fall out is to happen. 

To Befall is to happen to. (Usually 
spoken of the happening of ill.) 

Casual, that happens; as, a casual 
meeting. (Lit., falling unexpectedly; 
from h.,cado \_casum], to fall.) 

An Accident is that which falls to 
one unexpectedly. (L., ad, to; and 
cadens, falling.) 

To Occur is to come in one's way 
unexpectedly. (L., ob, in one's way; 
and curro, to run.) 

Chance is the cause of that which 
falls out. (L. , cadens, falling. ) 

The Probability of a future and 
uncertain event is the degree of like- 
lihood that it will happen. 

Note. — The probability of the occurrence of 
any event is measured by a fraction, the nu- 
merator of which expresses the number of 
chances favorable to the occurrence, and the de- 
nominator the whole number of chances favor- 
able and unfavorable. — Brande. 

Fors, chance. (L.) Hence, 
Fortune, 1. The good or ill that be- 
falls a man. 2. The power that, ac- 
cording to the heathen notion, has 
tie distribution of good and evil. 



Fortunate, favored by fortune. 

Fortuitous, brought about by 
chance ; as, a fortuitous concourse 
of atoms. 

Random, left to chance; as, a ran- 
dom blow. 

Lot, in the heathen acceptation of 
the term, is chance or fortune. 

Lot, in the Christian acceptation of 
the term, is the determination of 
Providence. 

Danger is the chance of loss, pain, 
or other evil. (L., damnum, loss.) 

Jeopardy is exposure to death, loss, 
or injury. 

Peril is great personal danger. 
In perils of the waters; in perils 
among false brethren. — 2 Cor. xi. 
(L., periculum, a trial.) 

Risk is danger incurred, with a 
reasonable prospect of some advan- 
tage to be gained. 

Hazard is danger inconsiderately 
incurred, or it is danger incurred, 
in cases where the probabilities are 
adverse to the success of the enter- 
prise. 

To Venture, or To Adventure, is 
to engage in a doubtful enterprise 
after having balanced probabilities, 
and concluded that the chances are 
in favor of success. 



294 



FATE — TO AVOID. 



OF FATE. 



FATE is, 1. According to the no- 
tions of some of the philosophical 
sects of antiquity, a divine decree by 
which the order of things is un- 
changeably fixed. 2. An imaginary 
power that forms plans and chains of 
causes, and determines what shall 
be the condition of every individual. 
3. Death. (L.,fatum, a decree; from 
for [fatuni], to utter.) 

The Fates, in mythology, were three 
sister goddesses, named Clotho (Spin- 
ster), Lachesis (Allotter), and Atropos 
(Unchangeable), whose office it was 
to spin the destinies of men, and break 
the threads when their appointed 
hours of death came. — Brande. 

Fatal, 1. Proceeding from fate. 
These things are fatal and neces- 
sary. — Tillotson. 2. Causing death 
or destruction ; as, a fatal disease. 

Fatality, according to certain phi- 
losophical systems, is a fixed and un- 
alterable course of things, indepen- 
dent of God or any controlling cause. 

Fatalism is the doctrine that all 
things take place by inevitable neces- 
sity. 

Destiny, according to many of the 
heathen philosophers, was a secret or 
invisible power or virtue, which, with 
incomprehensible wisdom, regulated 
all the occurrences of this world, 



which, to human eyes, appear irregu- 
lar and fortuitous. The Stoics, on 
the other hand, understood by des- 
tiny a certain concatenation of things 
which, from all eternity, follow each 
other of absolute necessity, there 
being no power able to interrupt 
their connection. — Brande. (L., des- 
tino [destination], to appoint.) 

Predestination is the belief that 
God has, from all eternity, decreed 
whatever comes to pass, (prce, be- 
forehand.) 

Necessity is the scheme which re- 
presents all human actions and feel- 
ings as linked in a chain of causa- 
tion, determined by laws in every re- 
spect analogous to those by which the 
physical universe is governed. — 
Brande. 

A Necessitarian is one who advo- 
cates the doctrine of philosophical ne- 
cessity. 

Necessary, 1. That cannot be other- 
wise. It is necessary that every 
effect should have a cause. 2. Indis- 
pensable ; as, air is necessary to sup- 
port animal life. 3. Unavoidable ; as, 
a necessary inference. 4. Acting 
from necessity or compulsion. The 
question has been much discussed 
whether man is a free, or a necessary 
agent.— Webster. 



TO AYOID. 



To AVOID is, from the apprehen- 
sion of danger or unpleasant conse- 
quences, to keep at a distance from, 
or to keep from doing. Literally, to 
keep one's-self void, or free from. 
(From void, empty or free from.) 

To Shun is, with care, to keep out 
of the way of a thing, or to avoid 
coming in contact with it. We shun 
the company of a person whom we 
dislike. The mariner shuns a danger- 
ous rock. 

To Eschew is to shun either from 



fear, from natural aversion, or from 
moral principle ; as, to eschew evil. 

Note. — Shun and eschew are both, etymologi- 
cally, allied to shy. 

To Elude is to get one's-self out of 
the way of by artifice ; as, to elude 
pursuit; to elude a blow. (L., e, out 
of the way of; and ludo \lusum\, to 
play or practice a trick.) 

Elusion is the act of getting one's- 
self out of the way of by having re^ 
course to artifice. 

Elusive, practicing elusion. 



SAFETY. 



295 



To Escape, is, 1. By an effort or 
by some expedient to disengage one's- 
self from what is disagreeable. 2. 
To be unaffected by an evil by 
which we were threatened. 

To Evade, is, 1. To avoid by dex- 
terity; as, to evade a blow. 2. To 
escape by artifice; as, the thief evaded 
his pursuers. 3. To elude by subter- 
fuge, sophistry, address, or ingenuity ; 
as, to evade the force of an argument. 
(L., evado, [evasum~\, from e, out of 
the way of; and vado, to pass.) 

Evasion is, 1. The act of evading. 
2. Artifice to elude or avoid; as an 
evasion of an argument; an evasion 
of a direct answer. 

Evasive, using evasion or artifice to 
avoid; as, an evasive answer. 

Vito \yitatum~], to shun. (L.) 
Hence, 



Evitable, that may be shunned. 
(Little used.) (e, out of the way of.) 

Inevitable, that can not be shun- 
ned; as, an inevitable calamity, (in, 
not.) 

To Flee, is to hasten from dan- 
ger. 

Fugio [fugitum'], to flee. (L.) 
Hence, 

Fugitive, fleeing from danger, pur- 
suit, or servitude; as, a fugitive 
slave. 

A Fugitive, one who flees. 

Fugacious, volatile, that is flying 
or fleeing away. 

Fugaciiy, volatility ; as the fugac- 
ity of spirits. 

Refuge, 1. Shelter from danger. 
2. That which shelters from danger. 

Refugee, one who flees to a shelter 
or place of safety. 



OF SAFETY 



SAFE, 1. Free from danger of any 
kind ; as, safe from enemies ; safe 
from disease. 2. Free from hurt, 
injury, or damage ; as, the vessel ar- 
rived safe in port ; we got safe home. 
3. Conferring safety ; as, a safe guide ; 
a safe harbor. 

Safety is, 1. Freedom from danger. 
2. Exemption from hurt, injury, or 
loss. 3. Preservation from escape. 

To Save, is, 1. To preserve from 
injury or evil of any kind. 2. To 
hinder from being spent or lost; as, 
to save money ; to save time. 

A Savior is one who saves. 

THE Savior is He who saves men 
from sin and eternal death. 

Salvtjs, safe. (L.) Hence, 

Salvation, 1. The act of saving 
from any great calamity. 2. A sav- 
ing from sin and a liability to eternal 
death. 

Salvable, that may be saved, or re- 
ceived to everlasting happiness. 

Salvage, in commerce, a reward or 
recompense allowed by law for the 
saving of a ship or goods from loss at 



sea, either by shipwreck, fire, etc., 
or by enemies or pirates. — Park. 

Secueus, free from care or uneasi- 
ness. (L., from se, without; and 
cur a, care or anxiety.) Hence, 

Secure, 1. Free from apprehension 
of danger. 2. Free from danger. 

Security, 1. Freedom from fear or 
apprehension. 2. Exemption from 
danger. 3. That which is the cause 
of exemption from danger. 

An Asylum was anciently a place 
of refuge to which criminals might 
fly, and from which it was considered 
the greatest impiety to take them by 
force. — Brande. (Gr., a., privative; 
and a-uxa.ce [sylao~\, to rob.) 

Note. — This privilege was given to many of 
the templos, altars, and statues of the gods. — 
Brande. 

An Asylum, in modern usage, is a 
place for the reception of the unfor- 
tunate ; as, an asylum for the blind. 

To Protect is to cover from danger 
or injury. (L., pro, against ; and tego 
[tectuni], to cover.) 

Protection is the act of covering 



296 



SAFETY — WATCHFULNESS. 



from danger, or from liability to in- 
jury or loss. 

A Protection is that which secures 
against danger, injury, or loss. 

To Shield, is to cover against that 
which would harm. 

A Shield is a broad piece of defen- 
sive armor. 

To Shelter is to cover from vio- 
lence, injury, annoyance or attack. 

A Shelter is that which covers from 
injury or annoyance. 

Note. — Shield and Shelter are etymologically 
allied. 

To Defend, is, lit, to strike away 
from. (L., de, away from; and fenclo 
\_fensum~], to strike.) Hence, to se- 
cure against attacks or evil of any 
kind. 

Defense is the act of repelling vio- 
lence, or of securing against harm or 
annoyance. 

A Defense is that which secures 
against violence, harm, or annoyance. 

To Ward off is to turn aside the 
approach of anything that is mis- 
chievous ; as, to ward off a blow ; to 
ward offth.Q force of an objection. 

To Screen is to separate from in- 
convenience, injury, or danger. (L., 
cerno, to separate.) 

A Screen is anything that separates 
from inconvenience, injury, or dan- 
ger. 



To Guard is to keep in safety. 
(Fr., garder, to keep.) 

A Guardian is one to whom any- 
thing is committed for preservation 
from injury, 

Ward, is, 1. The act of guarding. 

Still when she slept he both kept watch and 
ward.- 



2. Confinement under guard. Pha : 
raoh ' put his baker and butler in 
ward. — Gen. xl. 

A Ward is, 1. A minor under the 
care of a guardian. 2. A division of 
a tower or city committed to the care 
or guardianship of an older man. 

Note. — Ward and guard are, etymologically, 
the same word. 

A Warden is a keeper or guardian. 

Tueor [tuitum~], to defend or se- 
cure from harm. (L.) Hence, 

Tutor, 'primarily, the guardian of 
a young person. Afterward a teacher 
of the young, because teachers are 
usually charged with oversight as 
well as instruction. 

Tuition, primarily, guardianship 
or protection. According to present 
usage, 1. Instruction. 2. The fee 
paid for instruction. 

Tutelar, or Tutelary, having the 
charge of guarding or protecting; as, 
a tutelary genius. 

Tutelage, guardianship. 



OF WATCHFULNESS, ETC 



To WATCH, is, 1. To be awake, 
or to continue without sleep. 2. To 
look with attention. 3. To look out 
for danger. 4. To wait on the sick 
during the night. 

Vigil, a watchman. (L.) Hence, 

Vigilant, attentive to discover and 
avoid danger, or to provide for 
safety. 

Vigilance, attention of the mind 
in discovering and guarding against 
danger. 

Alert, active in vigilance. Hence, 
the military phrase, upon the alert, 



signifying upon the watch, in order 
to guard against danger or surprise. 

Wary, carefully watching and 
guarding against danger. 

Circumspect, lit, looking around 
on all sides. Hence, examining all 
the facts and circumstances of a case, 
with a view to a correct course of 
conduct, or to avoid danger. (L., cir- 
cum, around; and specio, to look.) 

Caution consists in care to avoid 
evil. (L., caveo [cautuni], to be on 
one's guard against.) 

Rash, 1. Entering upon a measure, 



TO BE — OF THINGS. 



207 



or performing an act, without due de- 
liberation and caution; as, a rash 
man. 2. Undertaken, performed, or 



uttered without due consideration of 
the consequences; as, a rash enter- 
prize; a rash act; rash words. 



TO BE. 



To BE is not susceptible of defini- 
tion. 

Note. — To be is applicable either to the acci- 
dents of things, or to the substances or things 
themselves. 

Being is the state implied by the 
verb to be. 

A Being is, 1. Any object that is. 
2. An object that possesses an intel- 
lectual or spiritual nature. God, an- 
gels, and men, are beings. 

To Exist is, 1. To have a real be- 
ing as a substance. 2. To live. 3. 
To continue in being. (L., ex, forth, 
and sisto.) 

Existence is the state implied by 
the verb to exist. 

Entity is being or existence. (L., 
ens, present participle of esse, to 
be.) 

An Entity is something which has 
a real existence as a substance. 

Non-existent, not having exist- 
ence. 



Non-existence is the negation of ex- 
istence. 

Non-entity is the condition of not 
existing. 

A Nonentity is a thing that has no 
existence. 

Esse, to be. (L.) Hence, 

Essence, that which constitutes the 
real nature of a thing. The essence 
of a ball is the round or spherical 
shape. 

An Essence is a being. Angels are 
called by Milton heavenly essences. 

Essential, 1. Necessary to consti- 
tute a thing what it is. Sphericity is 
the essential property of a ball. 2. 
Important in the highest degree; as, 
pure air is essential to health. 

Nothing, or Naught, is the negation 
of being. [No and thing.) 

Nihil, nothing. (L.) Hence, 

Nihility, nothingness. 

Annihilate, to reduce to nothing. 
{ad, to.) 



OF THINGS. 



A THING is, 1. Any being or 
substance except the Creator. All 
things were made by Him. 2. An 
event. "After these things I heard 
a voice of much people." — Rev., xix. 
3. An act. " What! is thy servant a 
dog, that he should do this great 
thing f ' ' — 2 Kb igs, viii. 4. Any obj e ct 
of knowledge. This definition in- 
cludes all possible facts, such as the 
properties and relations of things, the 
laws of nature, historical events, and 
truths of every kind. When a child 
first comes into the world, it has 
every thing to learn. 5. Any object 
of thought, whether the object really 
exists, or whether the existence of the 



object is merely supposed, or whether 
the existence of the object is impos- 
sible. Fairies and witches are things 
that have no real existence. It is an 
impossible thing that God should lie. 

Bes, a thing that actually exists. 
(L.) Hence, 

Real, 1. Actually existing; as, a 
real scene; real life. 2. Genuine, that 
is not spurious, but the very thing 
indicated by the name; as, a real 
diamond. 

Reality, the condition of having 
an actual existence. 

A Reality is a thing which actually 
is, in contradistinction from a mere 
appearance. 



298 



SUBSTANCE— MATTER. 



To Realize is, 1. To bring into real 
existence in the form of profit ; as, 
to realize money from a speculation. 
2. To bring home to one's own case as 
a personal reality, that is, to form a 



true conception as to how we should 
feel under certain supposed circum- 
stances; as, to realize the sufferings 
of the destitute. 



OF SUBSTANCE. 



A SUBSTANCE is something that 
exists by itself. (L., sub, under, and 
starts, standing.) 

Note 1. — A substance is thus called because it 
stands under and supports the properties that are 



inherent in it. Thus, sugar is 
which stands under, and supports the quality of 
sweetness, and whatever other qualities are in- 
herent in the sugar. 

Note 2. — Substances are of two general 
classes, matter and spirit. 



OF MATTEE. 



MATTER is a term including 
whatever may be seen or touched. 
Fig., A matter is any item of busi- 
ness that engages our attention. 

Material, consisting of matter. Air 
is a material fluid. Fig., Import- 
ant, as a material point in a contro- 
versy ; material duties. 

Note. — When we speak of duties, etc., as be- 
ing material, we represent them as something 
substantial or solid, and not existing as mere 
empty shadows. 

Immaterial, not consisting of mat- 
ter. The soul is immaterial. Fig., 
Unimportant. 

Material, the substance of which 
anything is made. 

A Materialist is one who denies 
the existence of spiritual substances, 
and holds that the human soul is 
the result of material organization. 

A Body is, 1. A mass of matter. 
The sun is a luminous body. 2. A 
collection or association 'of men 
acting together; as, a body of sol- 
diers; a legislative body ; a body cor- 
porate; a body politic. 3. A code or 
system; as, a body of laws; a body 
of divinity. 

THE Body is, 1. The material part 
of man, in contradistinction from his 
spiritual nature. 2. The compact 
and bulky part of an object, in dis- 
tinction from the appendages ; as, the 
body of a tree.. 

Corpus, a body. (L.) Hence, 



Corporeal, consisting of matter. 
Air is a corporeal substance. (Op- 
posed to spiritual.) 

Corporal, pertaining to the human 
body; as, corporal pain, corporal 
punishment. (Opposed to mental.) 

Note. — We should not say corporeal punish- 
ment. 

Corporate, legally united in a body 
for the transaction of business; as a 
corporate society; a corporate town. 

Corporation, a body of persons 
having the power to transact busi- 
ness as a single individual. The 
stockholders and officers of a bank- 
ing institution are a corporation. 

To Incorporate, 1. To combine, by 
mixture, one substance with a body 
or mass of another substance ; as, to 
incorporate silver with gold. 2. To 
unite, by legislative authority, a num- 
ber of persons in a single body for the 
transaction of business. 

Note. — The legislature incorporates banks, 
railroad companies, colleges, cities, etc. 

Corpulent, having a body rendered 
over-bulky by an excess of flesh and 
fat. 

Corpse, a dead human body. 

Corps (pron. core), an organized 
body of soldiers. 

Corpuscle, a body of the smallest 
size; that is, a particle or atom of 
matter. (L., corpusculum, dim. of 
corpus. ) 



SUNDRY RELATIONS. 



299 



SUNDRY RELATIONS 



1. Identity. 

IDEM, the same. (L.) Hence, 

Identity, sameness. 

Identical, the same; as, we found 
on the thief the identical goods that 
were lost. 

Identify, to ascertain or prove to be 
the same ; as, to identify stolen goods. 

2. Similarity. 

LIKE, or ALIKE, exactly corres- 
ponding in form, quantity, quality, or 
degree. 

Sonus, like. (L.) Hence, 

Similar , 1. Like. 2. Somewhat like. 

Resemble, to be similar to. 

Resemblance, likeness ; as, a resem- 
blance behoeen two persons. One 
thing may bear a resemblance to an- 
other. 

Semblance, an appearance of being- 
like ; as, the semblance of virtue ; the 
semblance of worth. 

Simulate, to assume the semblance 
of that which one is not. The wicked 
sometimes simulate the virtues of the 
good. 

Dissemble, to be dissimilar to one's- 
self; as, to dissemble one's senti- 
ments ; that is, to conceal them. 

Dissimulation, the act of dissem- 
bling, or of being unlike one's real 
self 

Simile, a comparison by which an 
idea is illustrated or aggrandized. 

Similitude, 1. Likeness. 2. A sim- 
ile. (See Art. Figures of Speech.) 

3. Imitation. 

To IMITATE is to make or to do 
that which resembles something else. 

To Mimic is to attempt to excite 
laughter or derision by imitating the 
manner of another. 

Mimicry is imitation for sport. 

To Mock is to imitate for the pur- 
pose of exposing to contempt. (Fr., 
moquer, to deride.) 

To Ape is to imitate from a silly 
desire of doing or appearing like 
others. (From ape, a well-known 



animal, remarkable for its propensity 
to imitate.) 

A Model is, 1. A form or shape in- 
tended for imitation. 2. Something 
made in imitation of real life. Ana- 
tomical models represent the parts of 
the body. (L, modulus, a little meas- 
ure.) 

A Pattern is that which is to be 
imitated either in things or in ac- 
tions ; as, the pattern of a machine. 
Job was a pattern of patience. 

A Copy is something that has been 
formed after a model. 

The Copy is that which is to be 
imitated in writing or printing. 

An Archetype is the original pat- 
tern from which a thing is made. 
(Gr., apx» [arche], beginning; and 
<rv7ros [typos'], form.) 

The Prototype is the first or orig- 
inal pattern. (Gr., Trpcero? [protos], 
first.) 

4. Adaptation. 

FIT, having a proper relation to 
the use, purpose, or end, for which a 
thing is intended ; as, food ft to be 
eaten. 

To Fit is, 1. To be of proper di- 
mensions for covering or filling up; 
as, the garment fits him ; the spile 
fits the orifice. 2. To prepare or put 
in order for; as, to fit a student for 
college ; to fit a vessel for a voyage. 

To Suit is, 1. To have a proper re- 
lation to the nature of a thing. Pity 
suits with a noble nature. — Dry den. 

Give me not an oflBce 
That suits with me so ill. — Addison. 

2. To cause one thing to have a 
proper relation to another. He suited 
the action to the word. 3. To make 
content. He is suited with his situa- 
tion. 

To Adapt is to cause to fit. (L., 
ad, to ; and apto [aptatum], to fit. ) 

To Adjust is to cause things mutu- 
ally to fit, or have a proper relation to 
each other. (L., ad, to; and Justus, 
exact.) 

Congruous, mutually suiting. Light 



300 



TO CftANGE. 



music and a mournful occasion are 
not congruous. (L., congruo, to suit 
together.) 

Congruity is mutual suitableness. 

To Answer is to be adapted to ; as, 
to answer a good purpose. 

To Correspond is to answer mutu- 
ally, or to be mutually adapted. (L., 
con, together ; and respondeo, to an- 
swer.) 

Proper, suited to some person, 
thing, or occasion. 

Propriety is suitableness ; as, pro- 
priety of conduct. 

To Become is to be suitable or con- 
gruous. 

Becoming, suitable or congruous ; 
as, a becoming dress; becoming de- 
portment. 

Seemly, suited to the object, occa- 
sion, purpose, or character. Honor 
is not seemly for a fool. — Prov. xxvi. 

To Beseem is to become, or to be 
decent for. 

Commodus, in just proportion, being 
neither too large nor too small. (L., 
from con, according to ; and modus, a 
measure.) Hence, 

Commodious, well adapted to its 
use or purpose. 

Commodity, convenience or advan- 
tage. Men seek their own commodity. 

A Commodity, 1. Anything that 
affords convenience or advantage. 
2. Any article of commerce, since the 
articles of commerce are things which 
contribute to our convenience. 



Accommodate, 1. To adapt; as, to 
accommodate ourselves to circum- 
stances. 2. To supply or furnish 
with things adapted to the wants or 
convenience of a person ; as, to ac- 
commodate a man with apartments. 
(ad, to.) 

Convenient, adapted to use or 
wants. (L., con, together; andvewo, 
to come.") 



To AGREE is, 1. To be of one 
mind. 2. To be suited to the nature 
of a thing. The same articles of 
food do not agree with all persons. 
3. To correspond; as, the stories do 
not agree ; the picture does not agree 
with the original. (Fr., a, according 
to; and gr6, the will.) 

Consistent, standing together in 
agreement ; that is, not contradictory 
or opposed. Two opinions or schemes 
may be consistent. (L., con, to- 
gether; and sisto, to stand.) 

Compatible, having a mutual adapt- 
ation of nature that fits two things 
for coexisting. The office of a legis- 
lator and of a judge are not deemed 
compatible. (L., con, together; and 
peto, to seek.) 

Discrepant, disagreeing, as, dis- 
crepant opinions. 

Discrepancy, disagreement. (L., 
dis, differently ; and crepo, to sound. ) 



TO CHANGE 



To CHANGE is, 1. To cause to 
pass from one state to another ; as, to 
change the color or shape of a thing. 

2. To put one thing in the place of 
another; as, to change the clothes. 

3. To take one thing in the place of 
another that is relinquished. 

To Alter is to make different. (L., 
alter, other.) 

An Alterant, or Alterative, is a 
medicine which restores to health by 



inducing a gradual change in the sys- 
tem. 

To Vary is to change in a moderate 
degree. 

Muto, [niutatum], to change. (L.) 
Hence, 

Mutable, subject to change. 

Mutation, a change. 

Commute, to put one thing in the 
place of another; as, to commute a 
penalty; that is to substitute a 



TO DO — LABOR. 



301 



milder punishment for one that is 
more severe. 

Transmute, to change into another 
substance ; as, to transmute the baser 
metals into gold, (trans, over.) 

Permute, to change the order or ar- 
rangement of a number of things in 
all possible ways, {per, thorough- 

Permutation, an arithmetical rule 
by which the number of changes in 
the arrangement of a given number 
of objects may be computed. 



Immutable, unchangeable. 

To Modify is to change in some 
degree; as, to modify a form; to 
modify the terms of a contract. (L., 
modus, limit, or manner; and facio, 
to make.) 

To Vary is, 1. To alter in different 
ways at different times. A man varies 
his manner of speaking and thinking 
according to circumstances. 2. To 
be changed ; as, the varying hue3 of 
the clouds. 3. To be different. The 
laws of different countries vary. 



T O D O. 



To DO is to move or act with a view 
to bringing about some end. 

A Deed is that which is done. 

To Perform is to form thoroughly, 
or to carry through; as, to perform 
a labor ; to perform a duty, (per, 
through; and formo, to form.) 

To Achieve is to carry on to a 
final close; as, to achieve an under- 
taking. 

Achievement is, 1. The performance 
of an action. 2. An obtaining by ex- 
ertion. 

An Achievement is a great or heroic 
deed. 

An Exploit is a great or noble 
achievement. 

To Execute is to perform accord- 
ing to the orders or directions of 
others, or according to a predeter- 
mined plan. (L., exequor [executuni], 
to follow out.) 

To Accomplish is to bring to a 
close; as, to accomplish a work. 



(Fr., ac, or ad, intensive ; and com- 
plir, to complete; from L., con, en- 
tirely; and^Zeo [pletum], to fill.) 

To Fulfill is, 1. To answer in the 
event, or in the execution what has 
been foretold; as, to fulfill a prophe- 
cy; to fulfill an engagement. 2. To 
perform what is required ; as, to ful- 
fil a law. (From full and f 11.) 

nPA22n [Prasso], to do. (Gr.) 
Hence, 

Practice, 1. A doing repeatedly. 

2. The exercise of a profession. 
Practicable, capable of being per- 
formed or carried into effect; as a 
practicable plan. 2. That may be 
practiced; as, a practicable virtue. 

3. That may be traveled or passed; 
as, a practicable road ; a practicable 
breach. 

Practical, 1. Pertaining to practice. 
2. That may be used in practice; 
as, practical knowledge. 3. Derived 
from practice; as, practical skill. 



OF LABOE 



LABOR consists either in bodily or 
mental exertion put forth for the ac- 
complishment of some end. 

To Work is to perform labor. 

Toil is labor that is accompanied 
by pain and fatigue. 

Drudgery is severe labor in servile 
occupations. (From drudge, a slave. ) 



A Task is a definite amount of la- 
bor imposed by a master. 

Opus [opens']) work. (L.) Hence, 

Operate, to exert power or force in 
the production of effects. 

Operative, active in the production 
of effects. 

An Operative, a laboring man. 



302 



TO ENDEAVOR — TO HELP — INSTRUMENTALITY, 



TO ENDEAVOR 



To ENDEAVOR is to exert 
physical strength or intellectual pow- 
er for the accomplishment of an 
object. 

To Attempt is to set about a thing 
with a view of effecting it. 

To Try is to exercise power for the 
accomplishment of an object. 

To Essay is to attempt. 



An Effort is a sudden bringing 
forth and vigorous exercise of power 
in connection with an attempt. (L., 
effero, to bring forth.) 

An Exertion is a thrusting forth 
of the hand of power in connection 
with an attempt. (L., exero [exert- 
um\, to thrust forth. 

To Strive is to endeavor earnestly 



TO HELP. 



To HELP is to add one's labor, 
exertions or means to those of a per- 
son who is endeavoring to effect some 
end. We help a person to prosecute 
his work, or we help him out of a 
difficulty. ' 

To Assist is, lit, to place one's self 
by another. Hence, to help. We 
assist a person in a scheme, or in the 
time of his embarrassment. (L., ad, 
by; and sisto, to place one's-self.) 

To Aid is to help by furnishing 



strength or means to effect a purpose. 
We aid a good cause. We aid a per- 
son to make his escape. 

To Succor is to give prompt assist- 
ance to a person who is in a condition 
of great danger or distress. (L., sub, 
up to ; and curro, to run. ) 

Juvo [jutum\, to help. (L. ) 
Hence, 

Adjuvant, helping. 

Adjutant, an assistant officer. 

Co-adjutor, a helper. 



OE INSTRUMENTALITY. 



A MEANS is that through which 
an end is gained. (L., medium, 
something existing between.) 

An Instrument is that by which 
anything is effected (L., instruo, to 
furnish, or provide with ; instruments 
being the things with which a me- 
chanic is furnished or provided, that 
he may be enabled to carry on his 
operations.) 

A Tool is an instrument used in 
manual operations. 

A Utensil is an instrument for any 
use, such as the vessels of a kitchen 
or the tools of a trade. (L., utor, to 
use.) 

An Implement is, 1. Something that 
fills up vacancy, or supplies wants. 
Unto life many implements are neces- 
sary. — Hooker. 

Note. — The foregoing use of the word is obso- 
lete. 



2. An instrument or a tool used in 
any trade, art, or operation. 

Note. — A mechanic's necessary tools are 
called his implements, because they fill up the 
void of his wants in reference to means of car- 
rying on his operations. (L., impleo, to fill up.) 

A Machine is anything which 
serves to increase or regulate the 
effect of a given force. 

An Organ is, 1. A natural instru- 
ment by which some operation is 
performed, or some process is carried 
on. The feet are organs of locomo- 
tion. The eyes are organs of sight. 
The liver is an organ for the secretion 
of the bile. 

To Organize is, 1. To form with 
organs ; as, to organize a plant or an 
animal. 2. To form and arrange in 
a regular structure. 3. To distribute 
into suitable parts and appoint proper 
officers ; as, to organize an army. 



AGENTS — TO MAKE — SKILL. 



303 



OF AGENTS 



An AGENT is one authorized to 
act for another in any capacity what- 
ever. (L., ago, to act.) 

A Principal is one for whom an 
agent acts. 

A Deputy is one who has been de- 
puted (appointed) to act for an- 
other. 

A Substitute is one who has been 
put in the place of another to per- 
form some specific act, or to dis- 
charge the duties of some office. (L., 
sub, in the place of; and statuo, to 
place.) 

A ^Representative is one who sup- 
plies the place of another, and is 
empowered to do within prescribed 
limits, whatever might have been 
done by the person whose place he 
supplies. 



A Constituent is one who consti- 
tutes another his representative. 

An Attorney is one who is legally 
empowered by another to transact 
business for him. 

A Proxy is one legally appointed 
to perform some specified act for 
another. 

A Factor is an agent employed by 
a merchant to transact business at 
some- distant point. 

A Commissioner is one. who is 
commissioned or formally authorized 
to transact business for the person or 
government that employs him. 

A Delegate is a person appointed 
and sent by another, with powers to 
transact business as his representa- 
tive. (L., de, away; and lego, to 
send.) 



TO MAKE. 



To MAKE is to form of materials. 

To Create is to form out of noth- 
ing. 

Creation is, 1. The act of creating. 
2. The things created. 

The Creator is the Being who has 
created all things. 

A Creature is, 1. A being not self- 
existent, but created by Supreme 
power. Angels, men, and animals 
are creatures. 2. Anything created. 



God's first creature was light. — 
Bacon. 

To Fabricate is, 1. To form by art 
and labor; as, to fabricate cotton 
goods. 2. To devise falsely; as to 
fabricate a lie. (L., faber, a work- 
man.) 

To Manufacture is to form from 
raw materials by the hand or by 
machinery. (L., manus, the hand; 
and facto, to make.) 



OF SKILL 



SKILL implies ability to practice 
an' art, or to manage a business to 
good advantage. 

Expertness is skill acquired by 
experience or practice. (L., experior 
\_expertum~], to try.) 

Handiness is readiness in the use 
of the hands. 

Dexterity is, lit, readiness in the 
use of the right hand. Hence, A me- 



chanical facility in the performance of 
any work. (L. , dextra, the right hand. ) 
Adroitness is, lit., readiness in the 
use of the right hand. (Fr., «, with, 
and droite, the right hand.) Hence, 
1. Manual skill. " Use yourself to 
carve adroitly and genteelly." — Ches- 
terfeld. 2. Keadiness in invention 
and execution ; as, he displayed great 
adroitness in effecting his purpose. 



304 



TO BUILD — TO TAKE. 



Awkward, lacking skill in the use 
of the hand. 

To Bungle is to perform awk- 
wardly. 

To Botch is, 1. To mend or patch 



with a needle or awl in an awkward 
manner. 2. To put together, or to 
execute unskillfully ; as, to botch a 
piece of work. 



TO BUILD. 



To BUILD is to put materials to- 
gether in the construction of houses, 
etc. 

Architecture is the science of 
building. 

An Architect is a scientific builder. 
(Gr., ap%os [archos], chief; and vunw 
\tecton,~\ a workman. ) 

JEdifico \cediftcatum~\, to build, 
from cedes, a house, and facio, to 
make. (L.) Hence, 

Edifice, a building. 

Edify, to build up in useful knowl- 
edge. 

Struo [structum], to build. (L.) 
Hence, 

Structure, something that has been 
built; as, a house, a bridge, a pyra- 
mid. 

Construct, to put together. 

Construe, to arrange words in their 
natural order in translating from a 
foreign language. Hence, To inter- 
pret. 

Destroy, lit, to pull down. Hence, 
To ruin, (de, down.) 

A House is a structure consisting 
of walls inclosing an area, and sur- 
mounted by a covering to exclude the 
rain, etc. 

A Building is any kind of a house. 

A Fabric is a large building. 

A Palace is a magnificent build- 
ing, in which an emperor or king 
resides. 



A Mansion is a large dwelling- 
house. 

A Cottage is a small dwelling 
house. 

Cot is a poetical abbreviation of 
cottage. 

A Cabin is a mean cottage. 

A Hut is a small cabin. 

A Hovel is a hut destitute of ev 
ery appendage promotive of comfort 
or convenience. 

A Shanty is a temporary shelter, 
slightly constructed. 

A Temple is a house of religious 
worship. . 

A Church is a Christian temple. 

A Cathedral is the principal 
church in a diocese. 

A Chapel is a private church. 

A Mosque is a Mohammedan tem- 
ple. 

A Pagoda, or Pagod, is a heathen 
temple. 

Domus, a house. (L.) Hence, 

Domestic, pertaining to the house ; 
as, domestic employment. 

A Domestic, a house servant. 

Domesticate, to accustom to the 
house ; that is, to tame. (Spoken of 
wild animals.) 

Domicile, a place of permanent 
residence. 

Dome, 1. A building. {Poetical) 
2. A spherical roof raised over the 
middle of a building 



TO TAKE 



To TAKE is, 1. To receive any- 
thing that is offered. 2. To gain pos- 
session by active effort. 

Capio, or Cipio [captum, or ceptum\, 
to take. (L.) Hence, 



Capture, to take by surprise, strat- 
agem, or force. 

Captive, one taken in war. 

Capable, 1. Sufficiently roomy to 
take in ; as, a church capable of hold- 



TO HOLD. 



305 






ing a thousand persons. 2. Endowed 
with, (or taking into its nature,) pow- 
ers and susceptibilities that fit the 
thing to act, or to be affected in some 
specific manner; as, a mind capable 
of judging; a metal capable of being 
drawn into wire. 

Capacious, adapted, by its roomi- 
ness, to take in or contain much ; as, 
a capacious mind. 

Capacity, 1. Room for taking in 
and containing; as, the capacity of 
this cask is thirty gallons. 2. The 
power of the mind to receive ideas or 
knowledge. 3. Active power or abil- 
ity; as, a capacity for business. 4. 
Character ; as, to act in the capacity 
of a governor. 

Receive, 1. To take something that 
is presented ; as, to receive a present. 
2. To take anything that is commu- 
nicated ; as, tO receive a wound. 

Reception, the act of receiving. 

Recipient, one who receives. 

Receptacle, a place into which 
things are received. 

Accept, to receive with a grateful 
feeling, {ad, to.) 

Acceptation, th.% sense in which a 
word is received or understood. 

Except, to take or leave out. All 



were present, except John; that is, 
leaving out John, all the rest were 
present {ex, out.) 

Intercept, lit, to take between. 
Hence, to stop anything on its' pas- 
sage; as, the treasonable letter was 
intercepted. {Inter, between.) 

Perceive, to take into the mind 
through the medium of the senses. 
{Per, through.) 

Susceptible, capable of being im- 
pressed by any influence. 

Inception, lit, a taking hold upon; 
Hence, a beginning. (*«, upon.) 

Prendre \_pris\, to take. (Fr.) 
Hence, 

Enterprise, an undertaking. 

Surprise, to take unawares. 

Reprisal, a taking by way of re- 
taliation. 

Comprise, to include or take in. 

Apprise, to inform ; that is, to 
cause a person to take knowledge of a 
fact. 

Prisoner, 1. One taken in war. 2. 
One taken by the officers of the law 
to be tried on a criminal charge. 
3. A person whose liberty is re- 
strained. 

Prison, a place where prisoners 
are confined. 



TO HOLD. 



To HOLD is to keep either in op- 
position to an inherent tendency to 
escape, or in opposition to any ex- 
trinsic force tending to remove the 
object held. 

Texeo [tentum~\, to hold. (L.) 
Hence, 

Tenant, one who holds land or 
other real estate under another. 

Tenure, manner of holding real 
estate. 

Tenor, 1. A holding on in a con- 
tinued course; as, he pursued the 
even tenor of his way. Hence, 2. 
The general drift or purport; as, 
the tenor of a discourse ; the tenor of 
a letter. 

Tenacious, holding fast. 
20 



Tenable, such as may be held against 
attacks ; as, a tenable position. 

Tenet, any opinion or doctrine 
which a person holds as true. 

Tenement, 1. A building held or 
occupied as a habitation. 2. In law, 
any species of permanent property 
that may be held; as land, houses, 
etc. The thing held is a tenement, 
and the possessor of it a tenant, and 
the manner of possession is called a 
tenure. — Blackstone. 

Abstain, to hold one's-self from 
any indulgence or gratification; as, 
to abstain from luxuries. {Abs, from. ) 

Abstinent, holding one's-self from 
indulgence, especially in the use of 
food and drink. 



306 



TO TAKE HOLD OF. 



Continue, lit., to hold together; 
that is, not to separate into pieces. 
Hence, to hold on in time without 
interruption or cessation. (Con, to- 
gether.) 

Continuous, holding on in space 
without interruption; as, a continu- 
ous range of houses. 

Continuity, uninterrupted connec- 
tion. 

Retain, 1. To hold in opposition 
to a tendency to escape; as, the 
memory retains ideas; some metals 
retain heat longer than others. 2. To 
hold or keep. An executor may re- 
tain a debt due to him from the testa- 
tor. — Blackstone. 

Retentive, having the power to re- 
tain ; as, a retentive memory. 

Retention, the act of retaining. 

Sustain, lit., to hold up. Hence, 
1. To bear, as a weight. A beast 
sustains a load. To sustain a dis- 
grace. — Shakspeare. 2. To support 
or keep from falling or sinking. A 
foundation sustains the superstruct- 
ure. Hope sustains the afflicted. 
Food sustains life. (Sub, under.) 

Sustenance, that which sustains 
life ; that is, food. 

Maintain, lit., to hold up with the 
hand. Hence, 1. To hold or pre- 
serve in a certain state ; as, to main- 
tain a uniform temperature. 2. To 
hold or defend against others ; as, to 
maintain a post; to maintain a right; 
to maintain an argument. 2. To up- 



hold by supplying with food, cloth- 
ing, etc. (Fr., main, the hand.) 

Maintenance, the act of maintain- 
ing ; as, the maintenance, of a right ; 
the maintenance of a family. 

Obtain, lit, to lay hold of. Hence, 
to get. 

Pertain, lit., to reach to, or extend 
to. Hence, 1, To belong. 2. To 
have a relation to. Hence, 

Pertinent, related to the subject or 
matter in hand; as, a pertinent re- 
mark ; a pertinent answer. 

Pertinacious, holding on to an 
opinion or purpose with obstinacy. 
(Per, through.) 

Appertain, to pertain or belong to. 
(Ad, to.) 

Appurtenance, that which belongs 
to something else. 

Entertain, lit., to keep " among. 
You, sir, I entertain for one of my 
hundred. — Shakspeare. 

Note. — The primary use of the word entertain 
referred to the practice of princes and nohles in 
receiving persons from time to time among the 
number of their retainers. But the persons 
thus received were supplied with food and other 
necessaries. Hence to entertain came, in process 
of time, to signify to receive and treat a guest with 
the proper hospitalities. Among these hospitalities 
conversation, amusements, and whatever might 
he adapted to please and delight the guest, were 
mingled. Hence, to entertain came to signify to 
please. (Fr., entre, among.) 

Detain, 1. To withhold or keep 
back; as, to detain the wages of a 
hireling. 2. To restrain from pro- 
ceeding. 3. To hold in custody. 



TO TAKE HOLD OF 



To CATCH is to take hold of with 
an effort. 

To Seize, is to lay hold of with vio- 
lence. 

To Snatch is to lay hold of with 
a sudden and violent effort. 

To Grasp is to seize and hold by 
clasping with the fingers or arms. 

To Clutch is to seize with the hand. 

To Grab is to seize. ( Vulgar.) 

To Grapple is to lay fast hold on 
either with the hands or with hooks. 



Prehendo {jpreJiensum], to take 
hold of. (L.) Hence, 

Prehensile, adapted to take hold of. 

Apprehend, 1. To seize ; as, to ap- 
prehend a thief. 2. To take hold of 
with the mind; as, to apprehend a 
truth. 3. To fear; as, to apprehend 
danger. 

Apprehension, 1. The act of seiz- 
ing. 2. The act of taking hold of 
with the mind. 3. Fear. 

Comprehend, 1. To take in or in- 



TO COYER — TO HIDE. 



307 



elude ; as, the eastern continent com- 
prehends Europe, Asia, and Africa. 2. 
To take in fully, with the mind; that 
is, to understand, (con, together.) 

Rapio \raptum}; to seize and carry 
off (L.) Hence, 

Rape, a forcible seizure and car- 
rying off; as, the rape of Ganymede, 
who was carried off into heaven by 
Jupiter, under the form of an eagle; 
the Rape of the Lock, (a poem by 
Pope.) 

Rapt, 1. Carried away in a trans- 
port of delight: 

The rapt seraph that adores and burns.— Pope. 



2. Carried away by the prophetic 
spirit : 
Rapt into future times the bard began — Pope. 

Rapture, the condition of being 
carried off by a transport of joy. 

Ravish, 1. To seize and carry 
away by force. 2. To carry away in 
a transport of delight. 

Rapacious, 1. Disposed or accus- 
tomed to seize by violence ; as, a ra- 
pacious enemy. 2. Subsisting on an- 
imals seized by violence; as, a ra- 
pacious bird. 

Rapine, the act of plundering by 
violence. 



TO COYER. 



To COYER is to overspread the 
surface of a thing with another sub- 
stance. 

To Discover is, lit., to remove the 
cover. Hence, To find out some- 
thing that was unknown before. 

Tego [tectum, to cover. (L.) Hence. 

Integument, the natural covering 
of an animal; as, the skin, etc. 

Protect, to cover or shield against 
danger, {pro, against.) 

Detect, lit., to uncover. Hence, to 
disclose something that was con- 
cealed ; as, to detect a fraud. 

Velum, a cloth. (L.) Hence, 

Veil, a covering to protect from 
observation. 

Reveal^ lit, to draw back the veil. 



Hence, To make known to others 
something that is hidden or secret, 
(re, back.) 

Revelation, the act of revealing. 

Envelop, to enwrap, [en, in.) 

Develop, to unfold. 

Naked, destitute of clothing or 
other customary covering. 

Bare, destitute of necessary ap- 
pendages; as, bare feet; a bare head; 
bare walls, 

To Strip is to deprive of covering. 

Nudus, naked. (L.) Hence, 

Nude, naked; as, a nude figure in 
painting or sculpture. 

Nudity, nakedness. 

Denude, to lay bare ; as, to denude 
a bone by stripping off the flesh. 



TO HIDE 



To HIDE is, 1. To intercept the 
view. Clouds hide the sun from our 
sight. In eastern countries females 
wear vails to hide the face. 2. To 
keep from the knowledge of others. 

To Conceal is, 1. To keep from 
sight. A person may conceal him- 
self behind a hedge. A thick vail 
conceals the face. 2. To keep from 
the knowledge of others. (L., con 
and celo, to have privately.) 



Condo \conditum\, to hide. (L.) 
Hence, 

Abscond, to remove one's-self for 
the sake of not being discovered by 
those with whom we are acquainted. 
[abs, from.) 

Note. — Abscond is appropriately spoken of 
persons -who secrete themselves to avoid a legal 
process. — Webster . 

Recondite, hidden from the view of 
the intellect; as, the recondite causes 
of things. — Webster. 



308 



CLOTHING. 



Lateo, to lie hid. (L.) Hence, 

Latent, hidden or concealed; as, 
latent heat, latent motives, latent en- 
ergies. 

Occolo [occultum], to cover over by 
plowing; from ab, over, and colo, to 
till or plow. (L.) Hence, 

Occult, hidden from the view of 
persons in general. 

The Occult Sciences of the middle 
ages, were magic, alchemy, and as- 
trology. 

Abstrudo [abstruswii], to thrust 
aside into a place of concealment. 
From abs, aside, and trudo, to thrust. 
(L.) Hence, 

Abstruse, difficult to be compre- 
hended; as, an abstruse subject. 

Secerno \_secretum~], to separate and 
set privately aside. From se, aside, 
and cerno, to separate. (L.) Hence, 

Secret, concealed from the know- 
ledge of all except the individual, or 
individuals concerned. 

Secrecy, the state of being con- 
cealed from the knowledge of all, ex- 
cept the persons concerned. 

To Secrete,, to put into a place 
known only to one's-self; as, to se- 
crete stolen goods; to secrete one's- 
self. 



Clam, secretly. (L.) Hence, 

Clandestine, done or engaged in 
with studied concealment, and with 
a consciousness that the act is unal- 
lowed; as, a clandestine marriage; 
clandestine proceedings. 

To Lurk is to lie concealed in 
order to watch for an opportunity of 
doing mischief. 

To Skulk is to move secretly about 
from one hiding-place to another, 
through fear of being observed, or in 
order to watch for an opportunity of 
doing mischief. 

To Lie in Wait is to watch in con- 
cealment for an opportunity to attack 
or seize. 

Ambush is the state of lying con- 
cealed for the purpose of attacking 
by surprise. {Am, for Fr., em or 
en, in; and Ger., busch, a thicket.) 

An Ambush is, 1. A private sta- 
tion, where troops lie in wait to at- 
tack the enemy by surprise. 2. A 
body of troops lying in wait. 

An Ambuscade is the same with an 
ambush. 

Insidious, secretly watching for an 



opportunity to do mischief. 
sidio3, a lying in wait.) 



(L., in- 



OF CLOTHING 



CLOTHING consists in whatever 
is used in covering the human body. 

Clothes is a general term, includ- 
ing all the articles that are worn, 
either for comfort or decency. 

To Clothe is, 1. To cover with 
clothes. 2. To give by commission ; 
as, to clothe with power or authority. 

Note. — This figurative use of the word to 
clothe is derived from the circumstance that, in 
some countries, a person, on being installed in 
an office, is clothed in robes peculiar to the office, 
and emblematic of the authority which he is to 
exercise. 

To Dress is, 1. To cover with 
clothing. 2. To put on rich clothing. 

To Attire is to dress. 

To Array is to dress in splendid 
attire. 



Habiliments are articles of dress. 
(Fr., habiller, to dress.) 

A Garb is a peculiar or distinctive 
dress ; as, the garb of a clergyman. 

A Guise is the appropriate dress of 
some particular class or order of per- 
sons, assumed by a person of another 
class, in order that he may appear to 
be that which he is not. A princess 
may assume the guise of a shep- 
herdess. The hypocrite assumes the 
guise of religion. 

A Disguise is a dress different from 
one's usual attire, assumed for the 
purpose of concealment. 

A Habit is the ordinary dress of 
any particular class of persons. 

A Garment is any article of clothing. 



BEAUTY — PURITY AND IMPURITY. 



309 



Duds are old, tattered garments. 

A Eobe is a loose flowing garment 
worn externally. 

To Robe, or to Enrobe is to dress 
pompously. 

A Cloak or Mantle is a loose gar- 
ment worn over other clothes. 

A Gown is a loose upper dress. 

Drapery is the representation dress 
in painting and sculpture. (Fr., 
drap, cloth.) 



Vestis, a garment; and 

Vestio [yestitum], to clothe. (L.) 
Hence, 

Vestment, a garment. 

Vesture, clothing. 

Invest, 1. To clothe. 2. To clothe 
with official authority. 

Divest to strip off clothing. 

Induo, to put on clothes. (L. ) Hence, 

Endue, to clothe in a jig. sense ; as, 
to endue, with power, wisdom, etc. 



OF BEAUTY 



BEAUTY consists in whatever is 
adapted to please the eye. 

Beautiful, possessed in a high de- 
gree of qualities adapted to please 
the eye. 

Handsome, moderately beautiful. 

Pretty, (pritty,) pleasing, without 
being striking. 

Elegant, pleasing to good taste. 
(L., eligo, to choose.) 

Neat, elegant, without dignity. 

Graceful, beautiful, with dignity. 

Comely, having pleasing features, 
together with a graceful figure. 

Fair, 1. Having handsome features. 
2. Pleasing to the eye; as a fair 
scene. 

Ornament is something added for 
the purpose of beautifying. 

To Adorn is to add ornaments. 

Ornate, highly adorned; as, an 
ornate style. 

To Embellish is to beautify with 
ornament. (Fr., belle, beautiful.) 

To Decorate is to adorn. (L., 
decus \_decoris~], grace.) 

To Deck, primarily, signified to 



cover. Hence, to adorn with gay 
clothes. (Ger., decken, to cover.) 

Cosmetics are washes and paints 
used to beautify the skin. (Gr., ko<t[aoq 
[cosmos~\, ornament. 

Gay, showy, as a gay dress. 

Gaudy, excessively gay; as, the 
gaudy butterfly. 

Tawdry, having an excess of 
showy ornament, without taste or 
elegance. 

Flashy, showy beyond the stand- 
ard of good taste ; as, a flashy dress. 
(From flash.) 

Plainness is, 1. A want of beauty. 
2. The entire absence of ornament. 

Simplicity is the absence of arti- 
ficial ornament. 

Chaste, executed in a style that 
excludes superfluous ornament. 

Homely, originally, pertaining to 
home. Hence, of plain features. 

Ugly, offensive to the sight. 

Deformed, misshapen. 

Monstrous, characterized by an ex- 
cess, deficiency, or misshapement of 
parts, {monster, a deformed creature.) 



OF PUEITY AND IMPTJEITY. 



1. Impurity. 

IMPURE, 1. Mixed or impreg- 
nated with foreign substances; as, 
impure water. 2, and in a moral 
sense, mixed or imbued with any ele- 



ment or principle that is foreign to 
the nature of a thing, and dimin- 
ishes its excellence. An impure 
heart is one that is imbued with the 
foreign and deteriorating principle 
of sinfulness. 



310 



PURITY AND IMPURITY. 



Impurities, foreign and deterior- 
ating intermixtures. 

Turbid, lit, stirred up. Hence, 
Muddy; as turbid water. (L., turbo, 
to stir up.) 

Sediment consists in foreign mat- 
ters that have settled to the bottom 
of a vessel, or reservoir, containing 
a liquid. (L., sedo to settle.) 

Grounds are the settlings of a bev- 
erage or other liquid ; as, the grounds 
of coffee. (From ground, earth.) 

Dregs are the sediments of liquors. 

Lees are the impurities that settle 
at the bottom of wine casks, etc. 

Fmk, lees. (L.) Hence, 

Fecal, 1. Pertaining to, or consist- 
ing of lees, etc. 2. Pertaining to 
impurities separated and rejected 
from the animal system. 

Feculence, or Feculency, the qual- 
ity of being foul with lees or other 
impurities. 

Scum consists in impurities that 
rise to the surface of liquids in boil- 
ing or fermentation. 

Dross consists in impurities sepa- 
rated from metals. 

To Adulterate is to make impure 
by an admixture of baser materials ; 
as, to adulterate liquors or coin. (L., 
ad, with, and alter, another.) 

Dirt is any matter that offends by 
being found where it should not be. 

Filth is matter that is very offen- 
sive in itself. 

Foul, covered with, or abounding 
in, offensive matter. 

Nasty, disgustingly filthy. 

To Soil is to make dirty on the 
surface. 

To Sully is to discolor with dirt. 
(Used mostly in a moral sense.) 

To Defile is to make unclean, 
either physically or morally. 

To Pollute is to defile in a moral 
sense. 

To Smirch is to darken with dirt; 
as, to smirch the face. {Low.) 

Smut is foul matter of a dark col- 
or. 

Smutty. 1. Soiled with smut. 2. 
Obscene. 

Smutch to blacken with soot, etc. 



Smooch, to discolor with dirt. (Pro- 
vincial. ) 

Grime is dark colored dirt that 
has insinuated itself into the folds and 
creases of the skin. 

To Grime, or Begrime, is to soil 
deeply. 

To Daggle is to trail in the dirt. 

To Bedaggle is to soil by trailing 
in the dirt ; as, to bedaggle the skirt 
of a garment. 

Sordes, filth. (L.) Hence, 

Sordid, lit., filthy. Fig., 1. Mean; 
as, a sordid wretch. 2. Meanly ava- 
ricious. 

Sqauleo, to be foul. (L.) Hence, 

Squalid, extremely filthy. 

Uncombed his locks, and squalid his attire. 
[Dry den. 

Squalor, extreme filthiness. 

2. Purity. 

PURE, 1. Separate from all hetero- 
geneous matter. 2. Free from moral 
defilement. 

Clean, free from dirt 

To Purge is to free from impuri- 
ties. 

To Expurgate a book, is to free or 
cleanse it from errors or objectionable 
passages. 

Ablution is the act of cleansing 
or purifying by washing. (L., ab, 
away, and luo, to wash.) 

To Wipe is to clean by rubbing 
with something soft. 

Tergo Iter sum], to wipe. (L.) 
Hence, 

Terse, cleanly written ; as terse lan- 
guage ; a terse style, that is, a neat 
style. 

Absterge, or Deterge, to make clean 
by wiping, (abs, from.) 

Abstergent, or Detergent, a medi- 
cine that cleanses, or, as it were, 
wipes away foulness. 

Abstersion, or Deter sion, the act 
of wiping clean. 

To Sweep is to clean by brushing 
with a broom, etc. 

To Scrub is to rub hard with some- 
thing coarse and rough, for the pur- 
pose of cleansing. 

To Scour is to rub hard with some- 



FOREIGN TERMS AND PHRASES. 



311 



thing rough for the purpose of clean- 
sing. 

To Wash is to cleanse by the ap- 
plication of water. 

To Rinse is, 1. To cleanse by the 
introduction of water; as, to rinse a 
vessel, to rinse the mouth. 2. To 
cleanse by a repeated or second ap- 
plication of water, after washing ; as, 
to rinse clothes. 

To Refine is to free from impurity ; 
as, to refine gold or silver ; to refine 
the manners or sentiments. 



Lustro, to purify by certain reli- 
gious ceremonies. (L.) Hence, 

Lustrate, to purify by religious 
rites. 

Lustration, the act of purifying by 
religious ceremonies. 

Lustral, used in religious purifica- 
tions; as, lustral water. 

Immaculate, free from spots of 
moral defilement. (L., in, priv., and 
macula, a spot.) 



FOEEIGN TEEMS AND PHEASES. 



1. From the Latin. 

Ab extra, from without. 

A b initio, from the beginning. 

Ab integro, anew, or over again. 

Ab intra, from within. 

Ab ovo, from the beginning. 

Ab ovo usque ad mala, from begin- 
ning to end. (From the egg to the 
apples, eggs having been used at 
the beginning, and apples at the 
end of the meals of the ancient 
Romans.) 

Ab urbe condita, from the founding 
of the city. 

Ad capiandum, to catch, or please. 

Addendum, something that is to be 
added. (Plu. addenda.) 

Ad hominem, personal. (Addressed 
to the person.) 

Ad infinitum, to infinity. 

Ad interim, in the meantime. 

Ad libitum, at pleasure. 

Ad nauseam usque, to satiety or dis- 
gust. 

Ad valorem, according to its value. 

JEquo animo, willingly, or with com- 
posure. 

Agnus Dei, the Lamb of God. (A 
certain prayer in the Catholic ser- 
vice commencing with those words ; 
also, a cake of wax bearing the fig- 
ure of a lamb.) 

Alias, otherwise ; at another time. 

Alibi, in another place. 

Alma mater, the college in which one 
was educated. (A benign mother.) 



Alter ego, my other self. 

Alumnus, a graduate. (A foster- 
child.) 

Alumni, graduates. 

Animus, the mind, or feelings. 

Ante, before. 

Ante meridiem, before noon. 

Anti, against. 

A posteriori, from experiment, or ob- 
servation, or from the effect to the 
cause. 

Anno Domini, in the year of our 
Lord. 

Anno Mundi, in the year of the 
world. 

A priori, from the cause to the effect. 

Aqua vitce, brandy. (The water of 
life.) 

Arcanum, a secret. (Plu., arcana.) 

Argumentum ad hominem, an argu- 
ment deriving its force from the 
situation of the person to whom it 
is addressed. 

Argumentum ad ignorantiam, an ar- 
gument founded on an adversary's 
ignorance of facts. 

Artium Magister, master of arts. 

Aura popularis, the gale of popular 
favor. 

Auri sacra fames, the accursed thirst 
of gold. 

Aut Godsar, aid nihil, the whole or 
nothing.' (Either Caesar, or noth- 
ing.) 

Ave, Maria ! Hail, Mary ! (A prayer 
to the Virgin Mary.) 



312 



FOREIGN TERMS AND PHRASES. 



A vinculo matrimonii, from the tie 
of marriage. 

Bellum internecinum, a war of exter- 
mination. 

Bonus, a consideration for something 
received. 

Bona fide, 1. In good faith. 2. Genu 
ine. 

Brutum fulmen, a harmless threat 
(Thunder that consists in mere 
noise, and is unattended by a bolt 
that strikes.) 

Cacoethes loquendi, an over-fondness 
for speaking. 

Ccetera desunt, the rest are wanting. 

Cceteris paribus, other things being 
equal. 

Carpe Diem, seize time by the fore- 
lock. (Improve the present day.) 

Causa sine qua no?i, an indispensable 
condition. 

Caveat, a stopping of a process. (Let 
him beware.) 

Caveat emptor, let the purchaser be- 
ware. 

Centum, a hundred. 

Clara voce, with a loud voice. 

Compos mentis, possessed of a sound 
mind. 

Cui bono f of what use ? 

Currente calamo, writing rapidly, or 
off-hand. 

Curriculum, a course of study. 

Data, given facts from which infer- 
ences may be drawn. 

Be facto, in fact. 

Be jure, by legal right. 

Dei gratia, by the grace of God. 

Desideratum, something desirable or 
needed. 

Dictum, a saying. 

Dramatis persona?, characters repre- 
sented in a drama. 

E conirario, on the contrary. 

E pluribus unum, one composed of 
many. 

Erratum, an error. (Phi., errata.) 

Et ccetera, and the rest. 

Ex cathedra, from the chair. 

Exempli gratia, byway of example. 

Exeunt, they go out. 

Exeunt omnes, all go out. 

Ex officio, by virtue of his office. 

Ex parte, on one side only. 



Ex post facto, after the fact, or after 
the commission of the crime. 

Ex tempore, without premeditation. 

Ex vi termini, by the meaning or 
force of the expression. 

Fac simile, a close imitation. 

Fecit, he made it. 

Fiat justitia, ruat coelum, let justice 
be done though the heavens should 
fall. 

Fieri facias, lit, you may cause to be 
done ; a legal writ directing an exe- 
cution to be levied on the goods of a 
debtor. 

Finis, the end. 

Flagrante bello, during hostilities. 
{Lit., while the war was, or is, 
raging.) 

Flagrante delicto, in the act of com- 
mitting the crime. 

Fortiter in re, with firmness in acting. 

Functus officio, out of office. 

Genius loci, the genius of the place. 

Gloria in excelsis, glory to God in the 
highest. 

Gratis, for nothing. » 

Habeas corpus, a writ delivering a 
person from imprisonment. [Lit., 
you may have the body.) 

Herbarium, a collection of dried 
plants. 

Hie jacet, here lies. 

Hortus siccus, a collection of dried 
plants. (Lit., a dried garden.) 

Eumanum est errare, it is the lot of 
human nature to err. 

Ibidem, in the same place. 

Id est, that is. 

Imperium in imperio, a government 
within a government. 

Imprimatur, let it be printed. 

Imprimis, in the first place. 

Impromptu, without study. 

In articulo mortis, in the article of 
death. 

In capite, in the head. 

Incognito, unknown. 

In commendam, in trust. 

Index expurgatorius, a list of prohib- 
ited books. 

In equilibrio, equally balanced. 

In esse, in being. 

In extenso, at full length. 

In extremis, at the point of death. 



FOREIGN TERMS AND PHRASES. 



313 



In foro conscientice, "before the tribu- 
nal of conscience. 

In loco parentis, in the place of the 
parent. 

In perpetuum, forever. 

In propria persona, in person. 

In puris naturalibus, quite naked. 

In rerum natura, in the nature of 
things. 

Insignia, ensigns or badges of office. 

In situ, in the original situation. 

Instanter, forthwith. 

In statuo quo, in the former state or 
condition. 

Inter nos, between ourselves. 

In terrorem, as a warning. 

In transitu, on the passage. ■ 

In vacuo, in empty space. 

In vino Veritas, truth is told under 
the influence of wine. 

Invita Minerva, without the aid of 
genius. ( Lit. , in spite of Minerva. ) 

Ipse dixit, he said it himself. 

Ipsissima verba, the very words. 

Item, likewise. 

Judicium Dei, the judgment of God. 

Jure divino, by divine right. 

Lapsus linguce, a slip of the tongue. 

Lex non scripta, the common law. 
(Law not written.) 

Lex scripta, statute law. (Written 
law.) 

Lex talionis, the law of retaliation. 

Literati, literary men. 

Literatim, letter for letter. 

Lusus natural, a sport or freak of na- 
ture. 

Magna cliarta, an old royal charter 
securing the liberties of British 
subjects. (The Great Charter.) 

Magnificat, the song of Mary. (My 
soul doth magnify the Lord.) 

Mala fide, treacherously. 

Mare clausum, a closed sea. 

Materia medica, substances used in 
the healing art. 

Maximum, the greatest possible. 

Mensa et thoro, from bed and board. 

Meum et tuum, mine and yours. 

Mirabile dictu, wonderful to be told. 

Mirabile visu, wonderful to be seen. 

Mittimus, a writ to commit an offen- 
der to prison. (Lit, we send.) 

Modus operandi, manner of operation. 



Morbus, a disease. 

Multum in parvo, much in little. 

Mutatis mutandis, the necessary 
changes being made. 

Nemine contradicente, no one contra- 
dicting. (Without a dissenting 
voice.) 

Nemo me impune lacessit, no one at- 
tacks me with impunity. 

Keplus ultra, the uttermost point. 

Ne quid nimis, not too much of any- 
thing. 

Nil admirari, to wonder at nothing. 

Nil desperandum, never despair. [Lit, 
there is nothing that is to be de- 
spaired of.) 

Nisi prius, unless before. 

Nolens volens, whether he will or not 

Noli me tangere, don't touch me. 

Nolle prosequi, to be unwilling to 
proceed. 

Non compos mentis, not of sound 
mind. 

Non sequitur, it does not follow. 

Nota bene, mark well. 

Novus homo, a new man. 

Obiter dictum, said by the way. 

Onus probandi, the burden of prov- 
ing. 

tempora ! mores ! Oh the times ! 
Oh the manners ! 

Pater nosier, the Lord's prayer. (Our 
Father.) 

Peccavi, I have sinned. 

Per annum, by the year. 

Per capita, by the head. 

Per centum, by the hundred. 

Per diem, by the day. 

Per se, by itself. 

Petitio principii, a begging of tho 
question. 

Post mortem, after death. 

Prima facie, on the first view. 

Primo3 vio3, the first passages. 

Primum mobile, the first mover. 

Probatum est, it has been tried and 
found good. 

Pro bono publico, for the public 
good. 

Pre re nata, as occasion may require. 

Pro tempore, for the time being. 

Quasi, as if. (Used to express re- 
semblance, as a qu a s i-ar gument ; 
that is, something resembling an 



314 



FOREIGN TERMS AND PHRASES. 



argument, but not really deserving 
the name.) 

Quid-nunc, a newsmonger. (Lit, 
What now ?) 

Quid pro quo, an equivalent. 

Quoad hoc, as it regards this. 

Quo animo, with what mind or inten- 
tion. 

Quod erat demonstrandum, which 
was to be demonstrated. 

Quod erat faciendum, which was to 
be done. 

Quod vide, which see. 

Quo warranto, by what authority. 

Bar a avis, a rare bird. 

Beduciio ad absurdum, the proving 
that a given supposition leads to 
an absurdity. 

Requiescat in pace, may he rest in 
peace. 

Sanctum sanctorum, the Holy of 
Holies. 

Scilicet, that is to say. 

Scire facias, cause it to be known. 

Secundum artem, according to rule. 

Seriatim, in regular order. 

Sic transit gloria mundi, so passes 
away the glory of this world. 

Silent leges inter arma, the laws are 
silent amidst arms. 

Sine die, without a day appointed. 

Sine qua non, an indispensable con- 
dition. 

Statu quo, as things were before. 

Suaviter in modo, fortiter in re, gen- 
tle in the manner, but resolute in 
the doing, 

Sub judice, under consideration. 

Subpcena, under penalty. 

Sub rosa, under the rose; that is 
privately. 

Sub silenlio, in silence. 

Succtdaneum, a substitute. 

Sui generis, of a peculiar kind. (Of 
its own kind.) 

Sui juris, one's own master. 

Summum bonum, the chief good. 

Summum jus, summa injuria, the 
rigor of the law is the rigor of op- 
pression. 

Suum cuique, let every man have his 
own. 

Tabula rasa, a smooth or blank tab- 
let. 



Te Deum, (laudamus,) we praise thee, 
O God. 

Terra firma, solid earth. (A firm 
footing.) 

Terra incognita, an unknown coun- 
try. 

Tertium quid, a third something. 

To to ccelo, by the breadth of the 
whole heavens; that is, diametri- 
cally opposite. 

Ultima ratio regum, the last argu- 
ment of kings. (The force of 
arms.) 

Ultima Thule, the utmost boundary 
or limit. 

Ultimatum, the last condition or pro- 
position. 

Uti possidetis, as you now possess. 

Vade mecum, go with me. (A book 
used as a constant companion.) 

Veni, vidi, vici, I came, I saw, I con- 
quered. 

Venire facias, you will cause to come. 
(A writ for summoning a jury.) 

Verbatim et literatim, word for word 
and letter for letter. 

Verbum sat sapienti, a word is enough 
for a wise man. 

Versus, against. 

Via, by the way of. 

Vi'ce, in the place of. 

Vide, see. 

VideVicit, to wit. 

Vi et armis, by force and arms. 

Vinculum matrimonii, the bond of 
marriage. 

Vis a tergo, a propelling force from 
behind. 

Vis inertia?, the power of inertness. 

Vivat respublica, God save the state. 
(Live the republic.) 

Vivat rex, God save the king. (Long 
live the king.) 

Viva voce, by the living voice. 

Vox populi, vox Dei, the voice of the 
people is the voice of God. 

2. From the French. 
A bas, down. 
A bon marche', cheap. (At a good 

bargain.) 
A bras ouverts, with open arms. 
A cheval, on horseback. 
A demi, by halves. 



FOREIGN TERMS AND PHRASES. 



315 






A dessein, designedly. 

A fond, thoroughly. (To the bottom.) 

A la, after the manner. 

A VAnglaise, in the English way. 

A la bonne heure, very well. 

A la de'robe'e, stealthily. 

A la Frangaise, after the French 
manner. 

A la mode, in fashion. 

A Vimproviste, unexpectedly. 

A V ordinaire, in the usual way. 

A merveille, marvelously well. 

Apropos, pertinently. 

Arret, a judicial decision. 

Arrondissement, a district or circle. 

Artiste, an actor. 

Assignat, paper money issued in 
France in 1789. 

Atelier, a workshop. 

Attache, a subaltern, especially of 
an ambassador. 

Au fait, well skilled. 

Au revoir, till we meet again. 

Avant coureur, a harbinger. 

Avanl courrier, a courier going be- 
fore a great personage. 

Badinage, jest or sport. 

Bagatelle, a trifle. 

Bas bleu, a literary lady. (A blue 
stocking.) 

Baton, a staff. 

Beau monde, the fashionable world. 

Bel esprit, a man of wit. 

Biense'ance, decorum. 

Bizarre, strange, or odd. 

Blonde, or Blondine, a lady with a 
light colored hair and complexion. 

Bonhommie, good nature. 

Bon mot, a witty saying. 

Bon ton, the hight of the fashion. 

Boulevards, the walks around the old 
part of Paris where the walls once 
stood. 

Brunette, a lady with a brown or 
dark complexion and hair. 

Caf6, a coffee-house. 

Canaille, the dregs of the people. 

Carte blanche, full permission. (A 
paper containing nothing but the 
signature of the party who grants 
it, in order that the party to whom 
it has been delivered may insert 
such conditions as he pleases to 
prescribe. — Brande. ) 



Chapeau de bras, a military cocked 
hat. 

Charged' Affaires, a, person intrusted 
with the public interest in a for- 
eign nation, in the place of an 
ambassador, or other minister. 

Champs Elyse'es, Elysian Fields — the 
name of a beautiful park in Paris. 

Chasseur, one of a body of cavalry, 
light and active, trained for rapid 
movements. (A hunter.) 

Chef d'ceuvre, a master-piece. 

Ci-devant, formerly. 

Comme il faut, as it should be. 

Clairvoyance, the clear sight of one 
in a magnetic sleep. 

Conge', leave, departure. 

Coup cVe'tat, a master stroke in politics. 

Coup de grace, the finishing stroke. 

Coup d'ceil, a glance of the eye. 

Coup de soleil, a sun-stroke. 

Cul de sac, a street that has no outlet. 
(The bottom of the bag.) 

De trop, too much. 

Deshabille, night clothes: undress. 

Devoirs, respects. (Duties.) 

Douceur, a present to waiters. (Gen- 
tleness.) 

Douche, a shower bath. 

Eau de Cologne, Cologne water. 

Embonpoint, corpulency. 

Emeute, a popular outbreak. 

Employe*, one who has a place or office. 

Empressement, zeal; diligence. 

En masse, in a mass. 

En route, on the way. 

Ennui, weariness, tedium. 

Esprit de corps, the animating spirit 
of a body of men. 

Gens d'armes, armed guards belong- 
ing to the police. 

Honi soil qui mat y pense, evil to him 
who evil thinks. 

Eors du Combat, disabled. (Out of 
the fight.) 

Hotel de Dieu, a large hospital in 
Paris. 

Madame, the title of a married lady. 

Mademoiselle, miss. 

Mal-d-propos, out of place, or im- 
proper. 

Maladroit, unskillful. 

Manege, horsemanship ; a riding 
school. 



316 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



Mauvais honte, bashfulness. 

MeUe, a broil ; a fight. 

Monsieur, Mr.; sir. (Plu., mes- 
sieurs. ) 

Notre Dame, our lady ; the name of 
the cathedral of Paris. 

Parure, dress ; finery. 

Parvenu, an upstart. 

Petit maitre, a dandy. 

Rendezvous, a place appointed for 
meeting. 



Resume, a summary. 

Sans culottes, without breeches. 

Sans .souci, without care. 

Sauve quipeut, let every one look out 
for himself and escape if he can. 

Savant, a man of letters. 

Savoir faire, business tact. 

Soi-disant, self-styled. 

Tout ensemble, the whole taken to- 
gether. 

Valet de chambre, a footman. 



ABBEBYIATIOKS. 



A, or Ants., Answer. 

A., Adjective. 

A. B., Bachelor of Arts. 

A. C. ( Ante Christum), Before Christ. 

Acci, Account. 

A. D (Anno Domini), in the year of 

our Lord. 
Ad., Adverb. 
Adj., Adjutant. 
Adm, Admiral. 
Admr., Administrator. 
Ala., Alabama. 
A. M. (Artium Magister), Master of 

Arts. (Ante Meridiem), Before 

Noon. (Anno Mundi), In the year 

of the world. 
Amt., Amount. 
Anon., Anonymous. 
Ark., Arkansas. 
Atty., Attorney. 

A. U. C. (Anno Urbis Conditoz), In 
year from the building of the city 
(of Rome). 

Aug., August. 
Bart., Baronet. 
BR, Barrel. 

B. C, Before Christ. 

B. D., Bachelor of Divinity. 
Bp., Bishop. 

C. (Centum), a hundred; cent; cen- 
time. 

C, or Cap., (Caput), Chapter. 

Cal., California. 

Cap., Capital. 

Caps, Capitals. 

Capt., Captain. 

Cash., Cashier. 

C. H., Court House. 



Chap., Chapter. 

Chron., Chronicles. 

CI., Clerk. 

C. J., Chief Justice. 

Col., Colonel. 

Com., Commissioner. 

Con. ( Contra), In opposition. 

Conn., or Ct., Connecticut. 

Const., Constable. 

Cor., Corinthians. 

C. P., Common Pleas. 
Cr., Credit, or Creditor. 

im. Con., 

Adultery. 
Ct, Cent. 
Cwt, a Hundred Weight. 

D. (Denarius), a Penny. 

D. C., District of Columbia. 
D. C. L., Doctor of Civil Law. 

D. D., Doctor of Divinity. 
Dec, December. 

Del., Delaware. 

Deut., Deuteronomy. 

Def, Defendant. 

Do. (Ditto), the same. 

Dolls., Dollars. 

Doz., Dozen. 

Dr., Debtor, or Doctor. 

Dwt., Pennyweight. 

E., East. 

Eccl , Ecclesiastes. 

E. G. (Exempli gratia), for example. 
Ency., Encyclopedia. 

E. N. E., East-North-east. 

Esq., Esquire. 

Eng., England; English. 

Ex., Exodus. 

Exr. Executor. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



317 



Ezek., Ezekiel. 

Fahr., Fahrenheit. 

Feb., February. 

F. R S., Fellow of the Royal Society. 

Ft, Foot; Feet; Fort. 

Fur., Furlong. 

Ga., Georgia. 

Gal., Galatians. 

Gall., Gallons. 

Gen., Genesis; General. 

Gent, Gentleman. 

Geo., George. 

Ger., German. 

Gov., Governor. 

Gr., Greek. 

H. or Hr., Hour. 

Heb., Hebrews. 

Hhd., Hogshead. 

Hon., Honorable. 

HuncL, Hundred. 

la., Indiana. 

lb. or Ibid. (Ibidem), in the same 

place. 
Id. (Idem), the same. 
I. E. (Id est), that is. 
I. H. S. (Jesus Hominum Salvator), 

Jesus the Savior of men. 
111., Illinois. 

Incog. (Incognito), Unknown. 
In., Inch. 
Ind., Indiana. 

Inst. (Instant), the present month. 
Io., Iowa. 
I. O. O. F., Independent Order of Odd 

Fellows. 
Isa., Isaiah. 
It, Italian. 
Jac, Jacob. 
Jas., James. 
Jan., January. 
Jno., John 
Jos., Joseph. 
Josh., Joshua. 
J. P., Justice of the Peace. 
Jr., or Jun., Junior. 
Jul., July. 
Kt, Knight. 
Ky., Kentucky. 
L., Latin. 

L., or £, a Pound sterling. 
Lb., a Pound in weight 
La., Louisiana. 
Lat, Latin; Latitude. 
Lev., Leviticus. 



L. I., Long Island. 
Lieut, Lieutenant 
M., Mile. 

M. A., Master of Arts. 
Maj., Major. 
Mai., Malachi. 
Mass., Massachusetts. 
Matt, Matthew. 
M. C, Member of Congress. 
Md., Maryland. 
Me., Maine. 

Messrs., Messieurs. (The plural of 
the French Monsieur, Mister.) 

Note. — The abreviation Messrs. should be read 
Messieurs (messhoors), and not Gentlemen, or Sirs. 
Still less should it be read Gentlemen sirs. 

Mich., Michigan. 

Minn., Minnesota. 

Miss., or Mi., Mississippi. 

Mo., Missouri; month. 

M. P., Member of Parliament 

Mr., Master or Mister. 

MS., Manuscript. 

MSS., Manuscripts. 

Mt, Mount or Mountain. 

N, North. 

N. A., North America. 

Nath., Nathaniel. 

N. B. (JSFota Bene), Note well. 

N. C, North Carolina. 

N. E., North-East; New England. 

Neb., Nebraska. 

Nem Con. (Nemine contradicente), 

No one contradicting. 
N. H., New Hampshire. 
N. J, New Jersey. 
N. Lat, North Latitude. 
N. N. E., North-North-east 
N. N. W., North-North-west 
No. (Numero), Number. 
Nom., Nominative. 
Nov., November. 
N. S., Nova Scotia; New Style. 
Num., Numbers. 
N. W., North- West 
0., Ohio. 
Obs., Obsolete. 
Obt, Obedient. 
Oct., October. 
0. S., Old Style. 
Oz., Ounces. 
Pa., Pennsylvania. 
PA, Paid. 
Penn., Pennsylvania. 



318 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



Pet., Peter. 

Phil., Philip; Philippians. 

Pk, Peck. 

P. M. {Post Meridiem), Afternoon. 

P. M., Post-Master. 

P. 0., Post-Office. 

Prep., Preposition. 

Pres., President. 

Prob., Problem. 

Prof., Professor. 

Pron., Pronoun; Pronunciation. 

Prop., Proposition. 

Pro tern. {Pro tempore), for the time 

being, 
Prov., Proverbs. 

Prox. {Proximo), Next (month). 
P. S. {Post Scriptum), Postscript. 
Ps., Psalm. 
Pt., Pint. 

Pwt, Pennyweight. 
Q., Question. 
Q. B. D. ( Quod erat demonstrandum), 

Which was to be demonstrated. 
Q. E. F. {Quod erat faciendum), 

Which was to be done. 
Qr., Quarter. 
Qurs., Farthings. 
Qt., Quart. 
Rec'd, Received. 
Rec Sec, Recording Secretary. 
Rev., Revelations; Reverend. 
R. I., Rhode Island. 
Robt., Robert. 
Rom., Romans. 
R. R., Railroad. 
Rt., Right. 

Rt. Hon., Right Honorable. 
Rt. Rev, Right Reverend. 
S., Seconds; Shilling; Sign; South. 
S. A., South America. 
Sam., SamueL 
Sax., Saxon. 
S. C, South Carolina. 
Sc. or Sculp. (Sculpsit), Engraved. 
Scil. (Scilicet), To wit. 
S. E., Southeast. 
Sec, Secretary. 
Sect, Section. 
Sen., Senator; Senior. 
Sept.. September. 



Serj., Sergeant. 

Sing., Singular. 

S., Lat, South Latitude. 

Sol., Solomon. 

Sp., Spanish. 

S. P. Q. R. (Senatus, Populusque Bo- 

manus), The Senate and the People 

of Rome. 
Sq., Square. 
Sq. Ft, Square Feet. 
Sq. M., Square Miles. 
Sr., Senior. 

Sc. (Scilicet), Namely. 
S. S. E., South-South-east. 
S. S. W, South-South-west. 
St, Saint; Street. 
S. T. D. {Sanctce Theologies Doctor). 

Doctor of Divinity. 
Supt, Superintendent 
S. W., South-west. 
T. or Ter., Territory. 
Tenn., Tennessee. 
Thess., Thessalonians. 
Thos., Thomas. 
Tim., Timothy. 
Tit, Titus. 

T. T. L., To Take Leave. 
Ult. ( Ultimo), The Last Month. 
U. S., United States. 
V. ( Tide), See ; Verse. 
Va., Virginia. 
V. D. M. ( Verli Dei Minister), Min» 

ister of the Word of God. 
V. I., Verb Intransitive. 
Viz. ( Videlicet), To wit 
Vol., Volume. 
Vs. {Versus), Against. 
Vt, Vermont 
V. T., Verb Transitive. 
W., West 
Wk, Week. 
W. I., West Indies. 
W. Lon., West Longitude. 
Wm., William. 
W. N. W., West-North-west. 
W. S. W., West-South-west 
Wt, Weight. 
Y., Year. 
Yd., Yard. 
Yds., Yards. 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



319 



AN 



ALPHABETIC LIST OF LATIN AND GREEK KOOTS. 






Peefatoet Note. — The definition of each root is followed by a list of the principal English 
terms derived from that root. The definitions of the derivatives are generally omitted, as having 
been already given in the foregoing portion of the •work ; or because the meaning of the deriva- 
tives may be readily inferred from the definition of the root. 

ACADEMIA, a place near Athens 
where Plato taught philosophy. De- 
rivatives, Academy, Academic, etc. 

Aceo, to be sour. 

Acesco, to become sour. Der., Aces- 
cent, Acescency. 

Acetum, vinegar. Der., Acetic, 
Acetous. 

Actdus, sour. Der., Acid, Acidity. 

AciDULrs, somewhat sour. Der., 
Acidulous, Acidulate. 

Acoro (ax.ovu). to hear. Der., 
Acoustic, Acoustics. 

Acris, sharp. Der., Acrid, Acri- 
tude, Acrimony. 

Acrox (a«/>'v), 1. An end or ex- 
tremity. 2. A pointed summit. 
Hence, 

Acrostic, a poem in which the let- 
ter at one end, generally the begin- 
ning, of the successive lines form 
some word or name. (a-T/^s?,' a verse.) 

Acropolis, a citadel. The Acropo- 
lis was the most elevated situation in 
certain of the ancient Grecian cities, 
and was usually fortified. (mxis 
[polis], a city.) 

Adulor [adulation), to flatter, from 
adoleo, to burn incense to. Der., Ad- 
ulation. 

Agger, a heap, from ad, to; and 
gero, to bear. Hence, 

Exaggerate, lit. , to heap up. Hence, 
To enlarge beyond the truth. A 
friend exaggerates a man's virtues; 
an enemy, his faults. 

Agilis, nimble, from ago, to move. 
Der., Agile, Agility. 

Agito, to shake, from ago, to cause 
to move. Der., Agitate. 

Agogetjs (ayasyiu;) a leader. Hence 

Demagogue, a leader of the popu- 
lace (S»/ms [demos'] the people.) 



Pedagogue, a schoolmaster. (Lit., 
a leader, or governor of boys.) nut; 
]_pais, paidos], a boy. 

Agon [a^j, a contest, as of wrest- 
lers. Der., Agony, Agonize, An- 
tagonist. 

Ager, a field or piece of ground. 
Hence, 

Agrarian, pertaining to an equal 
division of lands and other property 
among the inhabitants of a coun- 
try. 

An Agrarian is one who favors an 
equal division of lands and other 
property among the citizens of the 
state. 

Agrestic, pertaining to the fields or 
country, in opposition to the city. 
Hence, rude, or unpolished. 

Agriculture, the art, or practice of 
cultivating the ground. 

Peregrinate and Pilgrim are also 
derivatives from ager. See To Travel. 

Alius, other. Hence, 

Alias, otherwise. 

Alibi, in another place. 

Alienus, pertaining to another. 
Hence, 

Alien, a person who belongs to 
another country. Hence, 

Alienate, Aliene, or Abalienate, to 
transfer the title of property from one 
to another. 

To Alienate also signifies to 
estrange ; as, to alienate the heart or 
affections, so that individual becomes 
as a foreigner or stranger in feeling 
to the party to whom he had been at- 
tached. 

Allelox («\x»xa»), each other 
Hence, 

Parallel, equally distant at all 
points, {yrctpa [para], by the side of.) 



320 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



Der., Parallelogram, Parallelopipe- 
don. 

Alo, to nourish. Der.,. Aliment, 
Alimentary, Alimentation. 

Alpha, the first letter of the Greek 
alphabet. Der., Alphabet. 

Alter, another. Hence, 

Alter, to cause to be other in form, 
condition, or nature. Der., Altera- 
tive, Alterant. 

Altercor, to contend one against 
the other, (from alter, the other.) 
Hence, 

Altercation, an angry dispute. 

Alternus, by turns, or first the 
one, and then the other (from alter, 
the other). Hence, 

Alternate, being by turns. 

Alternative, a choice between two 
things, so that if the one is taken the 
other must be left. 

Altus, high. Der., Altitude, Al- 
timetry, Exalt 

Ambttlo, to walk. Der., Amble, 
Ambulate, Circumambulate, Peram- 
bulate, Preamble. 

Amicus, a friend (from amo, to 
love). Der., Amity, Amicable, Enemy ) 
Enmity, Inimical. 

Amo, to love. Der., Amiable, Ama- 
tory, Amorous, Amour, Amateur, 
Enamor. 

Ampltjs, large. Der., Ample, Am- 
plitude Amplify. 

Anemos (avejuos), the wind. Der., 
Anemography, Anemometer, Anemo- 
scope, Anemone. 

Angello (ayyiwas), to bring tidings. 
Der., Angel, Evangelize, Evangelistic, 

Ango (anxi), to choke. Der., An- 
guish, Anxiety, Anger. 

Anima, 1. Air or wind; 2. The 
principle of life, because life is sus- 
tained by breathing the air; 3. 
The soul. Der., Animal, Animate, 
etc. 

Animus, the mind. Der., Animad- 
vert, Equanimity, Magnanimity, Pu- 
sillanimity, Unanimity, etc. 

Annus, a year. Der., Annals, 
Annuity, Annuitant, Anniversary, 
Annual, Biennial, Triennial, Quad- 
rennial, Quinquennial, Sexennial, 
Septennial, Octennial, Novennial, De- 



cennial, Centennial, Millennium, Mil- 
lennial, Perennial. 

Annulus, a ring. Der., Annular. 

Anthos, a flower. Hence, 

Anther, the tip of a stamen. 

Anthology, a collection of the flow- 
ers of poetry, (teyce [lego'], to collect.) 

Exanthematous, characterized by 
flower-like eruptions on the skin; as, 
an exanthematous disease, (ex, forth.) 

Polyanthus, a plant with many 
flowers growing in clusters, (poly, 
many. ) 

Anthropos, (etvSpcon-oc), a man. Der., 
Anthropology, Anthropophagi, Mis- 
anthropy, Philanthropy. 

Antiquus, old or ancient. Der., 
Antique, Antiquity, Antiquarian, An- 
tiquate. 

Aperio (apertum), to open. Der., 
Aperient, Aperture. 

Apis, a bee. Hence, 

Apiary, a place where bees are 
kept. 

Aptus, fit. Der., Apt, Aptitude, 
Adapt. 

Aqua, water. Der., Aqueous, 
Aquatic, Aqueduct, Terraqueous, 
Subaqueous. 

Aquila, an eagle. Hence, 

Aquiline, like that of an eagle ; as, 
an aquiline nose. 

ArOj to plow. Hence, 

Ar* 
land. 

Arbiter, an umpire, or judge. 
Hence, Arbiter, Arbitrate, Arbitra- 
ment, for which see Civil Government. 

Arbitrium, the power of acting ac- 
cording to one's own will and pleas- 
ure. Hence, 

Arbitrary, 1. Not governed by any 
fixed rules, but depending on the will 
or discretion; as, an arbitrary de- 
cision; an arbitrary punishment. 
2. Not subject to control; as, an ar- 
bitrary prince. 

Arbor, a tree. Der., Arbor, Arbor- 
et, Arborist, Arborescent. 

Arche (#p%»), government. Der , 
Monarchy, Oligarchy, Anarchy, etc. 
See Civil Government. 

Arche («/>;t»), the beginning. Der., 
Archetype. 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



321 



Archaios, (apxcuo?), ancient ; from 
a/r£», the beginning. Hence, 

Archaeology, the science of antiqui- 
ties, (xoyoc, a discourse.) 

Archaism, an ancient or obsolete 
word or expression. 

Archos (apxoc), chief. Hence, 

Arch, a prefix signifying chief, as 
in archduke, archangel. 

Architect, a chief, or master build- 
er. Hence, a professor of the art of 
building. (rs>na>v \tecton\, a work- 
man.) 

Arctos (st/)jtTo?), the constellation of 
The Bear. Der., Arctic, Antarctic. 

Arcus, a bow. Der., Arch, Archer, 
Arcuate. 

Ardeo (arsurri), to burn. Der., 
Ardent, Ardor, Arson. 

Arduus, high and steep. Hence, 

Arduous, attended with great la- 
bor, like the climbing of a steep 
mountain-side. 

Arena, sand. Hence, 

Arena, 1. The central part of a 
Roman amphitheater in which the 
gladiators fought; so called because 
it was covered with sand to absorb 
the blood. 2, and jig. Any place 
where a person is obliged, actively, 
to exert himself in contending with 
others; as, the arena of politics; the 
arena of life. 

Arenaceous, having the properties 
of sand. 

Arenose, full of sand. 

Areo, to be dry. Der., Arid, Arid- 
ity, Arefy, Aref action. 

Argentum, silver. Der., Argent, 
Argentiferous. 

Argilla, potter's clay. Der., Ar- 
gil, Argillaceous. 

Argos (ipyce), idle or sluggish. 
Hence, 

Lethargy, 1. A preternatural 
drowsiness. Hence, 2, and jig. A 
stupid indifference to things which 
should interest us. (kh8» [lethe~], for- 
getfulness. ) 

Aristoi (npiTToi), the nobles; from 
apta-roc, best. Der., Aristocracy, Aris- 
tocrat. 

Arithmos (ttpiQ/uos), a number. Der., 
Arithmetic. 
21 



Arma, arms. Der., Arms, etc. See 
Warfare. 

Aromata (apa>/u*rcL), spices. Der., 
Aroma, Aromatic, Aromatize. 

Arteria (xprnpi-j), an artery. Der., 
Artery. See Anatomy. 

Articulus, a little joint. Dim. of 
artus, a joint. Der., Article, Articu- 
late. 

Asper, rough. Der., Asperate, As- 
perity, Exasperate. 

Astron (ctcnpov), a star. Der., As- 
Atral, Asterisk, Asterism, Astrolabe, 
Astronomy, Astrology. 

At.mos (atjuh), vapor. Der., Atmos- 
phere. 

Atra, black. Der., Atrabilarian, 
Atramental. See Color. 

Atkox, cruel. Der., Atrocious, 
Atrocity. 

Audax, daring. Der., Audacious. 
Audacity. 

Audio, to hear. Der., Audit, Audi- 
tor, Auditory, Audience. 

Augeo (auctum), to increase. Der., 
Augment, Auction. 

Augur, a Roman soothsayer, who 
pretended to foretell events by the 
flying, singing, or feeding of birds. 
Hence, 

Augury, the art or practice of fore- 
telling events by observing the ac- 
tions of birds, and other phenomena. 

Inaugurate, to induct into an office 
with appropriate ceremonies. 

Note. — The ceremonies of induction into 
office, and of the consecration of temples, etc., 
were presided over by the augurs, and hence the 
origin of the term inaugurate. 

Aulos [dLVhoi), a pipe. Der., Hy- 
draulics. 

Auris, the ear. Der., Aurist, Auri- 
cle, Auricular. 

Aurum, gold. Der., Auriferous, 
Aurelia. 

Auspices, the omens of an under- 
taking drawn from the flight of birds. 
{Avis, a bird; and specio, to view.) 
Der., Auspicious. 

Austerus, 1. Harsh or rough to the 
taste. 2. Of a crabbed or sour tem- 
per. Der., Austere, Austerity. 

Autos (avroc), self. Hence, 

Autobiography, a person's life writ- 



322 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



ten "by the individual himself. (0ios [bi- 
os'], life ; and jf*<j>a [grapho], to write.) 

Autograph, one's own handwriting. 

Autocrat, a sole ruler. (n.^ico [cra- 
teo~], to rule.) 

Automaton, a self-moving machine. 
[fjmoD \inao~\, to move.) 

Autonomy, self-government, (yopo; 
[nomos], law or government.) 

Autopsy, personal observation or 
inspection, (o-^is [opsis], a view.) 

Auxllium, aid. Der., Auxiliar, 
Auxiliary. 

Avis, a bird. Hence, 

Aviary, a place for keeping birds. 

Avidtts, greedy. Der., Avidity. 

Bacchus, the god of wine. Der., 
Bacchanal, Bacchanalian. 

Barba, beard. Der., Barber, Barb, 
Barbate. 

Barbarus, leading a rude life. Der., 
Barbarous, Barbarian, Barbarity , 
Barbarism, Barbaric. 

Baros (&/>oc), weight. Der., Ba- 
rometer. 

Beatus, happy. Der., Beatify, Bea- 
tific, Beatitude. 

Beau, Belle, beautiful. (Fr.) Der., 
Beau, Beau-monde, Beauty, Belle, 
Belles- Lettres, Embellish. 

Bellum, war. Der., Belligerent, 
Rebel. 

Bene, well or kindly. Der., Bene- 
fit, Benefactor, Benefaction, Bene- 
ficient, Beneficial Beneficiary Be- 
nevolent, Benediction. 

Bbnignus, kind. Der., Benign, 
Benignant, Benignity. 

Beta (0), the second letter of the 
Greek alphabet. Der., Alphabet. 

Bestia, a beast. Der., Bestial, 
Bestiality. 

Biblos {0tfaoc), a book. Der., Bi- 
ble, Biblical, Bibliography, Biblio- 
polist, Bibliomania. 

Bibo, to drink. Der., Bibaceous, 
Bibber, Bibulous, Imbibe. 

Bills, the bile. Der., Bilious, Bil- 
iary, Antibilious. 

Bios (i3<5c), life. Der., Biography, 
Biology, Cenobite. 

Bi, a prefix signifying two. 

Blandus, gentle or flattering. 
Hence, 



Bland, soft or gentle; as, bland 
words, bland zephyrs. 

Blandish; to flatter by kind words 
or affectionate attentions. 

Blax, (/Sxa|), injuriously, or impi- 
ously. Hence, 

Blaspheme, to speak in terms of 
impious irreverence of God. (<p»A«), 
\_phemi], to speak. 

Botane (/SOT*™), a plant. Der., Bo- 
tany. 

Brevis, short. Der., Brief Brevi- 
ty, Breviary, Abbreviate. 

Bronchos (0povx°c), the windpipe. 
Der., Bronchial. 

Brutus, stupid, or senseless. Der., 
Brute, Brutal, Brutish. 

Bulla, a bubble. Der., Ebullition, 
Boil. 

Cadaver, a dead body. Der., Ca- 
daverous. 

Cado (casimi), to fall. Der., Case, 
Casual, Casually, Cadence, Accident, 
Decay, Deciduous, Incident, Occa- 
sion, Occident. See To Fall. 

CiEDO (ccesum), to cut. Der., In- 
cision, Incisor, Precise, Excise, De- 
cide, Decision. See To Cut. 

Cedo (ccesum), to kill. Der., Par- 
ricide, Matricide, Fratricide, Infan- 
ticide, Regicide. See To Kill. 

Calx, limestone. Der., Calcine. 

See Heat. 

Calculus, a pebble. Hence, 

Calculate, to compute, because peb- 
bles were anciently used to facilitate 
arithmetical computations. 

Caleo, to be warm. Der., Calefy, 
Calefaction, Caloric, Caldron. 

Calos (x.*.xo(), beautiful. Hence, 

Caligraphy, beautiful writing, 
(jfsupa), [grapho], to write. 

Calypto (KAKun-ra)), to cover. 
Hence, 

Apocalypse, the last book of the 
New Testament, because the prophe- 
cies of this book reveal or uncover 
the future. (*v°, \_apo~], un, or 
from. ) 

Campus, a plain. Hence, 

Camp, the place of an army. 

Campaign, the time for which an 
army keeps the field. 

Champaign, a flat, open country. 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



323 



Campestral, growing in the fields. 

Candeo, to be white. Der., Candor, 
Candid, Incandescent, Candent, Can- 
dle. 

Canis, a dog. Der., Canine. 

Cano (cantum), to sing. Der., 
Cant, Canto, Chant, Canticle, Des- 
cant, Enchant, Incantation, Recant, 
Vaticinate. See To Sing. 

Capio (captum), or Cipio (ceptum), 
to take. Der., Captive, Captivate, 
Capture, Captor, Capable, Capacious, 
Capacity, Capacitate, Accept, Accep- 
tation, Conceive, Conception, Conceit, 
Deceive, Deception, Deceit, Receive, 
Reception, Receipt, Recipe, Recipi- 
ent, Receptacle, Except, Intercept, In- 
ception, Incipient, Inceptive, Suscep- 
tible, Occupy, Occupation, Antici- 
pate, Municipal, Participate, etc. 

To Accept is to take to one's-self 
that which is offered by another, {ad, 
to.) 

Acceptation, 1. A taking with favor 
or approbation; as, "a saying worthy 
of all acceptation." 2. The sense in 
which a word is generally taken. 

Recipe, take. (A term used in 
medical prescriptions.) 

To Receive is to take that which 
is presented. 

A Recipient is one who receives. 

A Receptacle is a place into which 
things are received. 

To Except is to take out. (ex, 
out.) 

. To Intercept is to take between; that 
is, to take or seize on the way be- 
tween the place of setting out and the 
place of destination, [inter, between.) 

Inception, a taking hold upon some 
process. Hence, a beginning, (in, 
upon.) 

Susceptible, taking readily upon 
itself some change, affection, or in- 
fluence; as, a heart susceptible of 
love, (sub, under.) 

A Principle is an idea which is first 
taken on account of its being of pri- 
mary and fundamental importance. 
(primus, first.) 

Principal, worthy of being first 
taken on account of its primary or 
leading importance. 



A Prince (princeps), is a man who 
is taken and held as first in the esti- 
mation of the people. 

Capillus, a hair. Der., Capillary. 

Caput (capitis), the head. Der., 
Cap, Cape, Capital, Capitation, Cap- 
tain, Chapter, Decapitate, Occiput, 
Sinciput, Precipitate, Precipice. 

Carbo, a coal. Der., Carbon, Car- 
bonaceous, Carbonic, Carbuncle. 

CarceR, a prison. Hence, 

Incarcerate, to imprison. 

Cardia («a£<f/x), the heart. Hence, 

Cardiac, pertaining to the heart. 

Cardialgia, the heartburn. (a.\yoe 
[algos~\, pain.) 

Pericardium, the membrane that 
surrounds the heart, (peri, around.) 

Caro (carnis), flesh. Der., Carnal, 
Carnation, Carnelian, Carnage, Car- 
nival, Carnivorous, Incarnate. 

Carus, dear. Der., Caress, Cher- 
ish. 

Castus, pure in the thoughts and 
in the actions. Der., Chaste, Chasten, 
Chastise, Castigate, Incest. 

Catena, a chain. Hence, 

Catenary, or Catenarian, relating 
to a chain. 

Catenate, to connect together in a 
series of links. 

Concatenation, a series of things 
connected and depending on each 
other like the links of a chain ; as, a 
concatenation of causes. 

Caballus, a horse. Der., Caval- 
cade, Cavalry, Cavalier. 

Cavus, hollow. Der., Cave, Cavity, 
Cavern, Concave, Excavate. 

Caulis, a stem. Der., Cauline, 
Cauliferous, Cauliflower. 

Causa, 1. A cause. 2. A crime. 
Der., Cause, Accuse, Excuse. 

Causticus, (wjo-TtKoi), burning. 
Hence, 

Caustic, 1. Corroding the flesh. 
Potash and quicklime are caustic. 
2. and Jig., severe; as, a caustic re- 
mark. 

Cautery, a burning, as of morbid 
flesh, with a hot iron. Der., Cauter- 
ize. 

Caveo (cautum), to be on one's 
guard. Der., Caution, Cautious. 



324 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



Cedo (cessum), to yield. Hence, 

Cede, to yield, as a possession, to 
another. 

Cession, the act of yielding, as a 
possession. 

Concede, to yield, as a point in an 
argument. 

Concession, the act of yielding a 
point in an argument. 

Cedo (cessum), to go. Der. , Accede, 
Access, Accession, Proceed, Process, 
Procession, Recede, Recess, Recession, 
Succeed, Success, Succession, Inter- 
cede, Intercession, Exceed, Excess. 

Celebris, renowned. Hence, 

Celebrate, to praise; as, to celebrate 
the name of the Most High. 2. To 
distinguish by marks of joy and re- 
spect; as, to celebrate a yearly festi- 
val ; to celebrate a marriage. 

Celebrity, fame. 

Coelum, heaven. Der., Celestial. 

Celo, to hide. Der., Conceal. 

Ce'nseo, to form an opinion or es- 
timate. Hence, 

Censor, in ancient Rome, the title 
of two magistrates who registered the 
number and property of the citizens, 
and had also the inspection of the 
morals of the citizens, with the power 
to punish by some mark of infamy 
those who led flagitious lives. Hence, 

Censorious, taking upon one's-self 
the office of a censor in regard to the 
morals of others. 

Censura, the office of a Roman cen- 
sor. Hence, 

Censure, blame uttered by a self- 
constituted censor of morals. 

Census, an enumeration of the in- 
habitants of a country, in connection 
with the collection of other statistical 
facts. 

Centrum (xcvrfov), the middle point. 
Der., Center, Concentrate, Concentric, 
Eccentric, Eccentricity, Centripetal, 
Centrifugal, Geocentric, Heliocentric. 

Centum, a hundred. Der., Cen- 
tury, Centennial, Centurion, Centipede, 
Cent, Centissimal. 

Cephale (k6$*x»), the head. Der., 
Cephalic, Acephalous, Bicephalous, 
Hydrocephalus. 

Cera, wax. Hence, 



Cerate, an ointment composed of 
wax, oil, and other ingredients. 

Cere, to cover with wax. 

Sincere, 1. Pure or unmixed, like 
honey that is not mixed with wax. 
As new-born babes, desire the sincere 
milk of the word. — 1 Pet. ii. 2. Be- 
ing in reality what it appears to be ; 
as, a sincere friend ; a sincere prayer. 
"{sine, without; and cera, wax.) 

Cerebrum, the brain. Der., Cere- 
bral. 

Cerno (cretum), to sift, strain, or 
separate. Der., Secern, Secrete, Se- 
cretion, Secret, Excretion, Excre- 
ment, Discern, Discriminate, etc. 

To Discern, is to separate from oth- 
er objects by means either of the 
bodily or the mental eye. (dis, apart. ) 

To Discriminate, is to separate by 
noting differences. 

Secret, separated from the knowl- 
edge of persons in general, (se, aside. ) 

A Secretary, is one who does the 
writing relating to the secret or pri- 
vate business of another. 

Certo, to contend. Der., Concert. 

Cheval, a horse. (Fr.) Der., 
Chevalier, Chivalry. 

Chir (xh)j th e hand. Hence, 

Chirugeon, by contraction Sur- 
geon, one who cures by manual op- 
eration. 

Chirography, handwriting. 

Chole (x oKtl )i b^ e - Der., Choler, 
Cholera, Melancholy. 

Chorus, a company of singer?. 
Der., Choir, Choral, Chorister. 

Chorda (x q P^)i a string. Der., 
Chord, Monochord Pentachord. 

Chrizo (xz l £ a )\ to anoint. Hence, 

Christ, the Anointed One. 

Chrism, consecrated oil. 

Chronos, time. Der., Chronic, 
Chronical, Chronicle, Chronology, 
Chronometer, Anachronism, Isochro- 
nal, Synchronize. 

Cicatrix, a scar. Der., Cicatrize. 

Cingo (cincium), to bind or gird. 
Hence, 

Cincture, a belt. 

Precinct, a boundary, because it 
surrounds like a girdle, (prce, be- 
fore.) 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



325 



Succinct, lit., having the skirts of 
one's garment girded up around the 
waist. Hence, Jig., brought into a 
small compass; as, a succinct account. 

Cito (citum), to stir up. Hence, 

Excite, to stir up. [ex, up.) 

Incite, to urge on. (in, on.) 

Resuscitate, to bring back to life. 
(re, again; and sub, up.) 

Cito, (citatum), to call. Hence, 

Cite, 1. To summon. 2. To quote. 

Recite, to rehearse. 

Cms, a citizen. Der., Civil, Civic, 
■City. 

Clamo, to cry. Der., Clamor, Claim, 
Acclaim, Acclamation, Declaim, Ex- 
claim, Proclaim, Reclaim. 

Clango, to make a shrill noise 
Der., Clang, Clangor. 

Clarus, clear. Der., Clarify, Clar- 
ion, Clarinet, Declare. 

Claudo (clausum), to shut. Der., 
Clause, Close, Closet, Cloister, Con- 
clude, Conclusion, Include, Inclusive, 
Exclude, Exclusion, Preclude, Seclude. 

Clemens, mild. Der., Clement, 
Clemency, Inclement, 

Cleeos (K\»go;), a lot. Der., Clergy, 
Cleric, Clerk. 

Clino (x\tva>), to lean. Der., In- 
cline, Decline, Declension, Recline, 
Clinical. 

Cliyus, a slope. Der., Acclivity, 
Declivity, Proclivity. 

Colo (cultum), to till. Der., Cul- 
ture, Cultivate, Agriculture. 

Copia, plenty. Der., Copious, Cor- 
nucopias. 

Copula, that which connects. Der., 
Copulate, Couple, Couplet. 

Coqtjo (cocium), to boil or cook. 
Hence, 

Cook, to prepare food by the aid of 
fire. 

Coction, the act of boiling. 

Decoction, a preparation made by 
boiling ; as, a decoction of herbs. 

Cor (cordis), the heart. Hence, 

Accord, to agree or harmonize 
with, (ad, with.") 

Concord, mutual agreement, (con, 
together. ) 

Discord, disagreement, (dis, asun- 
der.) 



Corium, a skin or hide. Hence, 

Coriaceous, resembling leather. 

Currier, one who dresses leather. 

Excoriate, to strip off the skin. 
(ex, off.) 

Cornu, a horn. Der., Cornea, 
Cornu-copice, Unicorn, Bicornous, 
Tricornous. 

Corona, a crown. Hence, 

Coronation, the act of crowning. 

Coronet, a little crown. 

Corpus (coiporis), a body. Der., 
Corporeal, Corporal, Corpse, Corps, 
Corpulent, Corporate, Incorporate. 

Cortex, bark. Der., Decorticate. 

Cosmos (assise), beauty; the world. 
Hence, 

Cosmetic, improving the beauty of 
the skin. 

Cosmogony, an account of the crea- 
tion of the world. (y>v» \_g6ne~], a 
generation.) 

Cosmography, the science of the 
general system of the world. 

Cosmopolite, a citizen of the world. 
(7ro\tTn; [polites], a citizen.) 

Microcosm, a little world. (A term 
applied to man, who has been re- 
garded as an epitome of universe or 
great world, (/mhocs [micros], small.) 

Macrosm, the great world. (/uaKpo; 
[macros'], great.) 

Costa, a rib. Der., Costal, Inter- 
costal. 
' Cranium, the skull. Der., Cranial, 
Craniology, Pericranium. 

Cras, to-morrow. Hence, 

Procrastinate, to put off. (pro, till.) 

Cratos (x/>aTo?), power, or govern- 
ment. Der., Aristocracy, Democracy, 
Theocracy. 

Credo (creditum), to believe. Der., 
Credence, Credit, Credible, Creditor, 
Creed, Credenda, Credulity, Credu- 
lous. 

Cresco (cretum), to grow. Der., 
Crescent, Increase, Decrease, Incre- 
ment, Decrement, Excrescence, Con- 
crete, Concretion. 

Creta, chalk. Hence, 

Cretaceous, chalky. 

Crites (x/im?), a judge. Hence, 

Critic, a judge in literature or 
art. 



326 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



Criterion, a standard by which to 
judge. 

Crux (cruris), a cross. Hence, 

Crucify, to fasten to a cross (jigo, 
to fasten). 

Cruciform, shaped like a cross. 

Excruciate, to torture with pains 
like those of crucifixion. 

Cubo (cubatum), to lie. Der., Ac- 
cubaiion, Incubation, Incubus. ' 

Cumbo (cubitum), to lie. Der., 
Accumbent, Incumbent, Procumbent, 
Recumbent, Superincumbent, Suc- 
cumb. 

Culco, to tread upon. Hence, 

Inculcate, to impress by frequent 
admonitions, as to inculcate a moral 
duty. 

Culmus, the top. Hence, 

Culminate, to reach its greatest al- 
titude, as a planet. 

Culpa, a fault, Der., Culpable, In- 
culpate, Exculpate. 

Cumulus, a heap. Hence, 

Cumulative, heaped up. 

Accumulate, to heap up (ad, to). 

Cupio, to desire. Hence, 

Cupidity, an unlawful desire of ac- 
quisition. 

Covet, to have an unlawful desire to 
that which belongs to another. 

Cura, care. Der., Care, Cure, Cur- 
ate, Curacy, Accurate, Procure, Se- 
cure, Sinecure. 

Curro (cur sum), to run. Der., 
Current, Currency, Course, Incur, In- 
cursion, Excursion, Occur, Precursor, 
Succor, Recur, Recourse, Discourse, 
Discursive, Concourse, Curricle, Cou- 
rier, Van-courier, Cursory. 

Curvus, bent. Der., Curve, Curva- 
ture, Curvilinear, Incurvate, Recur- 
vate. 

Cutis, the skin. Der., Cuticle, Cu- 
taneous. 

Cutio (cussum), to shake. Der., 
Concussion, Discuss, Percussion, Re- 
percussion. 

Cyclos (k.vk.\os), a circle. Der., 
Cycle, Cycloid, Cyclopedia, Encyclo- 
pedia, Epicycle. 

Cyclopedia, or Encyclopedia, the 
entire circle of the arts and sciences. 
(7r*iStiu \jpaideia'], instruction.) 



Encyclical, sent round in a circle ; 
as, an encyclical letter of the Pope. 

Epicycle, a little circle whose center 
is in the circumference of a greater. 
(epi, upon.) 

Cylixdros (xuxivfyoz), a roller. Der., 
Cylinder, Cylindric, Cylindrical, Cyl- 
indroid. 

Cyon, Cynos (mw, hwoc), a dog. 
Der., Cynic, Cynosure, Procyon. 

Cynosure, literally, the tail of a dog; 
a name applied by some philosophers 
to the constellation of Ursa Minor, by 
which the ancient Phenicians used to 
be guided on their voyage ; whence it 
has been borrowed by the language 
of poetry, in which it signifies a point 
of. attraction. 

Where, perhaps, some beauty lies, 

The cynosure of neighboring eyes. — L' Allegro. 

(oupx \_oura~], a tail.) — Brande. 

Procyon, a star of the first magni- 
tude in Canis Minor, or The Little 
Dog. (pro, first.) 

Dactylos (SctKrvxoo), a finger. Der., 
Dactyl. 

Damao (Sa/uaa), to tame or subdue. 
Hence, 

Adamant, a very hard stone. (A 
stone that is difiicult to be subdued or 
broken.) (a, privative.) 

Diamond, a corruption of the word 
adamant. 

Damnum, loss, hurt, or penalty. 
Der., Damage, Damn, Damnify, In- 
demnify, Indemnity. 

To Damn is to sentence to the loss 
of the joys of heaven. 

To Condemn is, lit., to sentence to 
some penalty. Hence, to express dis- 
approbation. 

To Indemnify is to secure against 
loss, damage, or penalty, (in, priv. ) 

Debilis, weak. Der., Debility, De- 
bilitate. 

Debeo (debitum), to owe. Der., 
Debt, Debit, Due, Duty. 

Deca (JW), ten. Der., Decade, Dec- 
agon, Decalogue. 

Decem, ten. Der., December, Deci- 
mal, Decimate, Decurion, Decemviri, 
Decemvirate. 



Dechomai 
Hence, 



(St£ojuca), to receive. 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



32: 



Pandect, a treatise which contains 
the whole body of any science. 

Pandects, in the plural, the digest, 
or collection of the civil or Roman 
law made by the emperor Justinian. 
{pan, all.) 

Synecdoche, a figure by which a 
part is taken for the whole, or the 
whole for a part, (syn, together; and 
ec, out.) 

Decens, becoming. Der., Decent, 
Decency. 

Decus, that which is becoming. 
Der., Decorate, Decorum, Decorous. 

Decorum is propriety of conduct. 

Decorous, proper or becoming in 
behavior. 

Deus, a god. Der., Deity .Deify, 
Deist, Deodand. 

A Deodand is a forfeit to God. 

Note. — A deodand, in England, is a personal 
chattel which is the immediate cause of the 
death of a rational creature, and for that reason 
given to God ; that is, forfeited to the king, to 
he applied to pious uses. — Blaclslone. 

(dandus, to be given.) 

Demos (<fy«c?), the people. Der., 
Demagogue, Democracy, Endemic, 
Epidemic. 

Demon (foti/uuv), an evil spirit. Der., 
Demon, Demonology, Pandemonium. 

Dexdrox (JWJ>5ir),*a tree. Hence, 

Dendrology, the natural history of 
trees. 

Dexs (dentis), a tooth. Der., Den- 
tal, Dentist, Denticulated, Indent, In- 
denture, Bidental, Trident. 

An Indenture is a written agree- 
ment, so called from the former cus- 
tom of writing duplicates of the agree- 
ment on the same piece of paper, 
and then separating them by a zig- 
zag line forming corresponding teeth 
and notches on the edges of the two 
pieces. 

Despotes (JWot»?), a master. Der., 
Despot, Despotism. 

Deterior, worse. Hence, 

Deteriorate, 1. To grow worse. 
2. To make worse. 

Deuteros (JW^o?), second. Der., 
Deuterogamy, Deuteronomy. 

Dexter, right handed. Der., Dex- 
rous, Dexterity, Ambidextrous. 

Dies, a day. Der., Diary, Diurnal 



Dico (dictum), to speak. Der., Dic- 
tion, Dictionary, Dictate, Addict, In- 
terdict, Predict, Verdict, Contradict, 
Indite, Indict, Jurisdiction, Benedic- 
tion, Malediction. 

Diction is style, or manner of ex- 
pression, either in speaking or writ- 
ing. 

To Dictate is, 1. To utter or speak 
to an amanuensis the words to be 
written. 2. To utter commands. 

To Indite is, 1, and properly. To 
compose sentences in the mind, and 
then to utter or speak them that an- 
other person may write them down. 
Hence, 2. To compose. 

To Indict is to utter a formal accu- 
sation against, before a criminal 
tribunal, (in, against.) 

To Interdict is to speak or utter 
words that shall place a bar between 
a person, or persons, and the doing 
of anything, (inter, between.) 

Didasco (<AJWk&>), to teach. Hence, 

Didactic, affording instruction in 
morals ; as, a didactic poem or essay. 

Digitus, a finger or toe. Der., 
Digit, Digitigrade. 

Digxus, worthy. Der., Dignity, 
Dignify, Deign, Disdain, Indignity, 
Indignant, Condign. 

Dignity, 1. Worthiness. Hence, 2. 
The honor and exaltation which are 
the reward of worthiness. 

To Deign is to regard as consistent 
with one's dignity to condescend to 
notice an inferior. (L., dignor.) 

To Disdain is to regard as incon- 
sistent with one's dignity to do cer- 
tain things, (dis, priv.) 

Condign, adapted to the worthiness 
of the subject; as, condign punish- 
ment. 

Indignant, excited to anger at the 
doing of some unworthy act. 

Diluvium, a flood. Der., Deluge, 
Diluvial, Antediluvian, Postdiluvian. 

Diploos (fin-Mos), double. Hence, 

Diploma, a letter conferring some 
power, privilege, or honor; (thus 
called because, anciently, such docu- 
ments were written on a piece of 
parchment or other material, which 
was folded so as to form two leaves. 



328 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



Disco, to learn. Der., Disciple, Dis- 
cipline. 

Divus, a god. Der., Divine, Di- 
vinity. 

Do {datum, or ditum), 1. To give. 
2. To put. Hence, 

Date, the day on which an instru- 
ment of writing is signed and given, 
or delivered 

Data, in the mathematics and phi- 
losophy, given facts from which some- 
thing that is unknown may be found. 

Reddition, a restitution or giving 
back, [red, for re, back.) 

Edit, to give or send forth ; as, to 
edit a paper or a book, (e, forth.) 

Add, to put to something else. 
(ad, to; and do, to put.) 

Condition, the manner in which 
the facts and circumstances that re- 
late to any object are put together, 
and stand in their mutual relations. 
(con, together.) 

Abscond, to put one's-self away 
beyond the sight and knowledge of 
others; that is, to hide, (abs, away.) 

Recondite, put or laid away in 
some secret place. Hence, hidden 
from the understanding. 

Abdomen, the belly; thus called 
from the stowing away of food in the 
stomach, or from its varied contents. 
(ab, away; and do, to stow.) 

Doceo (doctum), to teach. Der., 
Docile, Docility, Doctrine, Doctor, 
Document. 

Dogma (Js^a), an opinion. Hence, 

Dogma, a tenet in regligion or phi- 
losophy. 

Dogmatic, overbearing in asserting 
and maintaining opinions. 

Doleo, to grieve. Der., Dolor, Do- 
lorous, Doleful, Condole. 

Dominus, a master. Der., Domin- 
ion, Domain, Domineer, Dominant, 
Predominate, Don. 

Domo (domitum), to tame or sub- 
due. Der., Indomitable. 

Domus, a house. Der., Dome, Do- 
mestic, Domicile. 

Donttm, a gift. Der., Donor, Do- 
nee, Donation, Donative. 

Dormio (dormitum), to sleep. Der., 
Dormant Dormitory. 



Dorsum, the back. Der., Dorsal } 
Indorse. 

Dos (dotis), a dowry. Hence, 

Dotal, relating to a dowry. 

Dotos (cToto?), given. Hence, 

Anecdote-, an unpublished biograph- 
ical incident. (*v, not; and ex, out.) 

Antidote, medicine given against 
poison, (anti, against.) 

Deomos (dromos), a running. Der., 
Dromedary, Hippodrome. 

Dubius, doubtful. Der., Doubt, 
Dubious, Dubitation, Indubitable. 

Duco (ductum), to lead. Der., 
Duct, Ductile, Duke, Adduce, Induce, 
Produce, Reduce, Conduce, Seduce, 
Educe, Traduce, Conduct, Product, 
Production, etc. 

Dulcis, sweet. Der., Dulcet, Dul- 
cifl/- 

Duo, two. Der., Double, Dual, 
Duel, Duet, Duplicate. 

Durus, hard. Der., Indurate, Ob- 
durate, Durable, Duration, Endure. 

Dynamis (Juvat/iAie), power. Der., 
Dynamics, Hydrodynamics. 

Dynastia, (fuvuerrtist)] political pow- 
er. Hence, 

Dynasty, a succession of reigning 
princes of the same family or stock. 

Dys (<fo?)> weakness or difficulty. 
Der., Dysentery, Dyspepsia, Dyspho- 
ny. 

Ebrius, drunk. Der., Ebrieiy, In- 
ebriate, Sobriety. 

Oicos (oikoc), a house. Der., Econ- 
omy, Diocese. 

Economy, lit, household manage- 
ment. Secondarily, a prudent man- 
agement by which expense is avoided. 
(vopo;) \_nomos~], management.) 

Diocese, a bishop's jurisdiction. 
(Lit, the administration of the affairs 
of a household, the bishop's province 
being his house.) Dioiceo [Jiowja.] 

.ZEdes, a house. Der., Edify, Ed- 
ifice. 

Edo, to eat. Der., Edacity, Edible. 

Hedra (ifya), 1. A seat. 2. A base 
or side. Der., Cathedral, Tebrahe- 
dron, Hexahedron, Octohedron, Do- 
decahedron, Icosahedron, Polyhedron. 

Egeo, to need., Der. , Indigent, In- 
digence. 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



329 



Electrum, amber. Der., Electric, 
Electricity, Electrify, Electrometer. 

Electricity is a subtle fluid diffused 
through all bodies, and supposed by 
some to be the agent by which all 
natural changes are effected. It was 
first observed in the substance called 
in Latin electrum. 

Elysium, the heaven of the ancient 
Greeks. Der., Elysian. 

Emo (emptum), 1. To take. 2. To 
buy. Der., Exempt, Preemption, 
Redeem. 

Exempt, taken out from a condition 
of liability to some particular incon- 
venience, service, or duty ; as, exempt 
from suffering; exempt from military 
duty, {ex, out.) 

Exs (entis), being. Der., Entity, 
Nonentity. 

Exterox (ivripcv), a bowel. Der., 
Entrails, Enteritis, Dysentery, Mes- 
entery. 

Extomox (IvTcy.ov), an insect, from 
iv, in; and tc^mov, cut. Der., Entomol- 
ogy- 

Eo (Hum), to go. Der., Ambient, 
Ambition, Circumambient, Transit, 
Transitory, Transient, Transitive, 
Obit, Obituary, Sedition, Circuit. 

Epicures, the name of a Grecian 
philosopher who held that pleasure is 
the chief good. Der., Epicure, Epi- 
curean, Epicurism. 

Epo (iTree), to speak. Der., Orthoepy. 

Equus, a horse. Der., Equine, 
Equestrian, Equitant, Equitation. 

-^Equus, equal. Der., Equal, Equa- 
tor, Equation, Equable, Equity, In- 
iquity, Coequal. Equilibrium, Equiv- 
alent, Equivocal, Equivocate, Equi- 
nox, Equiangular, Equilateral, Equi- 
distant. 

Erceo, to drive or press. Hence, 

Coerce, to constrain or force. 

Eremos (if>»/uo;), a desert or lonely 
place. Der., Eremite, Hermit. 

Ergox (s/>>-6v), a work. Der., Litur- 
gy, Surgery, Energy, Metallurgy. 

Erro (erratum), to wander. Der., 
Err, Error, Errant, Erratic, Erra- 
tum, Aberration. 

iEsTDio, to value. Der., Esteem, 
Estimate. Estimable. 



Eterxus, without beginning or 
end. Der., Eternal, Coeternal, Eter- 
nity, Eternize. 

JEther, the air or sky. Der., 
Ether, Ether ial. 

Ethos (eflsc), a custom. Der., Ethics, 
Ethic, Ethical. 

Ethxos (sSvoc), a people. Ethnical, 
Ethnography. 

Ethnical, relating to the different 
races of men. 

Ethnography, an account of the 
different races of mankind. (>/>«?&>) 
\_gropho~], to describe. 

Etymon {'eruptov), the root of a word. 
Der., Etymology. 

Eu («/), well. Der., Eulogium, 
Eulogy, Eulogize. 

iEvuM, lifetime; an age. Der., 
Coeval, Primeval, Longevity. 

Coeval, belonging to the same age, 
or beginning to exist at the same 
time, (co, together.) 

Primeval, belonging to the first or 
early ages, (primus, first.) 

Longevity is length of life. 

Exemplum, a pattern or model. 
Der., Example, Exemplar, Exemplify, 
Sample. 

Exterus, outward. Der.. Exterior, 
External. 

Extra, beyond. Der., Extraneous, 
Strange, Extrinsic. 

Extremes, pertaining to end or 
utmost point. Der., Extreme, Ex- 
tremity. 

Fabrico, to make (from faber, a 
workman). Der., Fabric, Fabricate. 

Fabula, a feigned story. Der., Fa- 
ble, Fabulous. 

Facetus, humorous. Der., Face- 
tious. 

Facies, the face or external form, 
from facio, to make. Der., Face, Sur- 
face, Superficial, Deface. 

To Deface is to mar the face. 

Facilis, easy to be done, hom facio, 
to do. Der., Facile, Facility, Facili- 
tate, Difficult. 

Facile, 1. Easy to be done ; 2. Too 
easily persuaded or influenced. 

Difficult, hard to be done, (dis, 
priv.) 

Facio (factum), 1 To make; 2. 



330 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



To do. Der., Fact, Factor, Factory, 
Faction, Fiat, Feasible, Benefit, 
Beneficent, Benefice, Benefactor, 
Benefaction, Maleficent, Malefactor, 
Effect, Infect, Confection, Effect, 
Efficient, Deficient, Defect, Sufficient, 
Refectory, Proficient, Perfect, Orifice, 
Office, Artifice, Artificial, Manufac- 
ture, Omiufic, Munificent, Sacrifice. 

To Affect is to act upon in such a 
manner as to produce some change. 
{ad, upon.) 

To Infect is to cause to enter the sys- 
tem, as the matter of contagion, (in, 
into.) 

A Confection is a sweetmeat formed 
by putting certain things together. 
(con, together.) 

To Effect is to cause, by labor, a 
proposed result to come forth, (ex, 
forth.) 

Perfect, having had the process of 
making carried through to the end. 
(per, through.) 

A Defect is a lack in the fullness of 
the process of making, (de, from.) 

Deficient, lacking. 

To Suffice is to come up to the 
requisite quantity, (sub, up to.) 

An Office is a post with duties to 
be performed in behalf of some in- 
terest, (ob, in behalf of.) 

Offices are acts performed in be- 
half of others ; as, kind offices. 

Proficient, going forward in the 
acquisition of a science or art. (pro, 
forward. ) 

Profit is a going forward in any- 
thing that is advantageous. 

A Refectory is an eating-room, be- 
cause eating re-makes, or restores the 
bodily vigor, (re, again.) 

Omnific, all-creating, (omnis, all.) 

A Fact is, 1. Something that has 
been done ; 2. A reality. 

A Faction is a party actively en- 
gaged in secret machinations against 
those whose views are opposed. 

Fallo (falsum), to deceive. Der., 
False, Falsity, Fallacy. 

Fama, the public talk. Der., Fame, 
Famous, Infamy Defame. 

Familia, a family. Der., Family, 
Familiar. 



Fanum, a temple. Der., Fane, 
Fanatic, Profane. 

Fari (fatum), to speak. Der., Af- 
fable, Ineffable, Infant, Nefarious, 
Preface. 

Farina, meal or flour. Der., Fari- 
naceous. 

Faire, to do ; Faisant, doing ; and 
Fait, done. (Fr.) Der., Feat, Fea- 
ture, Feasible, Defeat, Malfeasance, 
Indefeasible, Affair. 

A Feat is a deed or exploit; as, a 
bold feat. 

A Feature is the make or form of 
any part of the face. 

Feasible, that may be done, ef- 
fected, or practiced; as, a feasible 
project; & feasible plan. 

To Defeat is to frustrate, or prevent 
success. Lit, to undo, (de, un.) 

Indefeasible, that can not be made 
void ; as, an indefeasible estate or title. 

Malfeasance, in law, is the perform- 
ance of some injurious act which the 
party had contracted not to do, or had 
no right to do. (mal, ill.) — Bouvier. 

Fastidium, disgust or squeamish- 
ness. Hence, 

Fastidious, difficult to please from 
being too nice or particular. 

Fatigo, to weary. Der., Fatigue, 
Indefatigable. 

Fatum, destiny. Der., Fate, Fatal, 
Fatality. 

Febris, a fever. Der., Fever, Feb- 
rile, Febrifuge, Antifebrile. 

A Febrifuge is a medicine that 
drives away fever, (fugo, to drive 
away. ) 

Fcecundus, fruitful. Der., Fecundi- 
ty, Fecundate. 

F(edus (foederis), a league. Der., 
Federal, Federative, Confederate, 
Confederacy. 

Federal, pertaining to a league or 
compact, chiefly between states or 
nations. The general government of 
the United States is a federal govern- 
ment because it is a government insti- 
tuted by a confederation of states. 

Confederate, leagued together. 

A Confederate is one who is united 
with others in a league. 

A Confederacy consists of persons, 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



331 



states or nations united by an agree- 
ment to afford mutual aid and sup- 
port. 

Felix, happy. Der., Felicity, Fe- 
licitate. 

FcEMipfA-, a woman. Der., Femi- 
nine, Effeminate. 

Femur (femoris), the thigh. Der., 
Femoral. 

Fendo (fensum), to strike. Der., 
Fencing, Fender, Defend, Defense, 
Offend, Offense. 

Fera, a wild beast. Der., Fierce, 
Ferocious, Ferocity. 

Fero {latum), to carry, or bear. 
Der., Defer, Confer, Refer, Differ, 
Prefer, 'Proffer, Suffer, Transfer, 
Ferry. See To Bear. 

Ferrum, Iron. Der., Ferruginous. 

Ferveo, to grow hot. Der., Fervor, 
Fervent, Fervid. 

Fessum, to own or declare. Der., 
Confess, Profess. 

Festum, a feast. Der., Festal, Fes- 
tive, Festivity. 

Fibra, a thread. Der., Fiber, Fi- 
brous. 

Fides, faith or trust. Der. , Fidelity, 
Bona-fde, Perfidy, Confide, Affiance, 
Affidavit, Diffident, Infidel. 

Fidelity consists in being true to 
the faith or trust reposed in us by 
others. 

Fiducia, trust. Der., Fiducial, Fi- 
duciary. 

Fiducial, characterized by an un- 
wavering confidence; as, a fiducial 
reliance in the promises of the gos- 
pel. 

Fiduciary, held in trust. 

A Fiduciary is one who holds a 
thing in trust. 

Figura, a shape. Der., Figure, 
Configure, Disfigure, Transfigure, 
Prefigure. 

Filius, a son. Der., Filial, Af- 
filiate. 

Filum, a thread. Der., Filament, 
Filiaceous l Filter, File (of soldiers). 

Findo (fissum), to split. Der., Fis- 
sure, Fissile, Fissilily, Bifid. 

Fingo (fictum), to feign. Der., 
Feign, Fiction, Fictitious. 

Finis, the end, or boundary. Der., 



Final, Finish, Finite, Define, Con- 
fine, Infinite, Affinity. 

Firmus, strong. Der., Firm, Firma- 
ment, Infirm, Infirmary, Confirm, 
Affirm. 

Fiscus, the treasury of the state. 
Der., Fiscal, Confiscate. 

Figo (fixum), to fasten. Der., Fix, 
Fixity, Fixture, Prefix, Affix, Suffix, 
Postfix, Transfix, Infix, Crucify, 
Crucifix. 

Flagitium, a gross and scandalous 
vice. Der., Flagitious. 

Flagro, to burn with violence. 
Der.. Flagrant, Deflagrate, Confla- 
gration, 

Flamma, a blaze. Der., Flame, In- 
flame, Inflammation, Inflammatory, 
Flambeau. 

Flatus, a puff or blast. Der., In- 
flate, Afflatus, Flatulent. 

An Afflatus is, lit., a blowing or 
breathing upon. Fig., a breathing 
upon by the spirit of prophecy, [ad, 
upon.) 

Flecto {flexum), to bend. Der., 
Flexure, Flexion, Flexible, Flexile, In- 
flect, Reflect, Deflect, Circumflex. 

Fligo, (flictum), to strike. Der., 
Inflict, Conflict, Afflict. 

Flos (floris), a flower. Der., Flora, 
Floral, Florist, Florid, Flourish, 
Inflorescence. 

Fluctus, a wave. Der., Fluctuate. 

Fluo (fluxum), to flow. Der., 
Fluid, Fluent, Fluency, Influx, In- 
fluence, Efflux, Effluvia, Conflux, 
Confluence, Reflux, Afflux, Affluence, 
Superfluous. 

Focus, a fire-place. Der., Focus, 
Focal. 

Folium, a leaf. Der., Foil, Folio, 
Foliage, Foliaceous, Portfolio, Tre- 
foil, Cinquefoil. 

Fons, a spring of water. Der., 
Fountain, Fount, Font. 

Forma, a shape. Der., Form, For- 
mula, Formulary, Formal, Formality, 
Conform, Deform, Transform, Uni- 
form, Biform, Triform, Multiform. 

Formido, dread. Der., Formidable. 

Fors, chance. Der., Fortune, For- 
tuitous, Misfortune, Unfortunate. 

Fortis, strong. Der., Fort, Forte, 



332 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



Fortress, Fortify, Fortitude Force, 
Effort, Comfort 

Forum, a public place in Rome 
where causes were tried, and orations 
were delivered to the people. Hence, 

Forensic, pertaining to courts of 
judicature. 

Fodio (fossum), to dig. Der., Fosse, 
Fossil. 

Franc, Franche, free. (Fr.) Der., 
Frank, Frankincense, Franchise, 
Enfranchise, Disfranchise. 

Frank, free and unreserved in dis- 
closing to others one's thoughts and 
feelings. 

A Franchise is a particular privi- 
lege or right granted by a prince or 
sovereign to an individual, or to a 
number of persons. The right to 
vote is a franchise belonging to citi- 
zens, and not enjoyed by aliens. — 
Webster. 

To Enfranchise is to admit to the 
privileges of freemen. 

To Disfranchise is to deprive of 
civil privileges. 

Frango (fr actum), to break. Der., 
Fraction, Fracture, Fragile, Frail, 
Infringe, Infraction, Refract, Re- 
frangible, Irrefragable. 

Frater, a brother. Der., Fraternal, 
Fraternity, Fraternize, Fratricide, 
Confraternity. 

Fratjs (fraudis), deceit. Der., 
Fraud, Fraudulent, Defraud. 

Frjbntjm, a bridle or rein. Der., 
Refrain. 

To Refrain is to hold one's-self 
back, as with a rein, (re, back.) 

Frico (frictum), to rub. Der., 
Friction, Dentifrice. 

A Dentifrice is a powder for the 
teeth, (dens, a tooth.) 

Frigus (frigoris), cold. Der., 
Frigid, Frigorific, Refrigerate. 

Frivolus, trifling. Der., Frivol- 
ous, Frivolity. 

Frons [frontis), the forehead. Der., 
Front, Frontal, Frontlet, Affront, 
Confront, Effrontery. 

Frumentum, corn. Der., 

Frumentaceous, made of grain. 

Fruor (fruitum), to enjoy. Der., 
Fruition. 



Frttctus, fruit. Der., Fruit, 
Fructify, Fructif cation. 

Frustra, in vain. Hence, 

Frustrate, to balk or defeat ; as, to 
frustrate the purposes or plans of 
any one. 

Fugio (fugitum), to flee. Der., 
Refuge, Fugacity, Fugitive, Centrifu- 
gal, Subterfuge. 

Fugo (fugatum), to put to flight, or 
drive away. Der., Febrifuge, Vermi- 
fuge. 

Fulgeo, to shine. Der., Fulgent, 
Effulgent, Refulgent. 

Fulmen, thunder. Der., Fulmi- 
nate, Fulminant. 

To Fulminate is, 1. To make a 
sound resembling thunder, as do cer- 
tain explosive chemical compounds. 
2. To send forth the thunders of eccle- 
siastical censure. 

Fumus, smoke. Der., Fume, Fumi- 
gate, Perfume. 

Fungor (functum), to perform, as 
the duties of an office. Der., Function, 
Defunct. 

A Function is a duty connected 
with an office. 

Defunct, having gone through the 
entire course of duties belonging to 
the present life, and, hence, having 
ceased to live. 

Fundo (fusum), to pour. Der., 
Fuse, Fusion, Fusible, Infuse, Effuse, 
Profuse, Profusion, Diffuse, Suffuse, 
Confuse, Affuse, Refuse, Transfuse, 
Circumfuse, Confound, Refund. 

Fundus, the bottom. Der., Fund, 
Found, Foundation. 

Fundament um, a foundation. Der., 
Fundamental. 

Fungus, a mushroom. Der., Fun- 
gus, Fungous, Fungoid. 

A Fungus, in surgery, is an excres- 
cence resembling a mushroom. 

Fungous, spongy. 

Funus [funeris), a burial. Der., 
Funeral, Funereal, Funebrial. 

Funis, a rope. Der., Funicle, Fu- 
nicular, Funambulist. 

A Funicle is a small cord. 

Funicular, consisting of cord. 

A Funambulist is a rope dancer. 
(ambulo, to walk.) 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



333 



Fue, a thief. Hence, 

Furtive, stolen; as, a furtive glance. 

Furca, a fork. Der., Furcated, Bi- 
furcated. 

Furia, madness. Der., Fieri/, Fu- 
rious, Infuriate. 

Futilis, trifling. Der., Futile, Fu- 
tility. 

Futo, to disprove. Der., Refute, 
Confute. 

Gala, galactos [>*x*, yzxaKroi], 
milk. Der., Galaxy. 

Gallia, Gaul (Ancient France). 
Der., Gallic, Gallicism. 

A Gallicism is an idiom of the 
French language. 

Gamos (yu/uoc), a marriage. Der., 
Monogamy, Bigamy, Polygamy, Cryp- 
togamy. 

Cryptogamy, a concealed marriage, 
is a botanical term, applied to plants 
which have no visible flowers. ( Cryp- 
tos [ji/ju7TToc] concealed.) 

Garrio, to prate, or talk much, and 
to little purpose. Der., Garrulous, 
Garrulity. 

GaSTER, gastrOS [ywrnp, ytttrrpos], 

the belly, or stomach. Der., Gastric, 
Gastronomy, Gastriloquy. 

Gastriloquy is a speaking from the 
stomach, (loquor, to speak.) 

Ge [y>i], the earth. Der., Geo- 
graphy, Geology, Geometry, Geocen- 
tric, Perigee, Apogee. 

Geltj, frost. Der., Gelid, Congeal, 
Congelation. 

Geminus, double. Der., Geminate, 
Gemini, Ingeminate. 

Gemma, a bud. Der., Gem. 

Genea [>svs*], a generation or birth. 
Der., Genealogy. 

Genealogy is an account of the suc- 
cession of families. 

Gennao [ymau], to produce. Der., 
Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Genesis. 

Genesis is, 1. A producing ; as, the 
genesis of a geometrical curve. 2. The 
first book of Moses, thus called be- 
cause it gives an account of the pro- 
duction of the world. 

Genos [>8vof], a kind. Der., Homo- 
geneous, Homogeneal, Heterogeneous. 

Homogeneous, or Homogeneal, con- 
sisting of parts of the same kind or 



nature ; as, a homogeneous mass, 
(o^wsc [homos], the same.) 

Heterogeneous, 1. Unlike or dis- 
similar in kind; as, heterogeneous 
quantities in the mathematics. 2. Con- 
sisting of dissimilar elements; as, a 
heterogeneous mass. 

Go-ne [ycvn~\, a producing. Der., 
Cosmogony, Theogony. 

Cosmogony is an account of the 
production of the world, (cosmos 
[xoffptoe], the world) 

Theogony is an account of the ori- 
gin or genealogy of the gods. (Qtoc 
[theos'], a god.) 

Genu, the knee. Der., Genuflec- 
tion, Geniculated. 

Geniculated, having joints like little 
knees, somewhat bent. (A botanical 
term. ) 

Genus (generis), a kind, race, or 
family. Der., Genus, General, Ge- 
neric, Degenerate, Congenial, Gender, 
Generous, Genuine. 

Gender is kind in reference to sex. 

Generous, primarily, being of hon- 
orable birth. Hence, 1. Noble ; as, 
a generous virtue. 2. Liberal, because 
persons of high birth are apt to be of 
a liberal turn. 

Genuine, of the true kind. X Spu- 
rious. 

Gens (gentis), a family or race. 
Der., Gentile, Gentle, Genteel, Gen- 
tility, Gentry. 

Gentile, a person of any other race 
than the Jewish. 

Gentle, 1. Well-born, or of good 
family. 2. Mild, because mildness 
is a characteristic of persons who are 
born of good families. 

Genteel, 1. Of a good family. 2. 
Suitable to persons of good family; as, 
genteel manners ; a genteel education. 

Genero (generatum), to beget. 
Der., Generate, Regenerate. 

Gigno (genitum), to beget. Der.. 
Genial, Primogeniture, Progenitor, 
Progeny. 

Genial, contributing to propagation 
or production. 

Creator, Venus, genial power of Love. — Dryden. 

The genial warmth of the sun pro- 
motes the growth of plants. 



334 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



Primogeniture is the state of being 
the first born. 

Germen (germinis), a sprout. Der. , 
Germinate. 

Gero (gestum), to bear or carry. 
Der., Gestation. Gesture, Gesticulate, 
Congeries, Congestion, Suggest, Di- 
gest, Vicegerent, Belligerent. 

Gestation is a bearing of the young 
animal in the womb. 

Gesture is a hearing or moving of 
limbs to express sentiment or passion, 
or to give force to words spoken. 

To Gesticulate is to make gestures. 

A Congeries consists of a large 
number of bodies carried together. 

A Congestion is a carrying together 
or accumulation of the blood in some 
particular organ. 

A Vicegerent is one who bears the 
office and performs the duties of an- 
other, (vice, in the place of.) 

To Suggest is to carry or present 
indirectly to the mind of any one. 
(sub, indirectly.) 

Glacies, ice. Der., Glacial, Gla- 
cier, Conglaciate, Glass. 

Gladius, a sword. Der., Gladia- 
tor. 

Glans (glandis), an acorn. Der., 
Gland, Glandule. 

A Gland is a secretory organ of 
an animal body, and is thus called 
from the usual roundness of the form. 

Gleba, a sod. Der., Glebe. 

The Glebe is the soil, or ground. 

Till the glad summons of a genial ray 
Unbinds the glebe. — Garth. 

A Glebe is the land belonging to a 
parish church, or ecclesiastical bene- 
fice. 

Globus, a ball-like body. Der., 
Globe, Globular, Globule, Conglo- 
bate. 

Gloria, honor. Der., Glory, Glo- 
rify, Inglorious. 

Glossa, or Glotta (yxaxrtra, or 
yxcerra), the tongue. Der., Glossary, 
Polyglot, Epiglottis. 

Gluten (glutinis), glue. Der., 
Glutinous, Agglutinate, Conglutinate. 

Glutio (glutitum), to swallow. 
Der., Deglutition, Glutton. 

Gno-me (ymjun), a mark by which a 



thing may be known. Der., Physiog- 
nomy, Pathognomy. 

Gnorus for Gnarus, knowing Der. , 
Ignorance, Ignoramus, Ignore. 

Gonia (ycevia)^ an angle. Der., Go- 
niometer, Diagonal, Pentagon, Hexa- 
gon, Heptagon, Octagon, Nonagon, 
Decagon, Dodecagon, Polygon, Trigo- 
nometry. 

Gourmand, a glutton. (Fr.) Der., 
Gourmand, Gormandize. 

Gradior (gressum), to move by 
steps. Der., Grade, Gradual, Gradu- 
ate, Gradation, Degree, Degrade, In- 
gredient, Aggression, Congress, Di- 
gress, Ingress, Egress, Progress, 
Transgress, Retrograde. 

Gramen, (inis), grass. Der., Gram- 
ineous, Graminivorous. 

Grandis, great. Der., Grand, 
Grandeur, Grandee, Grandiloquence, 
Aggrandize. 

Granum, a grain of corn. Der., 
Grain, Granary, Granule, Granular, 
Granulate, Granite, Granivorous. 

Gramma (y^a/ujua), a geometrical fig- 
ure. Der., Parallelogram, Polygram, 
Diagram. 

Grapho, gegrammai. (y^<pce y yt- 
y^appai), to write. Der., Anemogra- 
phy, Biography, Geography, Crypto- 
graphy, Ethnography, Lithography, 
Orthography, Chorography, Chiro- 
graphy, Bibliography, Stenography, 
Topography, Zoography, Lexico- 
graphy, Hydrography, Autograph, 
Monograph, Telegraph, Anagram, 
Epigram, Telegram, Diagram. 

Gratia, favor. Der., Grace, Gra- 
cious, Ingratiate. 

Gratis, for nothing. Der., Gratis, 
Gratuity, Gratuitous. 

Gratus, thankful. Der., Grateful, 
Gratitude, Ingratitude, Ingrate. 

Gratus, agreeable. Der., Grateful, 
Gratify. 

Gratulor (gratulatum), to wish 
joy. Der., Gratulate, Congratulate. 

Gravis, heavy. Der., Grave, Gravi- 
ty, Gravitate, Grief, Grieve, Griev- 
ance, Aggrieve, Aggravate. 

Grex (gregis), a flock. Der., Gre- 
garious, Aggregate, Congregate, 
Egregious. 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



335 



Grus, a crane. Hence, 

Congruo, to come together, as 
cranes do, in a flock. Hence, to ac- 
cord, suit, or match. Der., Congru- 
ence, Congruity, Incongruous. 

Gusto (gustatum), to taste. Der., 
Gust, Gusto, Gustatory, Disgust, De- 
gustation. 

Gutter, the throat. Der., Gutter, 
Guttural. 

Gymxos (yvpvoc), naked. Der., 
Gymnasium, Gymnastic, Gymnoso- 
phist, Gymnospermous. 

A Gymnasium, in Ancient Greece, 
was a place where men engaged naked 
in athletic exercises, such as wrest- 
ling, boxing, and running. 

The Gynosophists were a class of 
Indian philosophers, so called from 
wearing but little clothing, (a-opsc, 
wise. ) 

Gymnospermous, having naked 
seeds, {am^fxa [sperma] a seed.) 

Gyx-e ()uv>i), a woman. Der., 
Gynarchy, Gynceocracy, Mysogynist. 

A Mysogynist is a woman-hater. 
[fAia-ue [miseo], to hate.) 

Gyros (>«§<>?)> a circle. Der., Gy- 
rate, Gyratory. 

Habeo (habitum), to have, or hold. 
Der., Habit, Habitation, Inhabit, Co- 
habit, Exhibit, Prohibit, Habiliment. 

A Habit is the manner in which a 
person usually has, or keeps himself, 
in some particular respect. 

To Exhibit is to hold forth to the 
view of others, (ex, forth.) 

To Prohibit is to hold by a com- 
mand from the doing of something. 
(pro, from.) 

To Inhabit is to have as one's cus- 
tomary place of staying. 

A Habit or Habiliment, is some- 
thing which a person is accustomed to 
have, or use, as a covering of the body. 

H^ireo (ho3sum), to stick. Der., 
Adhere, Adhesion, Adhesive, Cohere, 
Cohesion, Cohesive, Coherent, Inhere, 
Inherent. 

H^esito (hcesitatum), to stick, or to 
be at a stand. Der., Hesitate, Hesi- 
tancy. 

H^res (hceridis), an heir. Der., 
Heir, Heritage, Hereditament, Here- 



ditary, Inherit, Inheritance, Disin- 
herit, Coheir. 

Halo, to breathe. Der., Inhale, 
Exhale, Exhalation. 

Haurio (haustum) , to draw, as water. 
Der., Exhaust, Inexhaustible. 

To Exhaust is to draw out till all is 
gone, (ex, out.) 

Hebes (hebetis), blunt, or dull. 
Der., Hebetate, Hebetude. 

Hecatox (ixxTcv), a hundred. Der., 
Hecatomb. 

A Hecatomb is a sacrifice of a hun- 
dred oxen. (#swc [boils'], an ox.) 

Helios ('xhw), the sun. Der., Heli- 
ometer, Helioscope, Heliotrope, Helio- 
centric, Parhelion, Perihelion, Aphe- 
lion. 

Hellex ('Ex\»v), a Greek. Der., 
Hellenic, Hellenist, Hellenism. 

Hellenic, Grecian. 

A Hellenist is one skilled in the 
Greek language. 

A Hellenism is a Greek idiom. 

Haima (a'/**), blood. Der., Hemor- 
rhage, Hemorrhoids, Hemoptysis. 

Hemoptysis is a spitting of blood. 
(7rrua-ig [ptysis), a spitting. 

Hemera ('it/utp*.), a day. Der., 
Ephemeral, Ephemeron, Ephemeris. 

Hemisys ('»/uiauc), half. Der., 
Hemi, Hemisphere, Hemistich. 

Hepta, seven. Der., Heptagon, 
Heptarchy. 

Herba, an herb. Der., Herbaceous, 
Herbage, Herbal, Herbalist, Herba- 
rium, Herbescent. 

Hairesis (aipvrti), a choice. Der., 
Heresy, Heretic, Heresiarch. 

Heteros («r«poA other. Der., 
Heterodox, Heterodoxy, Heterogenous. 

Hex (if), six. Der., Hexagon, 
Hexameter, Hexangular. 

Hieros (iqoe), sacred. Der., Hier- 
archy, Hieroglyphic. 

Hilaris, cheerful. Der., Hilarity, 
Exhilarate. 

Hippos (jVtoc), a horse. Der., Hip- 
popotamus, Hippogriff, Hippocen- 
taur. 

Historia (jVto/h*), a narrative. Der.. 
History, Historiography. 

Histrio (histrionis), a stage player 
Der., Histrionic. 



336 



LATIN AND GREEK BOOTS. 



Holos ^oxec), the whole. Der., 
Holocaust, Catholic, Catholicism, 
Catholicon. 

A Holocaust was a sacrifice or of- 
fering, the whole of which was con- 
sumed by fire, (kmo-toq [caustos], 
burnt. ) 

A Catholicon is an imaginary 
remedy for all diseases. 

Homos (o/uk), like or equal. Der., 
Homogeneous, Homologous. 

Homologous, corresponding each to 
each; as, the homologous sides and 
angles of two similar polygons. 

Hora (£/>*), 1. Time; 2. An hour. 
Der., Horary, Horologue, Horology, 
Horometry, Horoscope. 

Horos (o/>°s), a boundary. Der., 
Horizon. 

Aphorizo (ctqopigcc), to distinguish or 
set apart. Der., Aphorism. 

An Aphorism is a truth expressed 
in a single short sentence, and set 
apart for its pointedness and excel- 
lence. 

Horreo, to shiver and tremble for 
fear at. Der., Horror, Horrid, Horri- 
ble, Horrific, Abhor. 

Hortor, to urge to the performance 
of a duty. Der., Hortatory, Exhort, 
Exhortation, Dehort, Dehortation, 
Dehortatory. 

Horttts, a garden. Der., Horticul- 
ture, Hortus- Siccus. 

A Horius-Siccus is a collection of 
dried plants. 

Hospes, 1. A host, or entertainer. 
2. A guest, or person entertained. 
Der., Hospitable, Hospital, Hospi- 
tality. 

Hospitable, kind to strangers. 

Hospitality, kindness to strangers. 

A Hospital was originally a house 
for the entertainment of strangers. 
A hospital, according to the modern 
sense of the term, is a house for the 
reception of the sick and infirm. 

Hostis, a stranger. Der., Host, 
Hotel, Ostler. 

A Host is one who entertains 
another. 

A Hotel is a house for the enter- 
tainment of travelers. (Fr. hostel.) 

A Hostler was originally the keeper 



of a hostel or inn. At present an 
hostler, or ostler is a person who 
takes care of travelers' horses at an 
inn. 

Hostis, an enemy. Der., Hostile, 
Hostility. 

Humeo, to be moist. Der., Humid, 
Humor, Humectate. 

Humerus, the shoulder. Der., 
Humeral. 

Humus, the ground. Der., Inhume, 
Exhume, Posthumous, Humble, Hu- 
miliate. 

Hydor (wtag), water. Der., Hydro- 
dynamics, Hydraulics, Hydrostatics, 
Hydrogen, Hydrate, Hydropsy, 
Dropsy, Hydrocephalus, Hydro 
thorax, Hydrophobia, Hydropathy, 
Hydromel. 

Hygros (Cypos), moist. Der., Hygro- 
scope, Hygrometer. 

Hymen, the god of marriage. Der., 
Hymeneal, Hymenean. 

Ichthys (izQus), a fish. Der., Ich- 
thyology. 

Idea (i&*), a mental image. Der., 
Idea, Ideal, Idealism. 

Idem, the same. Der., Identical, 
Identity, Identify. 

Idios (iftoe), peculiar. Der., Idiom, 
Idiopathy, Idiosyncracy. 

Idiosyncracy is a peculiarity of 
bodily temperament. \<ruyx.p*<ris [syn- 
crasis] a temperament. ) 

An Idiopathy is a primary disease, 
which has consequently its own pecu- 
liar symptoms. 

Idolum (aSceKov), an image or like- 
ness. Der., Idol, Idolatry. 

Ignis, fire. Der., Igneous, Ignite, 
Ignition. 

Imago, a likeness. Der., Image, 
Imagine. 

Imbecilis, weak (from in, priv., 
and baculus, a staff). Der., Imbe- 
cile, Imbecility 

Imitor (imitaium), to do like some 
other person or persons. Der., Imi- 
tate. 

Impero (imperatum), to command. 
Der., Imperious, Imperative, Empire, 
Emperor, Imperial. 

Incendo (incensum), to set on fire. 
Der., Incendiary, Incense. 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



337 



An Incendiary is one who mali- 
ciously sets fire to another man's 
house. Fig., one who inflames the 
public mind in opposition to govern- 
ment, or any lawful authority. 

Indigena, a native of a place. 
Der., Indigenous, produced in a coun- 
try ; as, indigenous plants. 

Inferus, being situated below. 
Der., Inferior, Infernal. 

Infernal, hellish, because hell is 
represented as being located below. 

Infestus, hostile to. Der., Infest. 

Insula, an island. Der., Insular, 
Insulate, Peninsula. 

Integer, whole or entire. Der., 
Integer, Integral, Integrity, Entire, 
Disintegrate, Redintegrate. 

Intestinum, a bowel. Der., Intes- 
tine, Intestinal. 

Inttts, within. Der., Interior, In- 
ternal, Intrinsic. 

Intlmus, inmost. . Der., Intimate, 
Intimacy. 

Ira, anger. Der., Ire, Irascible. 

Isos (^o?), equal. Der., Isochronous, 
Isochronal, Isosceles, Isothermal. 

Iterum, again. Der., Iterate, Reit- 
erate. 

Iter, a journey. Der., Itinerate, 
Itinerant, Itinerary. 

Jaceo, to lie. Der., Adjacent, Sub- 
jacent, Interjacent, Circumjacent. 

Jacio (jactitm), or Jicio (jectum), 
to cast or throw. Der., Inject, Eject, 
Project, Subject, Deject, Traject, Ab- 
ject, Object, Conjecture, Interjection. 

Jantja, a gate or door. Der., Janitor. 

Jocus, a jest. Der., Joke, Jocose, 
Jocular, Jocund. 

Jour, a day. (Fr.) Der., Journal, 
Journey, Journeyman, Adjourn, So- 
journ. 

Judico (judicatum), to judge. Der., 
Judge, Adjudge, Judicious, Judicial, 
Judiciary, Prejudice. 

Jugulum, the throat. Der., Jugular. 

Jugum, a yoke. Der., Conjugal, 
Conjugate, Subjugate. 

Jungo (junctum), to join. Der., 
Join, Joint, Conjoin, Adjoin, Disjoin, 
Rejoin, Enjoin, Juncture, Junction, 
Conjunction, Su bjunctive. 

Juro (juratum), to swear. Der., 
22 



Jury, Juror, Jurat, Adjure, Conjure, 
Perjury, Abjure. 

Jus (juris), law, or right. Der., 
Juridical, Jurisdiction, Jurispru- 
dence, Jurist Injury. 

Justus, just. Der., Just, Justice, 
Adjust, Justiciary. 

Juvenis, young. Der., Juvenile, 
Junior, Rejuvenescence. 

Juvo (jutum), to help. Der., Ad- 
jutant, Adjuvant, Coadjutor, 

LABO (\a/2a>, for Xa/u0Ava>), to take. 
Der., Syllable, Monosyllable, Dissylla- 
ble, Trisyllable. Polysyllable. 

A Syllable consists of as many let- 
ters of a word as are taken together 
in pronunciation, (syn, together.) 

Labor (lapsum), 1. to fall ; 2. To 
glide. Der., Lapse, Elapse, Relapse, 
Collapse. 

Labor, work or toil. Der., Labor, 
Laboratory, Elaborate. 

Labyrinthus, a place full of wind- 
ing passages. Der., Labyrinth, 
Labyrinthine. 

Lac (lactis), milk. Der., Lacteal, 
Lacteous, Lactary, Lactescent, Lac- 
tiferous. 

Lacer, torn. Der., Lacerate, Di- 
lacerate. 

Lamina, a thin plate. Der., Lamina, 
Laminar, Laminated, Laminable. 

Lamella, a very small and thin 
plate. Der., Lamellar, Lamellated. 

Langueo, to droop, or to be feeble. 
Der., Languor, Languid, Languish. 

Laos (*«oc), the people. Der., Laity, 
Lay, Layman, Laic, Laical. 

Lapis {lapidis), a stone. Der., 
Lapidary, Lapidescent, Lapidific, 
Dilapidation. 

Largus, 1. Big; 2. Liberal. Der., 
Large, Largess, Enlarge. 

Lassus, weary. Der., Lassitude. 

Lateo, to hide. Der., Latent. 

Latria (x«Tpe/*). worship. Der., 
Idolatry. 

Latum (from Fero), to carry, bear, 
or bring. Der., Ablation, Ablative, Col- 
late, Elate, Legislate, Oblation, Pro- 
late, Superlative, Relate, Translate. 

Latus (lateris), a side. Der., Lat- 
eral, Equilateral, Collateral Trilat- 
eral, Quadrilateral, Multilateral. 



338 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



Latus, broad. Der., Latitude, Lati- 
tudinarian, Dilate, Dilatation. 

Laudo (laudatum), to praise. Der., 
Laud, Laudable, Laudatory. 

Lavo (lotum), to wash. Der., Lave, 
Lavatory, Laver, Lotion. 

Laxtjs, loose. Der.. Lax, Laxative, 
Relax. 

Lego (legatum), to send. Der., 
Legate, Legation, Delegate. 

Lego (legatum), to bequeath. Der., 
Legacy, Legatee. 

Lego (ledum), to pick up one by 
one. Der., Collect, Recollect, Elect, 
Eligible, Elegant, Select, Neglect. 

Elect, to pick out from among 
others, (e, out.) 

Eligible, worthy of being picked 
out. 

Elegant, worthy of being picked 
out on account of its conformity to 
good taste. 

To Neglect is to pass over without 
picking up. (neg for nee, not.) 

Lego (ledum), to read. Der., Lec- 
ture Legible, Legend. 

Lego (leloga), (a«>&>, xthoya), to pick 
up or gather. Der., Eclectic, An- 
thology. 

Lego (*«>*), to speak. Der., Pro- 



Frolegomena are introductory re- 
marks, (pro, beforehand.) 

Lenis, mild. Der., Lenity, Lenient, 
Lenify, Lenitive. 

Lens, a lentil seed, which is of a 
double-convex form. Der., Lenticular. 

Leo (letum), to blot, erase, or de- 
stroy. Der. Indelible, Deleterious. 

Indelible, that can not be blotted 
out. 

Deleterious, destructive of health. 

Leo (leonis), a lion. Der., Leonine. 

Lepsis (to^is), a seizing. Der., 
Catalepsy, Epilepsy. 

Lethe (>.»6»), forgetfulness. Der., 
Lethean, Lethargy. 

Levo (levatum), to lift. Der., Lever, 
Levy, Leaven, Levant, Levee, Elevate, 
Relieve. 

Levis, light. Der., Levity, Al- 
leviate. 

Lex (legis), a law. Der., Legal, 
Legitimate, Legislate, Privilege. 



Liber, free. Der., Liberty, Libe- 
rate, Liberal, Libertine, Deliver. 

Liber, a book. Der., Library. 

Libo, 1. To taste. 2. To pour out. 
Der., Libation, Prelibation. 

A Libation consisted in a pouring 
out of wine as an offering to the gods. 

A Prelibation is a foretaste. 

Libra, a balance, or pair of scales. 
Der. , Libr ate, Equilibrium, Deliberate. 

To Librate is to waver like a bal- 
ance. 

Liceo (licitum), to be lawful. Der., 
License, Licentious, Licentiate, Illicit. 

Licio (licitum), to draw or allure. 
Der., Alliciency, Elicit. 

Alliciency is attractiveness, (ad, 
to.) 

To Elicit is to draw forth, (e, 
forth.) 

LiEDO (Icesum), or Lido (lisum), 
1. To strike. 2. To hurt. Der., Le- 
sion, Collision, Elision. 

A Lesion is an injury; as, a lesion 
of the brain. 

Lieu, a place. (Fr.) Der., Lieuten- 
ant, Purlieu. 

Lignum, wood. Der., Ligneous, 
Lignum-vitce, Lignite. 

Ligo (ligatum), to bind or tie. Der., 
Liege, League, Ligament, Ligature, 
Oblige Allegiance Alligation. 

Limen (liminis), a threshold. Der., 
Preliminary, Eliminate. 

Preliminary, placed at the front 
or threshold of a discourse; as, pre- 
liminary remarks, (prce, before.) 

Eliminate, lit., to turn out of doors, 
or to cause to pass out through the 
threshold. Hence, in scientific pro- 
cesses, to separate and remove ; as, to 
eliminate a letter from two or more 
coexistent equations. 

Lingua, the tongue. Der., Bilingu- 
ous, Sublingual. 

Lingua, a form of speech used by 
some particular people. Der., Lan- 
guage, Lingo, Linguist. 

Linquo (lictum), to leave. Der., 
Relinquish, Relic, Relict, Delinquent, 
Derelict, Dereliction. 

Liqueo, to melt, or to be liquid. 
Der., Liquid, Liquor, Liquefy, Liqui- 
date, Colliquate, Deliquesce 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



339 



Lis (litis), strife. Der., Litigate, 
Litigious. 

Litera, a letter. Der., Literal, 
Literary, Literature, Illiterate, Al- 
literation, Obliterate. 

Lithos [wfloc], a stone. Der., Lith- 
ography, Monolith, Aerolite. 

Locus, a glace. Der., Local, Lo- 
cate, Locomotion, Dislocate. 

Logos (ag>«>'), a science or account. 
Der., Astrology, Chronology, Demon- 
ology, Etymology, Geology, Meteor- 
ology, Mineralogy, Mythology, Zoology, 
Mammology, Ornithology, Ichthyolo- 
gy, Entomology, Herpetology, Oste- 
ology, Psychology, Theology. 

Logos (\oycs), a speech. Der., Pro- 
logue, Epilogue, Decalogue, Eulogium, 
Eulogy, Tautology, Apologue, Apolo- 
gy, Catalogue. 

Logos (as>oc), a word. Der., Lo- 
gomachy, Philology, Phraseology. 

Logos (*oyos), reason. Der., Logic. 

Loxgus, long. Der., Longitude, 
Oblong, Elongate, Prolong, Lon- 
gevity. 

Loquor (locutum), to speak. Der., 
Loquacious, Loquacity, Eloquent, Elo- 
cution, Colloquy, Circumlocution, Ob- 
loquy, Interlocutor, Soliloquy, Ven- 
triloquism. 

LrBRicus, slippery. Der., Lubri- 
cate, Lubricity, Lubrifaction. 

Luceo, to shine. Der., Lucent, Lu- 
cid, Lucidity, Lucifer, Elucidate, Pel- 
lucid, Translucent. 

Lucrum, gain, or profit Der., 
Lucre, Lucrative. 

Luctor, to struggle, or wrestle. 
Der., Reluctant 

Lucubro, to study by candlelight. 
Der., Lucubration. 

Ludo (lusum), to play, or deceive. 
Der., Ludicrous. Prelude, Prelusive, 
Elude, Elusory, Delude, Delusion, De- 
lusive, Collusion, Allude, Allusion. 

Lugubris. mournful. Der., Lugu- 
brious. 

Lumex (luminis), light. Der., Lu- 
minary, Luminous, Illume, Illumine, 
Relume, Relumine. 

Luxa, the moon. Der., Lunar, 
Lunation, Lunatic, Lunacy, Interlu- 
nar, Sublunar, Sublunary. 



Luo (lutum), to wash. Der., Ablu- 
tion, Alluvial, Dilute, Diluent, Pol- 
lute. 

Leurre, a decoy. (Fr.) Der., Lure, 
Allure. 

Lympha, water. Der., Lymph, 
Lymphatic. 

Lysis {\v<m), a loosing er untying. 
Der., Analyze, Analysis, Paralyze, 
Paralysis, Palsy. 

To Paralyze is to affect with a 
loosening or relaxation of the muscles, 
so that the individual is incapable of 
moving. 

Maceo, to be lean or thin. Der., 
Emaciate. 

Machomai (^ct^c^*;), to fight. Der., 
Logomachy, Theomachy. 

Logomachy is a contention about 
words. (a9>--, a word.) 

Theomachy is a fighting against the 
gods, as the battle of giants with the 
gods. (Sss?, a god.) 

Macula, a spot or stain. Fig. A 
fault. Der., Maculate, Immaculate, 
Emaculate. 

Maculate, marked with spots. 

Immaculate, not spotted with sin. 

Emaculate, to free from spots. 

Magister, a master. Der., Master, 
Magisterial, Magistrate. 

Magxus, great, Der., Magnitude, 
Magn ify, Magn a tes, Mag nan imity, 
Majesty. 

Major, greater. Der., Major, Ma- 
jority. 

Magus, 1. A wise man. 2. An en- 
chanter. Der., Magi, Magian, Magic, 
Magician. 

Male, evil or ill. Der.. Malefactor, 
Malediction, Malevolent, Malversation, 
Ma la dm in is tra tio n, Ma l-ap ropos. 

Mal-apropos, illy-suited to the oc- 
casion. (Fr. , a propos, to the purpose. ) 

Malignus, ill disposed. Der., Ma- 
lign, Malignity, Malignant. 

Malitia, deliberate mischief. Der., 
Malice, Malicious. 

Malleus, a hammer. Der., Maul, 
Mallet, Malleable. 

Mamma, a breast, or pap. Der., 
Mammal, Mammalia, Mammology. 
Mammiferous, Mammiform, Mammil- 
lary. 



340 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



Manteia (/axvtux), a divining, or 
foretelling. Der., Necromancy, Chiro- 
mancy. 

Mando (mandatum), to commit au- 
thoritatively to the attention of. Der., 
Command, Commend, Countermand, 
Demand, Mandamus, Mandate, Re- 
mand. 

Mandamus, we command. A man- 
damus, in law, is a prerogative writ, in 
the form of a command, issuing from 
the Court of King's Bench, directed 
to any person, corporation or inferior 
court, requiring them to perform cer- 
tain duties. — Brande. 

Mando, to chew. Der., Mandible, 
Manducate. 

A Mandible is a jaw. 

Maneo (mansum), to stay or abide. 
Der., Mansion, Remain Remnant, 
Permanent. 

Mania (juxvi*), madness. Der., Ma- 
nia, Monomania, Monomaniac, Biblio- 
mania. 

Manifestus, clear or evident. Der., 
Manifest, Manifestation, Manifesto. 

Mano (manatum), to flow. Der., 
Emanate. 

Manus, the hand. Der., Manual, 
Manufacture, Manumit, Manumis- 
sion, Manuscript, Emancipate, Man- 
ipulate, Manage, Manacle, Maintain, 
Maintenance. 

Emancipate, to set free. 

Note. — Mancipium signifies a slave, from 
manu, with the hand, and capio (cipio), to take, 
because slaves were prisoners taken in war. 
Hence, to emancipate is release from the shackles 
of slavery, (e, from.) 

Mare, the sea. Der., Marine, Mari- 
ner, Maritime, Submarine, Transma- 
rine, Ultramarine. 

Margo {marginis), a brink, or edge. 
Der., Margin, Marginal, Emargi- 
nate. 

Maritus, a husband. Der., Mari- 
tal, Marry. 

Marital, pertaining to a husband. 

Mars (martis), the god of war. 
Der., Martial, Marshal, March (the 
month. ) 

Martyr (/uctprup), a witness. Der., 
Martyr, Martyrdom, Martyrology, 
Protomartyr. 

A Martyr is, 1. One who bears 



witness to the truth of Christianity by 
suffering death rather than to re- 
nounce his faith ; 2. A person who 
suffers death for adherence to any 
cause. 

Masculus, a male. Der., Mascu- 
line, Emasculate. 

Materia, matter. Der., Material, 
Materialism, Immaterial. 

Mater {matris), a mother. Der., 
Maternal, Maternity, Matron, Matri- 
cide, Matriculate, Matrimony. 

Mathema ({xnBujua), learning. Der., 
Mathematics, Philomath, Polymathy. 

A Philomath is a lover of learning. 
(<piKia>, to love.) 

Polymathy is a knowledge of many 
arts and sciences, {poly, many.) 

Maturtjs, ripe. Der., Mature, Ma- 
turity, Maturation, Immature, Pre- 
mature. 

Maximus, the greatest. Der., Maxi- 
mum, the greatest possible. 

Mechanao {fA.»xxv*a>), to contrive or 
invent. Der., Mechanic, Mechanism, 
Machine, Machinate. 

Medius, middle. Der., Medium, 
Mediate, Mediation, Mediator, Imme- 
diate, Intermediate, Mediterranean. 

Mediterranean, situated in the mid- 
dle of the land ; as, the Mediterranean 
Sea. (terra, the land.) 

Medeor, to heal or cure. Der., 
Medicine, Medicament, Medicate, 
Medical, Remedy, Remedial, Irreme- 



Meditor, to muse or think upon. 
Der., Meditate, Premeditate. 

Mel (mellis), honey. Der., Mel- 
liferous, Mellifluent, Mellifluous, 
Mellifi cation, Eydromel, Oxymel. 

Melan (/uthuv), black. Der., Mel- 
ancholy. 

Melior, better. Der., Melioration, 
Ameliorate. 

Melos (/W£Ko?), asongorpoem. Der., 
Melody, Melodrama, Philomela. 

A Melodrama is a dramatic per- 
formance in which songs are inter- 
mixed. 

Philomela is a poetic designation 
of the nightingale, signifying a lover 
of song. (<pixsa>, to love.) 

Memor, mindful. Der., Memory, 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



341 



Memorial, Memorialize, Memoir, Me- 
mento, Memorable, Memorandum, 
Remember. 

Remixiscor, to remember. Der., 
Reminiscence. 

Menda, 1. A blemish; 2. An error, 
as in copying or printing. Der., Mend, 
Amend, Emendation, Emendatory. 

To Amend, is to corr 
faults, (a, for e, priv.) 

Mend is a contraction of amend, 

Mexdicus, a beggar. Der., Mendi- 
cant, Mendicity. 

Mens {mentis), the mind. Der., 
Menial, Dement. 

Meo (meatum), to pass. Der., Mea- 
tus, Permeate, Permeable, 

A Meatus is a passage, as the mea- 
tus of the external ear. 

Merx, merchandise. Der., Mer- 
chandise, Merchant, Mercantile, Mar- 
ket, Mercer, Commerce. 

Mergo {mersum), to put under the 
water. Der., Merge, Submerge, Sub- 
mersion, Immerse, Emerge, Emer- 
gency. 

To Emerge is to come forth, as 
from under the water. 

An Emergency is an event that 
comes forth unexpectedly from be- 
neath the surface of the ocean of time. 

Meridies, midday or noon. Der., 
Meridian, Meridional, Antemeridian- 
Postmeridian. 

The Meridian is the noon line of 
any place; that is, a line extending 
due north and south. 

Meridional, 1. Pertaining to. the 
meridian; 2. Southern; 3. Southern- 
ly ; as, a meridional aspect. 

Mereo [meritum), to earn or de- 
serve. Der., Merit, Demerit. 

Mesos {[A.i<ros), middle. Der., Mes- 
entery, Mezzo. 

Metallum (/uiTctxxov), a metal. Der., 
Metal, Metalliferous, Metallography, 
Metalloid, Metallurgy. 

Meteoros (/AiTinpo;), elevated. Der., 
Meteor, Meteorology, Meteorolite. 

Meter (^htm/j), a mother. Der., 
Metropolis, Metropolitan. 

Metior (mensum), to measure. 
Der., Mete, Measure^ Mensuration, 
Commensurate, Dimension, Immense. 



Metros {/Air^v), a measure. Der., 
Meter, Barometer, Chronometer, Pho- 
tometer, Pyrometer, Thermometer, Hy- 
grometer, Anemometer, Dimeter, 
Trimeter, Tetrameter, Pentameter, 
Hexameter, Diameter, Geometry, 
Trigonometry, Symmetry. 

Micros (jutKpog), small. Der., Mi- 
crometer, Microscope, Microcosm. 

Migro (inigratum), to remove from 
one place to another. Der., Migrate, 
Migratory, Emigrate, Emigrant, Im- 
migrate, Immigrant, Transmigrate. 

Miles (militis), a soldier. Der., 
Military, Militant, Militate, Mili- 
tia. 

Mille, a thousand. Der., Millen- 
nium, Millennial, Millenarian, Milfoil, 
Milliped, Millesimal. 

Memos (/Uipos), an imitator. Der., 
Mimic, Mimicry, Pantomime. 

MiNis, threats. Der., Menace, Mi- 
nacious, Minatory. 

Mixeo, to jut out. Der., Eminent, 
Prominent, Imminent. 

Prominent, jutting forward. 

Eminent, rising up in hight from 
among others, (e, from among.) 

Mixister, a servant. Der., Minis- 
ter, Ministry, Ministration, Adminis- 
tration. 

Mixor, Mixus, less. Der., Minor, 
Minority, Minus. 

Mixuo (minutum), to lessen. Der, 
Minute, Comminute, Diminish, Dimi 
nution, Diminutive, Minuend. 

Mirus, wonderful. Der., Miracle, 
Miraculous, Admire, Admirable. 

Misceo (mixtum), to mingle. Der., 
Mix, Mixture, Admixture, Commix, 
Intermix, Immiscible, Promiscuous, 
Miscellany. 

Miser, wretched. Der., Miser, 
Misery, Miserable, Commiserate. 

Miseo {fAKncc), to hate. Der., Mis- 
anthrope, Misanthropy, Mysogamy, 
Mysogyny. 

Mitigo, to make mild. Der., Miti- 
gate. 

Mitto (missum), to send.- Der., 
Mission, Missionary, Missile, Missive y 
Admit, Emit, Emissary, Intermit, 
Submit, Commit, Transmit, Omit, 
Permit, Dismiss, Premise. 



342 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



Mnaomai .(fAvaojuai), to remember 
Der., Mnemonics, Amnesty. 

Modus, manner. Der., Mood, Mode 
Modify, Model, Modulate. 

Modus, measure. Der., Moderate, 
Modest, Modicum, Commodious, Com 
modity, Incommode. 

Moderate, not exceeding the proper 
measure. 

Modest, not going beyond the proper 
measure in estimating our own tal- 
ents or importance. 

Commodious, adapted to the mea- 
sure of our convenience. 

Mola, a millstone. Der., Molar, 
as the molar, or grinding teeth. 

Molestus, troublesome. Der., Mo- 
lest, Molestation. 

Moles, a heap or pile. Der., Be 
molish, Demolition. 

To Demolish is, literally, to pull 
down the heap. Hence, to destroy. 
(de, down.) 

Mollis, soft. Der., Mollify, Emol- 
lient. 

Momentum, that which causes mo- 
tion (from moveo, to move). Der., 
Momentum, Moment. 

Momentum is the force with which 
a body moves, and is measured by the 
effect which it is capable of produc- 
ing in overcoming obstacles. 

A Moment is an infinitessimal por- 
tion of moving or advancing time. 

Moneo (monitum), to put in mind. 
Der., Monitor, Monition, Monument, 
Admonish, Admonition, Premonitory. 
Summon, from summoneo, for submo- 
neo, signifies, etymologically, to warn 
privately, but is used in the sense of 
to call by authority to be present, in 
person, at some specified place and 
time, (sum, for sub, privately.) 

Monos [(Uovof], one or alone. Der., 
Monad, Monk, Monastic, Monarch, 
Monochord, Monocular, Monody, 
Monologue, Monogamy, Monotheism, 
Monopolize, Monotony, Monosyllable. 

Mons (montis), a mountain. Der., 
Mount, Mountain, Mound, Dismount, 
Surmount, Promontory. 

Monstro, to show. Der., Monster, 
Monstrous, Demonstrate, Remonstrate. 

Monstrum, in Latin, signified some- 



thing unusual which foretokened 
an impending event. Among these 
tokens were reckoned wild beasts of 
preternatural size, and deformed 
births. Hence, the term monster has 
come to signify, 1. A creature that is 
very large of its kind. 2. A deformed 
living creature. 

To Remonstrate is to show reasons 
against. 

Morbus, a disease. Der., Morbid 
Morbific. 

Mordeo (morsum), to bite. Der. 
Mordaceous, Morsel, Remorse. 

Morosus, peevish. Der., Morose. 

Morphe, a form, or shape. Der. 
Amorphous, Metamorphose. 

Mors {mortis), death. Der., Mortal 
Mortality, Mortify, Mortiferous, Im 
mortal. 

Mos (moris), a custom, or manner 
Der., Moral, Morals, Morality, De 
moralize. 

Moveo (motum), to move. Der 
Move, Motion, Motive, Mob, Mobility 
Emotion, Commotion, Promote, Re 
move, Remote. 

Multi, many. Der., Multitude 
Multiply, Multiple, Multiform, Mul 
tifid, Multangular, Multilateral, Mul- 
tiplicand. 

Mundus, the world. Der., Mun 
dane, Antemundane, Exiramundane 
Supramundane, Ultramundane. 

Municipium, a free city. Der., Mu 



Munio (mujiitum), to fortify. Der. 
Munition, Ammunition. 

Munus (muneris), a gift. Der. 
Munificent, Remunerate. 

Munus (muneris), an office, or duty 
Der., Immunity. 

Immunity is an exemption from 
any duty or liability, (in, priv.) 

Murus, a wall. Der., Mural, Im- 
mure. 

Mural, pertaining to a wall. 

Immure, to confine within walls. 
(in, within.) 

Mutilus, maimed. Der., Mutilate. 

To Mutilate is to maim or deface. 

Muto (mutatum), to change. Der., 
Mutation, Mutable, Transmute, Per- 
mute, Permutation, Commute. 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



343 



Mutus, dumb. Der., Mute. 

Mututjs, one another, or each other. 
Der., Mutual. 

Myrias {myriados) [y-ve,i<x{\, ten 
thousand. Der., Myriad. 

Mystes [/uutt»c'] 1 hidden, or secret. 
Der., Mystery, Mystic. 

Mythos [^yflsf], a fable. Der., 
Myth, Mythic, Mythology. 

Narc-e [vagx»], numbness, or torpor. 
Der., Narcotic, Narcosis. 

A Narcotic is any drug which 
causes sleep. 

Narcosis is a stupefaction produced 
by certain drugs. 

Nareo (narratum), to relate. Der., 
Narrate, Narration, Narrative. 

Nascor (natum), to be born. Der., 
Native, Nativity, Nature, Natal, Nas- 
cent, Innate, Cognate. 

Nature is, literally, a being born, 
or a coming into being. Hence, in a 
secondary sense, the term nature is 
used to signify the active force which 
pervades all things, and is the cause 
of all phenomena and changes. 

Nascent, 1. In the act of being 
born. 2. In the act of coming into 
being. 

Native, born with a person ; as, na- 
tive talent. 

A Native of any place is one born 
there. 

Nativity is birth. 

Natal, pertaining to birth; as, 
one's natal day. 

A Nation is a body of people born 
of the same original stock. 

Nasus, the nose. Der., Nasal. 

Nausea, sea-sickness (from vcwc, a 
ship). Der., Nausea, Nauseous, Nau- 
seate. 

Nauta, a sailor. Der., Nautical, 
Aeronaut, Nautilus. 

Navis, a ship. Der., Naval, Navy, 
Navigate, Circumnavigate. 

To Navigate is to pass by ships. 
(igo, for ago, to move.) 

Nebula, a mist, or little cloud. 
Der., Nebula, Nebular, Nebulous, 
Nebulosity. 

Necros (vatpos), dead. Der., Ne- 
'er ology, Necromancy. 

Necrology is a registering of deaths. 



Nectar (vycTao), the fabled drink of 
the gods. Der., Nectar, Nectarine, 
Nectary. 

The Nectarine is a fruit, so called 
on account of its delicious taste. 

A Nectary is the honey-cup of a 
flower. 

Necto (nexum), to tie, or knit. 
Der., Annex, Connect. 

Nego (negatum), to deny. Der., 
Negation, Negative, Renegade. 

Neos (vios), new. Der., Neology, 
Neophyte. 

Neology, rationalistic views in 
theology. {Lit, a new system of re- 
ligious doctrines.) (hoyoc, a theory.) 

A Neophyte is a new convert. 
(Lit, a new plant.) (qwev, a plant.) 

Neuron (vajpov), a nerve. Der., 
Nerve, Neuralgia. Enervate, Neu- 
rology, Neurotomy. 

Neuter, neither. Der., Neuter, 
Neutral, Neutrality, Neutralize. 

Niger, black. Der., Negro, Nigres- 
cent, Denigrate. 

Niveo, to wink. Der., Connive. 

To Connive is to wink at, or to pre- 
tend not to notice. 

^soceo (nocitum), to hurt. Der., 
Noxious, Obnoxious, Innocuous, Inno- 
cent. 

Innocent, not hurting or doing 
harm, (in, not.) 

Obnoxious, exposed or liable to 
harm, (ob, exposed to.) 

Nomest (nojninis), a name. Der., 
Nominal, Nominate, Denominate, 
Nomenclature, Noun. 

Nomos (vc/uoc), a law. Der., Astrono- 
my, Deuteronomy. 

Nomos (nfxot), management, or gov- 
ernment. Der., Economy, Autonomy. 

Autonomy is the power or right of 
self-government. (*vto; [autos], self.) 

Nox (noctis), night. Der., Noc- 
turnal, Equinox. 

Norma, a carpenter's rule or square. 
Der., Normal, Abnormal, Enormous. 

Normal, lit., according to rule. 
Hence, natural or healthy ; as, a nor- 
mal condition of the body or mind. 

Abnormal, not conformed to rule. 

Enormous, transcending the rule in 
regard to magnitude or degree; as, 



344 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



an enormous tree ; an enormous crime. 
(e, beyond.) 

Nosco (noium), to know. Der., 
Notice, Notify, Notion, Notorious, 
Recognize, Recognition. 

Nota, a mark. Der., Note, Nota- 
tion, Notary, Annotation, Notable. 
, Novus, new. Der., Novel, Novelty, 
Novice, Novitiate, Innovate, Reno- 
vate. 

Nubo (nuptum), to marry. Der., 
Nuptial, Connubial. 

Nudus, naked. Der., Nude, Nudi- 
ty, Denude. 

Nug^e, playthings or trifles. Der., 
Nugatory, Nugacity. 

Nugatory, of no force ; as, a nuga- 
tory law. 

Nugacity, trifling behavior or talk. 

Nullus, no one. Der., Null, 
Nullity, Nullify, Annul. 

Null, void, or of no force. 

Numerus, a number. Der., Num- 
ber, Numeral, Numerical, Numerate, 
Numeration, Numerous, Enumerate, 
Innumerable, Supernumerary. 

Nuncio (nunciatum), to tell. Der., 
Announce, Annunciation, Nuncio, 
Internuncio. 

Nuncio (nunciatum), to utter. Der., 
Pronounce, Enunciate, Denounce, 
Denunciation, Renounce, Renuncia- 
tion. 

Nuo, to nod. Der., Inuendo. 

An Inuendo is, lit, a sign made 
by nodding the head. Hence, a hint. 

Nutrio (nutritum), to nourish. 
Der., Nourish, Nutrition, Nutriment, 
Nurture, Nurse. 

Nux (nucis), a nut. Der., Nucleus, 
Nuciferous. 

A Nucleus is a nut-like center 
about which matter is collected. 

Oblivio (oblivionis), forgetfulness. 
Der., Oblivion, Oblivious. 

Obscurus, dark. Der., Obscure, 
Obscurity, Obscuration. 

Occultus, hidden or secret. Der., 
Occult, Occultation, 

Octo, eight. Der., Octennial, Oc- 
tangular, Octavo, October, Octagon. 

Oculus, the eye. Der., Ocular, 
Oculist, Binocular, Multocular, In- 
oculate. 



Ode (<^«), a song. Der., Ode, 
Monody, Prosody, Tragedy, Melody, 
Rhapsody, Parody, Palinode. 

Melody is sweetness of sound either 
in singing or in instrumental per- 
formance, (/uixo? [melos], a verse.) 

Parody is a singing or repeating of 
verses, or other compositions, other- 
wise than they were written by the 
author, with the design of rendering 
the composition ludicrous, (para, 
otherwise.) 

A Palinode is a recantation, or un- 
singing of something which the au- 
thor had previously expressed in song 
or verse. (7rxxiv \_palin\, again, or 
un.) 

A Rhapsody consists of verses or 
other sentences irregularly stitched 
or strung together. (f *tt&> [rhapto'], to 
sew.) 

Odor, a scent, or smell. Der., 
Odor, Odorous, Odoriferous, Inodor- 
ous. 

Odos [0/05], a way, road, or journey. 
Der., Synod, Period, Method, Episode. 

A Synod is a meeting, or coming 
together, (syn, together.) 

A Period is a circuit, or passing 
around, (peri, around.) 

Method is a following of some 
regular way or track in doing any- 
thing. (fAiret [meta~], along; and cVb? 
[odos'], the road.) 

An Episode is an incidental narra- 
tive, or digression separable from the 
main subject, but naturally arising 
from it. (iTTuc [epeis], falling in by; 
and oSo<; \odos~], the way.) 

Oidos [Woe], a form, or resemblance. 
Der., Spheroid, Ovoid, Rhomboid, 
Conoid, Metalloid, Varioloid. 

Oleo, to emit an odor. Der., Redo- 
lent, Olfactory, Abolish, Abolition. 

Redolent, diffusing odor. 

Olfactory, endowed with a suscep- 
tibility of being impressed by odors ; 
as, the olfactory nerves, (factory, 
causing, from facio.) 

To Abolish is, literally, to lose its 
scent. Hence, in a fig. sense, to 
abolish is gradually to do away; as, 
to abolish an old custom. (ab, 
away. ) 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



345 



Oleo, to grow. Der., Adolescence, 
Adult 

Adolescence is the period succeed- 
ing childhood, when the youth is 
growing up into manhood, (ad, up 
to.) 

An Adult is one who is already 
grown up. 

Oligoi loxtyoi'], few. Der., Oli- 
garchy. 

Oleum, oil. Der., Oleaginous, Oleic, 
Olef'iant, Oleiferous. 

Omalos [oy.ctKo{\, even, or regular. 
Der., Anomaly, Anomalous. 

An Anomaly is an irregularity, or 
deviation from rule. 

Omen (ominis), a sign of something 
which is about to happen. Der., 
Omen, Ominous. 

Omnis, all. Der., Omnipresent, 
Omnipotent, Omniscient, Omnific, 
Omnivorous. 

Oxtma \_ow/Jt.a], a name. Der., An- 
onymous, Patronymic, Synonym, Me- 
tonomy. 

Onus (oneris), a burden. Der., 
Onerous, Exonerate. 

Opacus, shady. Der., OpaTce, 
Opacity. 

Opus (operis), a work. Der., Ope- 
rate, Cooperate, Operative, Inopera- 
tive, Operose. 

Operose, laborious. 

Ophthalmos (o3>8±\poc),' the eye. 
Der., Ophthalmic, Ophthalmia. 

Opinor, to think. Der., Opine, 
Opinion, Opinionated. 

Opinionated, obstinate in opinion. 

Optomai [o7r<rc(A.ai], to see. Der., 
Optic, Optics, Optician, Catoptrics, 
Dioptrics, Autopsy, Synopsis. 

Opto (optatum), to wish. Der., 
Optative. 

Opto, to choose. Der., Option, 
Adopt, Adoption. 

Opulentus, wealthy. Der., Opu- 
lent, Opulence. 

Orama [_cpa/u*~], a sight, or view. 
Der., Diorama, Panorama. 

A Diorama is a transparent paint- 
ing showing the effect of light, (dia, 
through. ) 

Orbis, a circle. Der., Orbit, Exor- 
bitant 



An Orbit is the circular or ellip- 
tical path of a planet. 

Exorbitant, lit, leaving its orbit, as 
if a planet should wander from its 
regular path. Hence, being beyond 
the bounds of moderation; as, an ex- 
orbitant price. 

Orbis, a sphere. Der., Orb, Or- 
bicular. 

Ordo (ordinis), a row. Der., Or- 
der, Ordinal, Ordinate, Inordinate, 
Subordinate, Ordinary, Extraordin- 
ary, Ordain, Ordinance, Primordial. 

Order is the proper local disposi- 
tion of objects relatively to each other, 
which local disposition is generally 
that of rows. 

Ordinal, noting order; as, ordinal 
numbers. 

Ordinary, standing in the same 
row with other objects of the same 
kind. 

Extraordinary, standing out of the 
row. {extra, out of.) 

Ordinate, lit, arranged in a row. 
Hence, regular, or methodical. 

Inordinate, 1, and lit. Not ar- 
ranged in a row. Hence, 2. Not 
limited by prescribed rules. Hence, 
3. Immoderate ; as, an inordinate de- 
sire of fame. 

Organum [ofttvov), an instrument. 
Der., Organ, Organic, Organism, Or- 
ganize. 

Orior (ortum), to rise or spring up. 
Der., Orient, Origin. 

Ornis [o/)Wf], a bird. Der., Orni- 
thology. 

Orno (ornatum), to. deck. Der., 
Ornament, Ornate, Adorn. 

Oro (oratum), to speak. Der., 
Orator, Oration, Oracle, Oracular, 
Peroration. 

An Oracle, in ancient times, was 
the answer returned by the priest in 
the name of a divinity who was con- 
sulted by any one in reference to the 
future. 2. The divinity who gave the 
response. 

Oracular, 1. Pertaining to an 
oracle. 2. Like an oracle in gravity 
and wisdom. 

Oro {oratum), to pray. Der., Ori- 
son, Adore, Inexorable. 



346 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



Orthos [e/>flos], lit, straight; Jig., 
right. Der., Orthodox, Orthography, 
Orthoepy. 

Os (ossis), a bone. Der., Osseous, 
Ossify, Ossijlcation, Ossivorous. 

Osteon [g<tt«ov], a bone. Der., Os- 
teology, Periosteum. 

Our an os [cvpcivoi], the heaven. 
Der., Uranus, Urania, Uranography. 

Ovum, an egg. Der., Oval, Ovary, 
Ovoid, Oviform, Oviparous. 

Oxts [o£u?], sharp, or sour. Der., 
Oxygen, Oxymel, Paroxysm. 

Pactus, stipulated, or agreed on. 
Der., Compact. 

Pagus, a village. Der., Pagan, Pa- 
ganism. 

Pays, the country. (Fr.) Der., 
Peasant. 

Palatium, a royal house. Der., 
Palace, Palatine, Palatinate. 

Palin [ttclxiv], back. Der., Palin- 
ode, Palindrome. 

For Palinode, see Ode. 

A Palindrome is a word or sentence 
that is the same whether read back- 
ward or forward; as, madam; or, 
Roma tibi subito motibus ibit amor. 
(SpofAos \_dromos~], a running.) 

Palleo, to be pale. Der., Pale, 
Pallid, Pallor. 

Pallium, a cloak. Der., Pall, Pal- 
liate. 

To Palliate is, lit., to cover with a 
cloak. Hence, to cover with excuses ; 
as, to palliate a fault. 

Palma, the palm of the hand. Der. , 
Palm, Palmate, Palmistry. 

Palpo (palpatum), to feel, as with the 
fingers. Der., Palpable, Impalpable. 

Palpito (palpitatum), to beat or 
throb, as the heart. Der., Palpitate, 
Palpitation. 

To Palpitate is to beat with preter- 
natural force, as the heart. 

Pando (pansum), to open, or 
spread. Der., Expand, Expanse, Ex- 
pansion. 

Panis, bread. Der., Panary, Pa- 
nada, Pantry. 

P annus, a cloth. Der., Company, 
Pannel, Impannel. 

Papas [jtcbuc], a father. Der., Papa, 
Papal, Papacy, Pope. 



PapillAj a nipple. Der. , Pap, Pap- 
illary. 

Par, equal. Der., Par, Parity, 
Pair, Peer, Compare, Compeer, Dis- 
parity Disparage. 

Pareo (paritum), to.appear. Der., 
Appear, Apparent, Apparition, Trans- 
parent. 

Pario {paritum), to bring forth. 
Der., Parent, Oviparous, Viviparous. 

Parler, to speak. (Fr.) Der., Par- 
lance, Parley, Parlor, Parliament, 
Parole. 

Paro, to prepare. Der. , Apparatus, 
Apparel, Parade, Repair, Prepare. 

Pan [ttav], all. Der., Panacea, 
Panorama, Pantomime, Pantheon, 
Pandemonium, Panoply. 

Pastum, to feed. Der., Pastor, 
Pasture, Pastoral, Repast, Antepast. 

Pater, a father. Der., Paternal, 
Patrimony, Patriarch, Patriot, Ex- 
patriate, Patron, Patronymic. 

Pathos [srafloj], mental feeling. 
Der., Pathos, Pathetic, Apathy, Sym- 
pathy. 

Patior (passus), to suffer, or en- 
dure. Der., Passion, Patience. 

Pauper, poor. Der. , Pauper, Poverty. 

Pax (pads), peace. Der., Peace, 
Pacify, Pacific, Appease. 

Pecco (peccatum), to sin, or com- 
mit faults. Der., Peccant, Peccadillo, 
Impeccable. 

Pectus (pectoris), the breast. Der., 
Pectoral, Expectorate. 

Peculium, private property. Der., 
Peculiar. 

Peculor, to steal public property. 
Der., Peculate, Peculation. 

Pecunia, money. Der., Pecuniary. 

Pais (paidos) [nats, vaiSof\, a boy. 
Der., Pedagogue, Pedobaptisi. 

Paideia [n-aihia], learning. Der., 
Pedant, Pedantry. 

A Pedant is one who makes a vain 
display of his learning. 

Pello (pellatum), to call, or name. 
Der., Appellation, Repeal, Appeal. 

Pello (pulsum), to drive. Der., 
Expel, Expulsion, Repel, Repulsion, 
Repulsive, Compel, Compulsion, Pro- 
pel, Propulsion, Impel, Impulse, Im- 
pulsive, Dispel. 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



347 



Pendeo (pensum), to hang. Der., 
Pendent, Pensile, Append, Append- 
age, Appendix, Depend, Impend, Pro- 
pensity, Suspend, Suspense, Suspen- 
sion, Pendulum, Perpendicular. 

Pendo (pensum), to weigh. Der., 
Pension, Expend, Spend, Expense, 
Expenditure, Dispense, Dispensatory, 
Dispensation, Recompense. 

Pene, almost. Der., Peninsula, 
Penumbra, Penult, Antepenultimate. 

Penetro, to pierce, or enter into. 
Der., Penetrate, Penetration, Impene- 
trable. 

Poena, punishment. Der., Pain, 
Penal, Penalty, Penance, Subpoena. 

Pceniteo, to repent. Der., Peni- 
tent, Penitence, Penitentiary, Repent 

Penna, a feather or wing. Der., 
Pen, Pennate, Penniform, Bipennate. 

Pennate, winged. (A botanical 
term.) 

Pente [Vsm,] five. Der., Pentagon, 
Pentangular, Pentameter, Penta- 
chord, Pentateuch. 

Penuria, want, or scarcity. Der., 
Penury, Penurious. 

Peptos \_7rt7mi], boiled, or digested. 
Der., Dyspepsy, Dyspeptic. 

Periculum, danger. Der., Peril, 
Perilous. 

Perior (peritum), to try, or prove. 
Der., Experience, Expert, Experi- 
ment. 

Pes (pedis) a foot. Der., Pedestri- 
an, Pedestal, Pedicle, Pedicel, Pe- 
duncle, Biped, Tripedal, Quadruped, 
Impede, Impediment, Expedite, Expe- 
ditious, Expedient. 

Pestis, a plague. Der., Pest, Pesti- 
lence, Pestiferous. 

Petalon \jn<TdL\ov~], a flower-leaf. 
Der., Petal, Apetalous, Monopetalous, 
Bipetalous, Polypetalous. 

Petit, little. (Fr.) Der., Petty, 
Pettifogger. 

Peto (petition), to seek. Der., Ap- 
petite., Compete, Competition, Centrip- 
etal, Repeat, Repetition. 

Petra (VsT/jst], a stone. Der., Peter, 
Petrify, Petrifaction, Petrescent. 

Petro (petratum), to commit. 
I)er., Perpetrate. 

Petulans, saucy. Der., Petulant. 



Phago [<?*>&>], to cat. Der., Anthro- 
pophagi, Sarcophagus. 

Phaino [qaivco], to appear. Der., 
Phenomenon, Phantom, Phantasm, 
Fancy, Diaphanous. 

Phe.mi [<mk/], to speak. Der., 
Prophecy, Blasphemy, Emphasis. 

Emphasis is a stress of voice laid 
on an important word in speaking. 
(iv [en], upon.) 

Pharmacol [p^waxov], a medicine, 
or drug. Der., Pharmacy, Pharma- 
ceutic, Pharmacology, Pharmacopo- 
list. 

Phero [<ps/>a>], to carry, or bring. 
Der., Phosphor, Phosphorus, Peri- 
phery, Metaphor. 

Phileo \jpihice], to love. Der., Phi- 
lanthropy, Philosophy, Philology, 
Philomath, Philomela, Philadelphia. 

Philosophy, originally signified the 
love of wisdom. Philosophy at pres- 
ent signifies the study of general laws, 
or a knowledge of the nature of things. 

Phobos [<j>e/3off], dread. Der., Hy- 
drophobia. 

Phone [<j>a>v»], a sound. Der., Pho- 
netic, Phonography, Phonology, Sym- 
phony, Euphony, Cacophony. 

Phos [<j>&>?], light. Der., Phosphor, 
Phosphorescent, Photometer, Photog- 
raphy. 

Phrasis \j>pa<7is], a saying, or speech. 
Der., Phrase, Phraseology, Para- 
phrase, Periphrase. 

Phren [<ppv], the mind. Der., Phre- 
nology, Phrenetic, Frantic, Frenzy. 

Frantic (for Phrenetic), mad. 

Frenzy, madness. 

Phthegma \jpdsy/uiA], a saying. Der., 
Apophthegm (or Apothegm). 

An Apophthegm is a remarkable 
saying. 

Phthongos [yfoyyos], a vocal sound. 
Der., Monophthong, Diphthong, 
Triphthong. 

Phyllon \jpv\\cv~], a leaf. 

Physis [yv<rt(\, a growing. Der., 
Symphysis, Epiphysis. 

A Symphysis is a growing together, 
as of two bones, (syn, together.) 

An Epiphysis is a growing upon, 
as the growing of one bone upon an- 
other, "(coupon.) 



348 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



Physis [yum], nature. Der., Phys- 
ics, Metaphysics, Physician, Physi- 
ology, Physiognomy. 

Physics is the science of nature, or 
natural philosophy. 

Metaphysics is the science of mind. 

Phytox [vurov], a plant. Der., Phy- 
tography, Phytivorous. Zoophyte. 

Pilo (pilatum), to pillage, or rob. 
Der., Pilfer, Pillage, Compile, Com- 
pilation. 

Pingo (pictum),. to paint. Der., 
Paint, Picture, Pictorial, Picturesque, 
Pigment, Depict. 

Pio (piatum), to atone for. Der., 
Piacular, Expiate, Expiatory. 

Peirao [7rap*a)], to try. Der., Em- 
piric, Empiricism. 

Peirates \jrupcfTni], a sea-robber. 
Der., Pirate, Piracy. 

Piscis, a fish. Der., Piscatory, Pis- 
civorous. 

Placeo, to please. Der., Placid, 
Please, Pleasant, Pleasure, Pleas- 
antry, Complacent, Complaisance. 

Placo, to appease. Der., Impla- 
cable. 

Plagium, a literary theft. Der., 
Plagiary, Plagiarism. 

Pla'ne [;r\W], a wandering. Der., 
Planet. 

Planus, level, or smooth. Der., 
Plain, Plane, Explain. 

Plasso [jrxxo-cra)], to form in clay. 
Der., Plastic, Plasticity, Plaster, 
Cataplasm. 

Plaudo (plausum), to give forth a 
sudden and loud outburst of sound. 
Der., Explode, Explosion. 

Plaudo (plausum), to praise by 
clapping the hands. Der., Plaudit, 
Plausible, Applaud, Applause. 

Plebs (plebis), the common people. 
Der., Plebe'ian. 

Plenus, full. Der., Plenary, Pleni- 
tude, Plenty, Plenipotentiary, Re- 
plenish. 

Pleo (pletum), to fill. Der., Com- 
plete, Replete, Expletive, Implement, 
Supply, Supplement, Complement. 

Pleura [Van//!*], the side. Der., 
Pleurisy. 

Plico (plicatum), to fold Der., 
Ply, Pliant, Pliable, Apply, Applica- 



tion, Applicant, Imply, Implicit, Ex- 
plicate, Explicit, Comply, Complici- 
ty, Supplicate, Supplicant, Simple, 
Double, Duplicate, Duplicity, Treble, 
Triple, Triplicate, Quadruple, Quin- 
tuple, Sextuple. 

Ploro (ploratum), to express grief 
by outcries. Der., Deplore, Implore. 

Pluma, a feather. Der., Plume, 
Plumage. 

Plumbum, lead. Der., Plumb, 
Plummet, Plumber, Plumbery. 

Plus (pluris), more. Der., Plus, 
Plural, Surplus, Nonplus. 

To Nonplus is to bring to a stand 
by embarrassment, [non, not, the 
expression nonplus implying that the 
individual sees nothing more that can 
be done.) 

Pneuma \jrvivjuA], wind, or spirit. 
Der., Pneumatic, Pneumatology. 

Pneumatology is the doctrine of 
spiritual substances. 

Poieo [notico], to make, or compose. 
Der., Poet, Poem, Poetry, Poesy. 

Polemos [VoASyUOf], war. Der., Po- 
lemic. 

Poleo [_7ru>\iai\, to sell. Der., Mo- 
nopoly, Bibliopolist, Pharmacopolist. 

Polis [7ro\ii], a city, or state. Der., 
Polity, Policy, Politics, Metropolis, 



Polio (politum), to polish. Der.., 
Polish, Polite. 

Poly [Voa.v], many. Der., Polygon, 
Polyglot, Polytheism, Polynesia, Poly- 
syllable, Polygamy. 

Pomum, an apple. Der., Pomace, 
the ground substance of apples. 

Pondus (ponderis), weight. Der., 
Ponder, Ponderous, Pound, Impon- 
derable, Preponderate. 

Pono (positum), to place. Der., 
Position, Positive, Compound, Com- 
pose, Composition, Component, Pro- 
pound, Propose, Proposition, Purpose, 
Expound, Expose, Exposition, Expo- 
nent, Depose, Deposition, Deponent, 
Suppose, Repose, Dispose, Oppose, 
Opponent, Transpose, Impose, Im- 
postor, Imposture, Interpose, Post- 
pone. 

Populus, the people. Der., People, 
Populace, Populous, Population, 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



349 



Popular, Public, Publish, Publica- 
tion, Publicity, Depopulate. 

Popular, pleasing to the people. 

Populace, the common people. 

Public, 1. Pertaining to the people 
in general; as, public property. 
2. Generally known among the people. 

To Publish is to make known to the 
people in general, 

Publicity is the condition of being 
generally known among the people; 
as, the publicity of a fact. 

Pokcus, a hog. Der., Pork, Porcine. 

Poeos [nopus], a passage, or way. 
Der., Pore, Porous, Porosity. 

Porto (portatum), to carry. Der., 
Port, Porter, Portable, Import, 
Export, Report, Support, Comport, 
Transport, Portfolio, Portmanteau, 
Portcrayon, Portmonnaie. 

Porta, a gate, or door. Der., Por- 
tal, Porter, Portcullis. 

Posse (potui), to be able. Der., 
Posse, Possible, Potent, Potentate, 
Potential, Impotent, Omnipotent. 

The Posse Comitatus is the power 
of the county exerted by a body of 
citizens who have been summoned to 
aid a civil officer in the execution of 
the laws. 

Possible, that is able to be. 

Posterus, that comes after. Der., 
Posterior, Posterity, Preposterous. 

Preposterous, lit, having the last 
first and the first last, or being wrong 
end foremost. Hence, absurd, or 
foolish, (prce, before.) 

Postttlo (postulatum), to ask. Der., 
Postulate, Expostulate. 

A Postulate, in reasoning, is a 
proposition which is asked to be ad- 
mitted without proof, the proposition 
being self-evident. 

To Expostulate is to reason earn- 
estly with a person in regard to the 
impropriety of something which he 
intends to do. Lit. , to ask from, [ex, 
from. ) 

Potamos \_7roTAy.of\, a river. Der., 
Hippopotamus. 

Poto (potatum), to drink. Der., 
Potion, Potation, Potable. 

Pous (podos) [nov;, 7roSoi\, a foot. 
Der., Tripod, Polypus, Antipodes. 



Prasso [_7rftATo-u~], to do. Der., Prac- 
tice, Practicable. 

Pravus, crooked. Der., Deprave, 
Depravity. 

Pretium, the worth. Der., Price, 
Prize, Precious, Appreciate, Depre- 
ciate, Praise, Appraise. 

To Praise is to speak of as being of 
some worth or value. 

To Appraise is to estimate the 
worth. See Value. 

Precor {p>recatum), to pray. Der., 
Pray, Precarious, Deprecate, Impre- 
cate. 

Pr.eda, booty. Der., Prey, Preda- 
tory, Predaceous, Depredate. 

Prehendo {prehensum), to take 
hold of, or seize. Der., Prehensile, 
Apprehend, Comprehend, Reprehend. 

To Reprehend is to seize upon in 
the way of censure. 

Prendre, to seize; Pris, seized. 
(Fr.) Der., Prize, Prisoner, Prison, 
Surprise, Reprisal. 

Apprexdre, to seize with the un- 
derstanding. Hence, to learn. (Fr.) 
Der., Apprentice. 

Premo {jjrcssum), to press. Der., 
Print, Imprint, Press, Impress, Com- 
press, Suppress, Repress, Depress, 
Oppress, Express. 

Presbyteros [7rpia-$vrip(], older. 
Der., Presbyter, Priest. 

Primus, first. Der., Prime, Primal, 
Primary, Primitive, Primordial. 

Probo (probatum), to try. Der., 
Prove, Probate, Probable, Approve, 
Approbate, Reprove, Reprobate. 

Probrum, disgrace. Der., Oppro- 
brious, Exprobrate. 

To Exprobrate is to reproach with 
something shameful. 

Prolis, a progeny. Der., Prolific. 

Prolific, fruitful, (facio, to pro- 
duce.) 

Propago, an offshoot of a plant. 
Der., Propagate, Propaganda, Propa- 
gandist, Propagandism. 

To Propagate is to reproduce. 

The Propaganda is a society m 
Rome charged with the management 
of the Catholic missions, and styled 
Societas de propaganda Fide. — Mur- 
doch. 



350 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



Peopinquus, near. Der., Propin- 
quity. 

Peoximus, nearest. Der., Proxi- 
mate, Proximity, Approximate. 

Peopeius, one's own. Der., Prop- 
erty, Proprietor, Proprietary, To Ap- 
propriate. 

Peopeius, fit, or suitable. Der., 
Proper, Propriety, Appropriate. 

Peoselytos [7rpoar»xvroi], one newly 
arrived. Der., Proselyte, Proselyt- 
ism. 

Peospee, successful. Der. , Prosper, 
Prosperity. 

Peotos \jrparoi], first. Der., Proto- 
type, Protocol, Prothonotary. 

Psalma [4atyc*], a sacred song. 
Der., Psalm, Psalmist, Psalmody. 

Pseudos \jltufoe], falsehood. Der., 
Pseudo-prophet. 

Ptoma [tt^o], a falling. Der., 
Symptom. 

Ptotos [Waro?], having case-end- 
ings, as Latin and Greek nouns. Der., 
Aptote, Monoptote, Diptote, Triptote. 

Ptto |Vrt/a>], to spit. Der., Ptyal- 
ism, Hemoptysis. 

Ptyalism, a free flow of spittle or 
saliva caused by certain medicines. 
{Salivation.) 

Pudeo, to be ashamed. Der., Pu- 
dicity, Impudent, Repudiate. 

Pudicity is the sense of shame 
which restrains from unchaste words 
and actions. 

To Repudiate is to put away, as a 
wife, because the husband is ashamed 
of her. 

Puee, a boy. Der., Puerile, Puer- 
ility. 

Pugna, a fight. Der., Pugnacious, 
Pugnacity, Oppugn, Impugn. 

Pugil, a boxer. Der., Pugilist, 
Pugilism. 

Pullus, a chicken. Der., Poultry, 
Pullet. 

Pulmo (pulmonis), the lungs. Der. , 
Pulmonic, Pulmonary. 

Pulvis (pulveris), dust. Der., 
Pulverize, Pulverulent. 

Pungo (punctum), to prick. Der., 
Point, Puncture, Punctual, Punctu- 
ate, Punctilio, Pungent, Expunge, 
Compunction. 



Ptjnio (punitum), to punish. Der., 
Punish, Punitive, Impunity. 

Puego (purgatum), to make clean. 
Der., Purge, Purgative, Purgatory, 
Expurgate, Compurgator. 

A Compurgator is one who bears 
witness to the innocence of another. 

Pueus, free from an admixture of 
foreign elements. Der., Pure, Pu- 
rity, Purify. 

Pus (puris), the matter that flows 
from sores. Der., Purulent, Pustule, 
Suppurate. 

Pusillus, weak, or little. Der., 
Pusillanimous, Pusillanimity. 

Puto (putatum), to think. Der, 
Impute, Dispute, Repute, Reputation, 
Putative. 

Putative, reputed ; as, the putative 
father of a child. 

Puto (putatum), to prune. Der., 
Amputate. 

To Amputate is to cut ofi"; as, to 
amputate a limb. (am r around.) 

Putris, rotten. Der., Putrid, Pu- 
trescent, Putrefy, Putrefaction. 

Pye (nvf), fire. Der., Pyre, Pyr- 
ology, Pyrometer, Pyrotechnics, Pyro- 
ligneous, Empyreum. 

Quadea, a square. Der., Quadratic, 
Biquadratic, Square, Squadron. 

Quade, for Quatuoe, four. Der, 
Quadrangle, Quadrilateral, Quadren- 
nial, Quadruped, Quadroon, Quad- 
rille, Quadruple. 

Quaetus, fourth. Der., Quart, 
Quarter, Quartile. 

Quaeante, forty. (Fr.) Der., Quar- 
antine. 

Qu^jeo (qucesiium), to seek. Der., 
Query, Quest, Question, Inquire, In- 
quest, Inquisition, Require, Request, 
Requisite, Requisition, Acquire, Ac- 
quisition, Exquisite, Conquer, Con- 
quest, Disquisition, Perquisite. 

Qualis, of what kind. Der., Quali- 
ty, Qualify. 

The Quality of a thing is its kind 
or nature. 

Quantus, how much. Der., Quan- 
tity, Quantum. 

Queeoe, to complain. Der., Quere- 
monious, Querulous, Quarrel. 

Quies (quietis), rest. Der., Quiet, 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



351 






Quietude, Quiescent, Acquiesce, Re- 
quiem, Quietus. 

Quixque, five. Der., Quinquennial. 

Quixtus, fifth. Der., Quintuple, 
Quintessence. 

Rabies, furious madness. Der., 
Rabid, Rave. 

Radius, the spoke of a wheel. Der., 
Radius, Ray, Radiate, Radiant, Ra- 
diance, Irradiate. 

Radix (radicis), a root. Der., 
Radical, Radicate, Eradicate. 

Rado {rasum), to scrape, or shave. 
Der.. Raze, Razor, Abrase, Abrasion, 
Erase, Erasure. 

Ramus, a branch. Der., Ramify, 
Ramification. 

Raxceo, to he stale, or strong-scent- 
ed. Der., Rancid, Rank, Rankle, 
Rancour, Rancescent. 

Raxg, a row. (Fr.) Der., Range, 
Rank, Arrange, Derange. 

Rapio (raptum), to seize and bear 
off. Der., Rape, Rapture, Ravish, 
Rapid, Ravage. 

To Ravage is to lay waste by seiz- 
ing and plundering. 

Rarus, thin, or scarce. Der., Rare, 
Rarity, Rarefy, Rarefaction. 

Ratio, reason. Der., Reason, Ra- 
tional, Ratiocination. 

Ratio, proportion. Der., Ratio, Ra- 
tion. 

A Ration is a fixed allowance. 

Recexs, fresh. Der., Recent. 

Reciprocus, mutual. Der., Recip- 
rocal, Reciprocate, Reciprocity. 

Rego {rectum), to govern. Der., 
Regent, Regency, Regimen, Regiment, 
Rector. 

Regula, a rule. Der., Rule, Regu- 
lar, Regulate. 

Rectus, straight. Der., Rectitude, 
Rectilineal, Rectangular, Rectify, Di- 
rect, Correct, Erect. 

Rexdre, to give back (Fr.) Der., 
Render, Rendition, Rendezvous, Sur- 
render. 

Repo {reptum), to creep. Der., 
Reptile, Surreptitious. 

Res, a thing. Der., Real, Reality, 
Realize. 

Rete, a net. Der., Retina, Reti- 
form, Reticulate, Reticule. 



Rhapto [IdLTrTu], to sew. Der., 
Rhapsody. 

Rhapsody, an irregular composi- 
tion. (See the root, Ode.) 

Rheo [}&>}, to flow. Der., Catarrh, 
Diarrhea, Hemorrhoids. 

Rheo [f w], to speak. Der. , RhetoHc. 

Rhix [p], the nose. Der., Rhin- 
oceros. 

The Rhinoceros is an animal with 
a horn on the nose, {ceras [*^a?], a 
horn.) 

Rhtthmos jjSwfl^cf], a measured 
movement, as of music or verse. Der., 
Rliythm, Rhyme, Rhythmical. 

Rideo (risum), to laugh. Der., 
Ridicule, Risible, Deride, Derision. 

Rigeo, to be stiff. Der., Rigid, 
Rigor. 

Rigo (rigatum), to water, as land. 
Der., Irrigate, Irriguous. 

Irriguous, watery, or moist; as, an 
irriguous valley. 

Ritus, a ceremony. Der., Rite, 
Ritual. 

Rivus, a river. Der., Rivulet, De- 
rive. 

To Derive is to draw off from the 
main stream by means of an artificial 
channel, (de, from.) 

Ripa, a river-bank, or sea-shore. 
Der., Rival, Arrive. 

Robur (roboris), strength. Der., 
Robust, Corroborate. 

Rodo (rosum), to gnaw, or eat 
away. Der., Corrode, Corrosion, Cor- 
rosive, Erode, Erosion. 

Rogo (rogatum), to ask. Der., In- 
terrogate, Arrogate, Arrogant, Ab- 
rogate, Supererogation, Prerogative, 
Derogate, Derogatory. 

To Arrogate is to ask or claim for 
one's-self more than is one's due. 
{ad, to.) 

Supererogation is the doing of more 
than duty requires, {super, beyond ; 
and e, from.) 

Derogare, with the Romans, signi- 
fied to repeal a law in part, {de, 
from ; and rogare, to ask. ) Hence, 

To Derogate is to take away from 
reputation, honor, or moral excel- 
lence. 

Rosa, a rose. Der., Rose, Roseate. 



352 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



Rota, a wheel. Der., Rote, Rotary, 
Rotate, Rotation, Circumrotate, Ro- 
tund, Routine. 

Roi, a king. (Fr.) Der., Royal, 



Ruber, red. Der., Ruby, Rubric, 
Rubicund, Erubescence. 

Rudis, rough, or un wrought. Der., 
Rude, Rudiment, Erudite, Erudition. 

Rude, rough, like an unpolished 
gem, or a lump of unwrought gold. 

A Rudiment is something that is 
still in the roughness and imperfec- 
tion of its incipient state. A germ 
contains the rudiments of the future 
plant. 

Erudition is learning, because 
learning removes the native roughness 
of an individual, (e, priv.) 

Ruga, a wrinkle. Der., Rugose, 
Corrugate. 

Rumpo (ruptum), to break, or burst. 
Der., Rupture, Interrupt, Eruption, 
Disruption, Abrupt, Corrupt, Bank- 
rupt. 

Rus (ruris), the country. Der., 
Rural, Rustic, Rusticity, Rusticate. 

Sacer (sacri), devoted to, or per- 
taining to religion. Der., Sacred, Sac- 
rament, Sacrifice, Sacrilege, Sacerdo- 
tal, Consecrate, Desecrate, Execrate. 

Sagus and Sagax, knowing, or 



wise. Der., 



, Presage, Sagacious, 



Sagacity. 

Sagitta, an arrow. Der., Sagittal, 
Sagittate, Sagittarius. 

Sal, salt. Der., Salt, Saline, Salad, 
Saliferous. 

Salad consists of raw herbs sea- 
soned with salt, vinegar, etc. 

Salio (saltum), to leap. Der., 
Sally, Salient, Assail, Assault, Ex- 
ult, Insult, Desultory. 

To Assail is, lit, to leap against. 
Hence, to attack, (ad, against.) 

Saliva, spittle. Der., Salivary, 
Salivation. 

Salus {salutis), 1. Safety. 2. Health. 
Der., Salute, Salutary, Salutatory, 
Salubrious. 

To Salute is to wish health to any 
one. 

Salvus, safe. Der., Safe, Save, 
Salve, Salvo, Salvage. 



A Salvo is an exception or reserva- 
tion. (Lit, something saved.) 

A Salve is an ointment possessing 
the virtue of saving or healing. 

Sanctus, holy. Der., Saint, Sanc- 
tity, Sanctimony, Sanctify, Sanctu- 
ary. 

Sanguis (sanguinis), blood. Der., 
Cousin, Consanguinity, Sanguine, 
Sanguinary, Sanguiferous, Exsan- 
guine. 

Sanguine, an epithet of one of the 
temperaments of the human system. 
The sanguine temperament is charac- 
terized by an active circulation of the 
blood, and by an ardent temper. 
Hence, 

Sanguine, 1. Warm, or ardent ; as, 
a sanguine temper. 2. Confident ; as, 
sanguine hopes. 

Sanus, sound, or whole. Der., 
Sane, Sanity, Sanative, Sanitary, In- 
sane. 

Sapio, to have qualities affecting 
the sense of taste. Der., Sapid, In- 
sipid, Savor. 

Sapio, to know, or to be wise. Der., 
Sapient, Sapience. 

Sarx (sarcos) \v*.fe-> er^o?], flesh. 
Der., Sai^casm, Sarcastic, Sarcopha- 
gus, Anasarca. 

Satelles (satellitis), an attendant, 
or life-guard. Der., Satellite. 

Satira is a poem or discourse in 
which wickedness and folly is ex- 
posed with severity. Der., Satire, 
Satiric, Satirical, Satirist. 

Satis, enough. Der., Sate, Satiety, 
Satiate, Satisfy, Insatiable. 

Satur, full. Der., Saturate. 

Saturnus, a heathen deity. Der., 
Saturn, Saturnine, Saturnalia, Satur- 
nalian, Saturday. 

Saturnine, of a gloomy tempera- 
ment, caused by the supposed influ- 
ence of the planet Saturn upon those 
born at a time when this planet 
ruled. 

Saturnalian, pertaining to the Sa- 
turnalia, a loose and dissolute feast 
of Saturn. 

Scala, a ladder. Der., Scale, Es- 
calade. 

Escalade, the act of scaling walls. 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



353 



Scalenos \jntn\iivof\, unequal, or un- 
even. Der., Scalene. 

Scandalon (VjtaycfstxGv], a stumbling- 
block. Der., Scandal, Scandalous, 
Scandalize. 

Scando (scansum), to mount by 
climbing. Der., Scan, Scandent, As 
cend, Ascent, Descend, Descent, Tran 
scend, Condescend. 

Scelos \_o-Hi\of\, the leg. Der., Isos- 
celes. 

Sce'ne [o-xwa], a representation. 
Der., Scene, Scenery. 

Schisma [f^/^o], a split. Der., 
Schism, Schismatic. 

A Schism is a split, or division in 
the church. 

Scho'le [^ex»], 1. Leisure. 2. A 
school; because the prosecution of 
literary and scientific studies at 
school, or elsewhere, requires leisure 
from business. Der., School, etc. 

Scindo (scissum), to cut. Der., 
Scissors, Rescind, Abscind. 

Scintilla, a spark. Der., Scintil- 
late, Scintillation. 

Scio, to know ; Sciens (scientis), 
knowing. Der., Science, Scientific, 
Sciolist, Omniscience, Prescience, Con- 
scious, Conscience, Conscientious. 

Scopeo \jx.07riw], to look, or observe. 
Der., Scope, Telescope, Microscope, 
Episcopacy, Bishop. 

Scoria, dross. Der., Scoriaceous. 

Scribo (scriptum), to write. Der., 
Scribe, Scribble, Scrip, Script, Sc?ip- 
ture, Describe, Description, Ascribe, 
Prescribe, Subscribe, Inscribe, Cir- 
cumscribe, Proscribe, Postscript, Non- 
descript, Transcribe, Transcript, Su- 
perscribe. 

Scrutor (scrutatum), to search, 
or examine closely. Der., Scrutiny, 
Scrutinize. 

Sculpo {sculptum), to carve. Der., 
Sculptor, Sculpture. 

Scurra, a buffoon, or professional 
jester. Der., Scurrilous, Scurrility. 

Scutum, a shield. Der., Scutcheon, 
Escu tcheon, Scu tiform. 

Sebum, tallow, or fat. Der., Seba- 
ceous. 

Seco (sectum), to cut. Der., Secant, 
Sect, Sectary, Section, Sector, Seg- 
23 



ment, Dissect, Insect, Intersect, Bi- 
sect, Trisect. 

Seculum, 1. An age. 2. The pres- 
ent world. Der., Secular, Secularize. 

Sedo (sedatum), to calm, or quiet. 
Der., Sedate. 

Sedeo (sessum), to sit. Der., Pre- 
side, Insidious, Assess, Assiduous, 
Possess, Consider, Subsidiary, Sedu- 
lous, Beside, Supersede. 

To Assess is, lit., to sit by, or near, 
for the purpose of making an official 
estimate. Hence, to fix or charge a 
certain sum, as a tax. (ad, by.) 

Assiduous, lit., sitting beside one's 
work. Hence, constant in application. 

Sedulous, lit., habitually sitting, 
as at some employment. Hence, dili- 
gent. 

To Possess is to be seated as one 
having the power of ownership and 
control over anything, (posse, to have 
power.) 

Subsidiary, sitting near for the pur- 
pose of giving aid. (sub, near.) 

Supersede, lit, to set or place 
above. Hence, to remove, and set or 
put something else in the place of the 
thing removed. 

Sedo (sessum), to settle, or sink 
down. Der., Sediment, Residuum, 
Residue, Residuary, (super, over.) 

Selene [o-«^v»], the moon. Der., 
Selenography, Paraselene. 

A Paraselene is a mock moon. 
(para, near.) 

Semen (seminis), seed. Der., Sem- 
inal, Seminary, Disseminate. 

Semi, half. Der., Semiannual, Semi- 
circle, Semicolon, Semidiameter, Semi- 
lunar, Semiquaver, Semivowel. 

Senex (senis), an old man. Der., 
Senile, Senility, Senate. 

Senior, elder. Der., Senior, Seni- 
ority, Seignior, Sire, Sir. 

Seignior, a lord, the title having been 
first applied to men of advanced age. 

Sentio (sensum), to feel. Der., 
Sense, Sentient, Sensation, Sensorium, 
Sensual, Sensuous, Resent, Presenti- 
ment. 

Sentio (sensum), to think. Der., 
to think. Der., Sentiment, Sentence, 
Assent, Dissent, Consent. 



354 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



Sepo [VtfsW], to make putrid. Der., 
Antiseptic. 

Septbm, seven. Der., September, 
Septennial, Septangular, Septilateral. 

Sepelio (sepultum), to bury. Der., 
Sepulcher, Sepulture. 

Sequor (secutum). Der., Sequel, 
Sequence, Consequence, Consecutive, 
Subsequent, Execute, Obsequious. 

Serenus, 1. Clear. 2. Calm. 

Serra, a saw. Der., Serrate. 

Servo {servatum), to keep. Der.. 
Preserve, Reserve, Reservoir, Con- 
serve, Observe. 

To Observe is to keep in one's eye. 

Servus, a slave. Der., Servile, 
Servitude. 

Seta, a bristle. Der., Setaceous, 
Setiform. 

Sex, six. Der., Sexennial, Sexan- 
gular, Sextuple. 

Sibilo, to hiss. Der. T Sibilant. 

Sidus (sideris), a star. Der., Side- 
real. 

Signum, a mark. Der., Sign, Sig- 
nal, Signalize, Signify, Design, Des- 
ignate, Insignia, Assign, Resign, Con- 
sign. 

A Sign is, 1. A mark by which a 
thing may be known. 2. A mark or 
appearance indicating the existence 
of something that is hidden from the 
view. 3. A mark or appearance in- 
dicating that something is about to 
happen. 

Signal, marked or distinguished; 
as, a signal favor. 

Insignia, marks of office or honor. 

To Designate is to point out by 
some mark. 

A Design is a plan or purpose 
marked out. 

To Sign is to attach one's seal, 
mark, or name to an instrument of 
writing. 

A Signature is, 1. A mark by 
which the character or nature of a 
thing may be known. 2. A person's 
seal, mark, or name attached to an 
instrument of writing. 

A Seal is a stamp with which in- 
struments of writing are impressed 
to give them authenticity, (from si- 
gillum, dim. of signum, a seal.) 



A Signet is a private seal. 

To Assign is, lit, to make over, as 
property, by signature. Hence, 1. To 
allot , as, to assign a duty to any one. 
2. To allege ; as to assign a reason. 
{ad, to.) 

Resign is, lit., to give up, as a right, 
by signature. Hence, simply, to give 
up. 

Consign is to mark or seal for some 
particular destination or end; as, to 
consign goods to an agent ; to consign 
a book to the flames. 

Silex (silicis), flint. Der., Silicious. 

Similis, like. Der. , Similar, Simile, 
Similitude, Assimilate, Verisimili- 
tude, Simulate, Dissimulate, Dis- 
semble. 

Simul, together. Der., Simultane- 
ous. 

Sinuo, to wind in and out like a 
shore indented by numerous small 
bays, (from sinus, a bay). Der., Sin- 
uous, Sinuosity, Insinuate. 

Sipo, to throw. Der., Dissipate, 
to throw apart; that is, to scatter. 
(dis, apart.) 

Sisto, to stand. Der., Assist, Con- 
sist, Exist, Subsist, Susist, Desist, 
Resist, Persist. 

Situs, a place. Der., Site, Situa- 
tion. 

Socio (sociatum), to join. Der., 
Social, Sociable, Society, Associate, 
Consociate. 

Sol, the sun. Der., Solar, Solstice, 
Insolate. 

Solicitus, anxious, or uneasy. Der., 
Solicitous, Solicitude. 

Solicito, to ask with importunity. 
Der., Solicit, Solicitation. 

Solidus, firm. Der., Solid, Solidity, 
Solidify, Consolidate, Solder. 

To Solder (sodder) is to unite with 
metallic cement. 

Solor (solatum), to cheer, or com- 
fort. Der., Solace, Console, Inconsol- 
able, Disconsolate. 

Solus, alone. Der., Soli, Solitary, 
Solitude, Soliloquy, Desolate. 

Solvo (solutum), to loosen or untie. 
Der., Solve, Solvent, Solvency, Dis- 
solve, Dissoluble, Resolve, Resolute, 
Resolution, Absolve. 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



355 



Somnus, sleep. Der., Somnolent, 
Somniferous, Somnambulist. 

Sonus, sound. Der., Sonorous, 
Sound, Resound, Consonant, Disso- 
nant. 

Sophia [_<ro<pnt], wisdom. Der., 
Sophism, Sophistry, Philosophy, 
Gymnosophist. 

Sopor, sleep. Der., Soporific. 

Sorbeo (sorptum), to suck up. Der. , 
Absorb, Absorption, Absorbent. 

Spakgo (sparsum), to scatter. Der., 
Sparse, Disperse, Intersperse, Asperse. 

Spasma [o-7rctcr/ua], a violent drawing, 
as of the muscles. (A convulsion.) 
Der., Spasm, Spasmodic, Antispas- 
modic. 

Spatium, room. Der., Space, Spa- 
cious, Expatiate. 

Specio (spectum), to look. Der., 
Aspect, Circumspect, Expect, Respect, 
Conspicuous, Despise, Despicable, In- 
spect, Prospect, Retrospect, Spectator, 
Speculum, Speculate, Suspect, Sus- 
picion, Perspicuous, Specter. 

Species, 1. An appearance. 2. A 
sort. Der., 1. Specious. 2. Species, 
Specific, Specify, Especial, Special, 
Specimen. 

Sperma [a-Tnp^ct], seed. Der., Gym- 
nospermou-s, Monospermous, Polysper- 
mous. 

Spero, to hope. Der., Despair, 
Desperation, Desperado, Prosper, 
Prosperity. 

Spelera \jr$aipa], a ball. Der., 
Spheric, Spherical. Sphericity, Sphe- 
rule, Spheroid, Atmosphere. 

Spina, a thorn. Der., Spine, Spi- 
nous. 

Spiro, to breathe, or blow. Der., 
Spirit, Inspire, Expire, Respire, Per- 
spire, Aspire, Transpire, Conspire. 

Spissus, thick, as molasses or tar. 
Der., Spissitude, Inspissate. 

Spolium, booty. Der., Spoil, Spoli- 
ation, Despoil. 

Spondeo {sponsum), to promise. 
Der., Sponsor, Spouse, Respond, De- 
spond. 

Sponte, of one's own accord. Der., 
Spontaneous, Spontaneity. 

Squaleo, to be filthy. Der. , Squalid, 
Squalor. 



Squama, a scale. Der., Squamous, 
Squ am if arm, Squamigerous. 

Stagnum, a body of standing water. 
Der., Stagnant, Stagnate. 

Stella, a star. Der., Stellar, Stel- 
late, Stelliform, Stelliferous, Con- 
stellation. 

Stello [o-tixxu], to send. Der., 
Apostle, Epistle. 

The Apostles were the persons sent 
by the Savior to preach the gospel. 
(apo, from.) 

An Epistle is a writing sent to 
some one. [epi, to.) 

Stenos \_ir<rms], short. Der., Ste- 
nography. 

Stereos [Vrs/Jtsc], solid. Der., Ster- 
eotype, Stereometry, Stereography. 

Sterilis, barren, or unfruitful. 
Der., Sterile, Sterility. 

Sterno {stratum), to lay flat. Der., 
Stratum, Stratify, Prostrate, Conster- 
nation. 

Stichos [o-t^o:], a row, line, or 
verse. Der., Monostich, Distich, 
Hemistich, Acrostic. 

Stigma [o-t/j^], a mark of infamy. 
Der., Stigma, Stigmatize. 

Stigo, to prick, or spur. Der., In- 
stigate. 

Stilla, a drop. Der., Still, Dis- 
till, Instill. 

Stimulus, a spur. Der., Stimulus, 
Stimulate. 

Stinguo (stinctum), to mark. Der., 
Distinguish, Distinct. 

Extinguo, to put out, as fire. Der., 
Extinguish, Extinct. 

Stino, to fix. Der, Destine, Des- 
tiny, Predestinate. 

Stirps, a stalk with its root. Der., 
Extirpate. 

Sto (statum), to stand. Der., State, 
Stature, Instant, Extant, Constant, 
Circumstance, Substance, Interstice, 
Solstice, Distance, Superstition, 
Stable, Establish, Priest, Contrast, 
Obstacle. 

A Priest is one who presides over 
sacrifices and other religious rites. 
(prce, before; and sto, to stand.) 

Note. — Priest, in the foregoing sense, is a dif- 
ferent word from priest as derived from 7r(t<r,iv 
rtjss [presbytcros], an elder. 



356 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



Statuo (statutum), to place firmly 
in an upright position. Der., Statue, 
Stature, Statute, Constitute, Insti- 
tute, Restitution, Substitute. 

Stringo (striatum), to bind, tight. 
Der., Strain, Stringent, Strict, Strict- 
ure, Restrain, Restrict, Constrain, 
Constriction, Astringent. 

Struo (structum), to build. Der., 
Construe, Construct, Structure, In- 
struct, Obstruct, Destroy, Destruc- 
tion. 

Stylos [«-tuxoj], a pointed instru- 
ment used by the Ancients in writing 
on tablets coated with wax. Der., 
Style. 

A Style is the ancient stylus. 
Hence, 

Style, in a fig. sense, is, 1. The 
peculiar manner in which an author 
expresses his thoughts, and which dis- 
tinguishes each writer from all others. 
Hence, 2. Manner in general; as, a 
style of architecture, painting, dress, 
living, etc. 

Sublimis, high. Der., Sublime, Su- 
blimity, Sublimate. 

Subtilis, 1. Fine, or thin. 2. Cun- 
ning. Der., Subtile, Subtle. 

Sudor, to sweat. Der. , Exude, Tran- 
sude, Sudorific. 

Sui, of one's-self. Der., Suicide. 

Summa, the whole. Der., Sum, 
Summary, Consummate. 

Sumo (sumptum), to take. Der., 
Assume, Assumption, Presume, Pre- 
sumption, Resume. 

To Assume is to take to one's-self. 
{ad, to.) 

To Presume is to take as being true 
before ascertaining the real facts of 
the case, (pros, before.) 

To Resume is to take again, (re, 
again.) 

To Consume is to take away alto- 
gether, (con, altogether.) Hence, to 
use up entirely, or to destroy entirely, 
as by eating or burning. 

Super, over. Der., Supercilious, 
Superlative, Superintend, etc., etc. 

Supero, to overcome. Der., Insu- 
perable. 

Superbus, proud. Der., Superb, 
grand, or magnificent. 



Supernus. being above. Der., Su- 
pernal, Sovereign. 

Surgo (surrectum), to rise. Der., 
Surge, Insurgent, Insurrection. 

Tabula, a board. Der., Table, 
Tabular, Tablet. 

Taceo (taciturn), to be silent. Der., 
Tacit, Taciturn. 

Tasso [rxo-o-eo], to arrange, or put in 
order. Der., Syntax, Tactics. 

Talis, such, or like. Der., Retali- 
ate, Tally. 

Tango (tactum), to touch. Der., 
Tangent, Tangible, Tact, Contact, Con- 
tagion, Contiguous, Contiguity. 

Taphos [t*<j>u?], a tomb. Der., 
Cenotaph, Epitaph. 

Tardus, siow. Der., Tardy, Re- 
tard. 

Techne [ts^i/jj], an art. Der., Tech- 
nical, Technology, Pyrotechnics. 

Tecton [tsjctw], a carpenter. Der., 
Architect, Architecture. 

An Architect is, lit, a master build- 
er. (apx°s, chief.) Hence, one who 
understands the science and art of 
building. 

TiEDiUM, weariness. Der., Tedium, 
Tedious. 

Tego (tectum), to cover. Der., In- 
tegument, Protect, Detect. 

Tele [t»xs], afar. Der., Telescope, 
Telegraph. 

Temere, rashly. Der., Temerity, 
rashness. 

Temno (temptum), to scorn. Der., 
Contemn, Contempt. 

Tempero, 1. To mix in due propor- 
tion. 2. To Kegulate. Der., Temper, 
Attemper, Distemper, Temperate, 
Temperature. ' 

Tempus (temporis), time. Der., 
Temporal, Temporal^, Cotemporary, 
Contemporary, Contemporaneous, Ex- 
tempore, Extemporaneous, Tense. 

Tendo (tensum), to stretch. Der., 
Tend, Tense, Tendon, Tendril, Ex- 
tend, Intend, Intense, Portend, Por- 
tent, Subtend, Distend, Contend, At- 
tend, Ostensible, Ostentation. 

Teneo (tentum), to hold. Der., 
Tenant, Tenure, Tenet, Tenacious, 
Tenacity, Abstain, Abstinent, Con- 
tain, Content, Continue, Detain, De~ 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



tention, Obtain, Attain, Entertain, 
Sustain, Sustenance, Pertain, Perti- 
nent. 

Tento (tentatiun), to try. Der., 
Tempt, Attempt. 

Tenuis, thin. Der., Tenuity, At- 
tenuate, Extenuate. 

Tepeo, to be warm. Der., Tepid, 
Tepify. 

Tergeo (tersum), to wipe. Terse, 
Detergent. 

Tergum, the back. Der., Tergiver- 
sate. 

Tergiversate, to practice evasion. 
(versor [yersatuin], to turn.) 

Terminus, a limit, or end. Der., 
Terminus, Term, Terminate, Conter- 
minus, Determine, Exterminate. 

Tero (tritum), to rub. Der., Trite, 
Triturate, Attrition, Contrite, Detri- 
ment. 

Detriment is injury analogous to 
that caused by rubbing, {de, off, or 
from.) 

Terra, the earth. Der., Terrene, 
Terrestrial, Terrace, Territory, Terri- 
er, Terraqueous, Inter, Mediterranean. 

Terreo, to make afraid. Der., 
Terrible, Terror, Terrify, Terrific, 
Deter. 

Testis, a witness. Der., Testi- 
mony, Testify, Testament, Testator, 
Attest, Contest, Protest. 

Tetra [tst/i*], four. Der., Tetra- 
cliord, Tetrameter, Tetrarch, Tetrahe- 
dron. 

Textus, woven. Der., Text, Text- 
ure, Context, Pretext. 

The Text is, 1. The body of a liter- 
ary work, of which the parts are con- 
tinuously woven together, in contra- 
distinction to the notes, which are 
separate and unconnected. 2. A pas- 
sage taken from a book and made the 
subject of a discourse. 

The Context is the matter which 
immediately precedes and follows a 
passage, the passage being connected 
with that which precedes and follows 
by an interweaving of the ideas. 

Theos [Gsoc], a god. Der., Tlieist, 
Theism, Atheism, Monotheism, Pan- 
theism, Theocracy, Theology, Theog- 
ony, Apotheosis. 



Apotheosis is the elevation of a hu- 
man being into the rank (if a god. 

Thermos [&?/),« jc], warm. Der., Ther- 
mal. Thermometer, Isothermal. 

Thesis [6£s-/,-], a placing, putting, or 
laying down. Der.. Thesis. Synthesis, 

Hypo thesis, Antithesis, Epithet, Pa- 
renthesis. 

A Thesis is a proposition that a 
person advances and offers to main- 
tain. 

Synthesis is the putting of two or 
more things together. ~ Analysis. 
[syn, together.) 

Antithesis is the placing of words 
or sentiments in contrast, (anti, op- 
posite to.) 

A Parenthesis is a sentence or 
clause placed within another, (paren, 
in the midst of.) 

Timeo, to fear. Der., Timid, Tim- 
idity, Timorous, Intimidate. 

Tingo (tinctum), to stain, or dye. 
Der., Tinge, Tint. 

Titillo, to tickle. Der., Titillate, 
Titillation. 

Tolero {toleratu.m), to bear. Der., 
Tolerant, Toleration, Tolerable, Intol- ■ 
erance. 

Tolerable, that may be borne. 

To Tolerate is to allow that which 
is not approved. 

Tomos [tc/xc?], a cutting. Der., 
Tome, Epitome, Atom, Anatomy. En- 
tomology. 

Toxos [rovif], a sound. Der., Tone, 
Intonation, Tune, Monotony. 

Toko (tonitum), to thunder. Der., 
Detonate, Astonish, Astound, Stun. 

To Astonish, Astound, or Stun, is 
to stupefy, as by a thunder-stroke. 

Topos, a place. Der., Topic, Top- 
ical Topography. 

Torpeo, to be numb. Der., Torpid, 
Torpor, Torpedo. 

Torreo, to dry, or parch. Der., 
Torrid, Torrefaction. 

Toequeo (tortum), to twist. Der., 
Tortuous, Tortile, Torture, Torment, 
Contort, Distort, Extort. Petort. 

Totus, all, or whole. Der., Total, 
Factotum, Surtout. 

A Factotumis one who can perform 
all kinds of service. 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



Toxicon", poison. Der., Intoxicate, 
Toxicology. 

Trachea, the windpipe. Der., Tra- 
chea, Tracheotomy. 

Trado [traclitum), to deliver. Der., 
Tradition, Traitor. 

Tradition consists in oral accounts 
handed down from age to age. 

A Traitor is one who delivers over 
an interest with which he is intrusted 
into the hands of enemies. 

Traho (tractum), to draw. Der., 
Attract, Retract, Distract, Extract, 
Subtract, Contract, Protract. 

Tranquillus, calm, or peaceful. 
Der., Tranquil, Tranquillize. 

Travailler, to labor. (Fr.) Der., 
Travail, Travel. 

Tremo, to shake. Der., Tremble, 
Tremor, Tremulous, Tremendous. 

Trepidus, trembling. Der., Trepida- 
tion, Intrepid. 

Tres (tria), three. Der., Trine, 
Triad, Trio, Triangle, Triune, Triv- 
ial, Trifle, Trijid, Triennial, Trident, 
Treble, Triple, Triangle, Trireme, 
Trisect, Trinomial, Tripjartite, Trinity. 

Trivial, of little account, (from tri- 
vium, a place where three ways met, 
and where idlers were in the habit of 
collecting, [via, a way.]). 

Trifle is a modification of the word 
trivial. 

Treis [t/>s/c, ^pict], three. Der., Tri- 
pod, Triphthong, Trigonometry. 

Tribuo (tributum), to give. Per., 
Tribute, Tributary, Attribute, Contri- 
bute, Retribution, Distribute. 

Tric^i, a snare made of hair for 
catching birds. Der., Intricate, Ex- 
tricate. 

Trudo (trusum), to thrust. Der., 
Protrude, Protrusion, Intrude, Intru- 
sive, Intrusion, Detrude, Extrude, 
Obtrude, Abstruse. 

Trunco {truncatum), to lop off. 
Der., Trunk, Truncate, Detruncate, 
Obtruncate. 

Tuber, a swelling. Der., Tuber, 
Tuberous, Tubercle, Protuberance. 

A Tuber is a rounded, fleshy root, 
as that of the potatoe. 

A Tubercle is a small, hard, super- 
ficial tumor in animal bodies. 



A Protuberance is a portion of a 
body which stands out beyond the 
rest, {pro, forward.) 

Tubus, a pipe. Der., Tube, Tubular. 

Tueor (tuitum), to protect. Der., 
Tutor, Tutelar, Tutelage, Tuition. 

Tumeo, to swell. Der., Tumor, 
Tumid, Tumefy, Tomb, Intumescence, 
Contumely, Contumacious. 

Tundo (tunum), to beat, or bruise. 
Der., Contund, Contusion, Obtuse. 

Turba, 1. A crowd. 2. Confusion. 
Der., Turbid, Turbulent, Disturb, 
Perturbation. 

TurCtEo, to swell. Der., Turgid, 
Turgescence. 

Typos [tuts?], a form. Der., Type, 
Antitype, Prototype. 

A Type is a pattern, or model. 

Antitype is something which has 
been formed after a type or model. 
(anti, over against.) 

A Pi°ototype is the original model 
after which a thing has been formed. 

(7rpa>roc \_protos'\, first.) 

Tyrannos [rvpuwoi], a petty king. 
Der., Tyrant, Tyrannic, Tyrannicide. 

Uber, fruitful. Der., Uberty, Exu- 
berant. 

Ubique, everywhere. Der., Ubiq- 
uity. 

Ulcus {ulcer is), a sore. Der., Ul- 
cer, Ulcerate. 

Ultimus, the last. Der., Ultimate, 
Ultimatum, Penult, Antepenult. 

Ultra, beyond. Der., Ulterior, 
further. 

Umbra, a shadow, or shade. Der., 
Umbrage, Umbrella, Penumbra. 

Undo {undatum), to rise in waves. 
Der., Undulate, Undulatory, Abound, 
Abundant, Inundate, Redound, Re- 
dundant, Superabound, 

Unguo (unctum), to anoint. Der., 
Unguent, Unctuous, Unction, Oint- 
ment, Anoint. 

Unus, one. Der., Unit, Unite, Uni- 
ty, Union, Uniform, Unanimous, Uni- 
corn, Triune, Universe, University, 
Unison. 

Ouranos [ovpxvo;'], the heaven. Der., 
Uranus, Urania, Uranography. 

Urbs, a city. Der., Urbane, Ur- 
banity, Suburbs, Suburban. 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



350 



Urbane, polite, or resembling the 
inhabitants of the city in one's man- 
ners. 

UrgeOj to press on. Der., Urge, 
Urgent, Urgency. 

Uro (ustum), to burn. Der., Com- 
bustion, Combustible. 

Uxor, a wife. Der., Uxorious, 
Uxoricide. 

Vacca, a cow. Der , Vaccine, Vac- 
cinate. 

Vaco {vacatum), to be empty. Der., 
Vacuum, Vacuity, Vacant, Vacation, 
Evacuate. 

Vacillo, to waver. Der , Vacillate, 
Fickle. 

Vado (vasum), to go. Der., Evade, 
Evasive, Evasion, Invade, Pervade, 
Vade-mecum, Wade. 

Vagus, wandering. Der., Vague, 
Vagary, Vagrant, Vagrancy, Vaga- 
bond, Extravagant. 

Valeo. 1. To be strong. 2. To be 
worth. Der., Valor, Valid, Invalid, 
Valediction, Valedictory, Valetudi- 
narian, Prevail, Prevalent, Avail, 
Countervail, Convalescent, Value, 
Equivalent. 

A Valedictory!?, a farewell address, 
(from va-le, be strong or well, the 
parting wish of the ancient Komans, 
and dico, to utter.) 

Vapor, steam. Der., Vapor, Va- 
porization, Evaporate. 

Vello (vulsitm), to pull. Der., 
Convulse, Avulsion, Revulsion. 

Velum, a cloth. Der., Vail, Veil, 
Envelop, Develop, Reveal, Revelation. 

To Reveal is to draw back the vail 
that hides anything from the view. 

Velox (velocis), swift. Der., Ve- 
locity. 

Vendo (venditum), to sell. Der., 
Vend, Vendue. 

Vexor, to hunt. Der., Venary, 
Venery, Venison. 

Venia, pardon. Der., Venial. 

Vexio (ventum), to come. Der., 
Convene, Convention, Convent, Con- 
venticle, Advent, Adventitious, Event, 
Invent, Intervene, Prevent, Circum- 
vent Supervene. 

Venter (ventris), the belly. Der., 
Ventric le, Ven tri lo quism. 



Vextus, the wind. Der., Ventil- 
ate, Ventiduct. 

Ver, the spring. Der., Vernal. 

Verbero, to beat. Der., Verbera- 
tion, Reverberate. 

Verbum, a word. Der., Verb, Ver- 
bal, Verbose, Verbiage, Adverb, Pro- 
verb. 

Vergo, to tend. Der., Verge, Con- 
verge, Diverge. 

Vermis, a worm. Der., Vermicular, 
Vermiform, Vermifuge, Vermin. 

Verto (versum), to turn. Der., 
Verse, Versify, Version, Vertex, Ver- 
tigo, Vortex, Versatile, Advert, Ad- 
verse, Advertise, Convert, Converse, 
Conversion, Divert, Diverse, Diversify, 
Pervert, Perverse, Subvert, Revert, 
Reverse, Obverse, Invert, Inverse, Con- 
trovert, Retrovert, Transverse, Uni- 
verse, University, Averse, Aversion. 

Verus, true. Der., Verity, Vera- 
cious, Veracity, Verily, Verify, Ver- 
dict, Verisimilitude. 

Vestigium, a footstep. Der., Ves- 
tige, Investigate. 

Vestis, a garment. Der., Vest, 
Vesture, Invest, Divest. 

Veto, to forbid. Der., Veto, a pro- 
hibition. 

Vetus (veteris), old. Der., Veter- 
an, Inveterate, Inveteracy. 

Via, a way. Der., Viaduct, Devi- 
ate, Pervious, Obvious, Obviate, Triv- 
ial. 

Vibro (vibratum), to swing back- 
ward and forward. Der., Vibrate. 
Vibratory. 

Vice, in the place of. Der., Vice- 
roy, Vicegerent, Vicar, Vicarious, 
Viscount 

Vicis, a change. Der., Vicissitude. 

Vicixus, neighboring. Der., Vi- 
cinity, Vicinage. 

Video (vis um), to see. Der., Vision, 
Visible, Visual, Envy, Invidious, 
Provide, Revise, Supervise. 

Vigil, watchful. Der., Vigil, Vig- 
ilant. 

Vigeo, to be strong. Der., Vigor, 
Invigorate. 

Vilis, of small price. Der., Vile, 
Vilify, Revile. 

Vixco (yictum), to conquer. Der. 



2j?199* 



360 



LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 



8J- 6>!>30*S 



Victor, Victory, Vanquish, Invincible, 
Province, Convince. 

A Province, with the Romans, was 
a conquered country. 

A Province, in modern geography, 
is either a division of a kingdom, or 
a distant territory subject to a parent 
state. 

Vindbx, an avenger. Der., Vindi- 
cate, Vengeance, Revenge, Avenge. 

Vinum, wine. Der., Vinous, Vine- 
gar, Vintage. 

Violo (vio latum), to injure. Der., 
Violate, Violence. 

Vir, a man. Der., Virile, Trium- 
virate, Decemvir ate. 

Virus, any animal poison. Der., 
Virulent, Virulence. 

Viscus, birdlime. Der., Viscid, 
Viscous. 

Viscus (visceris), an entrail. Der., 
Eviscerate. 

Vitium, a fault. Der., Vice, Viti- 
ate, Vicious. 

Vita, life. Der., Vital. 

Vito, to shun. Der., Inevitable. 

Vitrum, glass, 
Vitrify. 

Vitupero, to blame. Der., Vitu- 
perate. 

Vivo (victum), to live. Der., 
Vivid, Vivacious, Vivacity, Vivify, 
Revive, Convivial, Survive. 

Voco (vocatum), to call. Der., 



Der., Vitreous, 



Convoke, Convocation, Revoke, Revo- 
cation, Provoke, Provocation, Invoke, 
Invocation, Avocation. 

Vox, the voice. Der, Vocal, Vow- 
el, Vociferate, Equivocal, .Equivocate, 
Vocabulary. 

A Vocabulary is an alphabetical 
list of significant vocal sounds. 

Volo (volatum), to fly. Der., Vo- 
lant, Volatile, Volley. 

Volo {volitum), to wish, or will. 
Der., Volition, Voluntary, Volunteer, 
Benevolent, Malevolent. 

Voluptas, pleasure. Der., Volup- 
tuary, Voluptuous. 

Volvo {volutum), to roll. Der., 
Voluble, Volume, Involve, Involution, 
Convolve, Revolve, Circumvolution, 
Devolve, Evolve. 

Voro {voratum), to eat after the 
manner of beasts. Der., Voracious, 
Voracity, Devour, Carniverous, Grani- 
vorous, Herbivorous, Insectivorous, 
Omnivorous. 

Votum, avow. • Der., Vote, Votive, 
Votary, Devote, Devotion, Devout. 

Vulcanus, the god of fire. Der., 
Volcano, Volcanic. 

VuLGus,the common people. Der., 
Vulgar, Vulgate, Divulge. 

Vulnus (yulneris), a wound. Der., 
Vulnerary, Invulnerable. 

Zoon [£»ov], an animal. Der., Zo- 
diac, Zoology, Zoophyte. 



THE END. 



Deacidified using the Bookkeeper proces 
Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 
Treatment Date: Oct. 2006 

PreservationTechnologie 

A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATIO 

1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive 
Cranberry Township, PA 16066 
(724)779-2111 



'•--■.■'v.;-: 



■ 

Mb 



:';'■'•.)■■;. 



UBR ARY0F 



c ONCR E ss 



°003 230 «7« 



• : .■'•', >'• 



